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Zhen L, Huang LY, Li DZ. Early prenatal detection of short-rib polydactyly syndrome in a monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2019; 59:181-182. [PMID: 30375052 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhen
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Lv-Yin Huang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, China
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A novel ZRS variant causes preaxial polydactyly type I by increased sonic hedgehog expression in the developing limb bud. Genet Med 2019; 22:189-198. [PMID: 31395945 PMCID: PMC6944640 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Preaxial polydactyly (PPD) is a common congenital hand malformation classified into four subtypes (PPD I–IV). Variants in the zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS) within intron 5 of the LMBR1 gene are linked to most PPD types. However, the genes responsible for PPD I and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Methods A rare large four-generation family with isolated PPD I was subjected to genome-wide genotyping and sequence analysis. In vitro and in vivo functional studies were performed in Caco-2 cells, 293T cells, and a knockin transgenic mouse model. Results A novel g.101779T>A (reference sequence: NG_009240.2; position 446 of the ZRS) variant segregates with all PPD I–affected individuals. The knockin mouse with this ZRS variant exhibited PPD I phenotype accompanying ectopic and excess expression of Shh. We confirmed that HnRNP K can bind the ZRS and SHH promoters. The ZRS mutant enhanced the binding affinity for HnRNP K and upregulated SHH expression. Conclusion Our results identify the first PPD I disease-causing variant. The variant leading to PPD I may be associated with enhancing SHH expression mediated by HnRNP K. This study adds to the ZRS-associated syndromes classification system for PPD and clarifies the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Zhao X, Xu H, Liu X, Li L. Targeted exome sequencing reveals a novel
GLI3
mutation in a Chinese family with nonsyndromic polydactyly. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:942-947. [PMID: 31306531 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhao
- Department of Medical GeneticsLinyi People's Hospital Linyi Shandong Province China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Medical GeneticsLinyi People's Hospital Linyi Shandong Province China
| | - Xiaxia Liu
- Department of Medical GeneticsLinyi People's Hospital Linyi Shandong Province China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Medical GeneticsLinyi People's Hospital Linyi Shandong Province China
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Famiglietti ML, Estreicher A, Breuza L, Poux S, Redaschi N, Xenarios I, Bridge A. An enhanced workflow for variant interpretation in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot improves consistency and reuse in ClinVar. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2019; 2019:5424995. [PMID: 30937429 PMCID: PMC6444058 DOI: 10.1093/database/baz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Personalized genomic medicine depends on integrated analyses that combine genetic and phenotypic data from individual patients with reference knowledge of the functional and clinical significance of sequence variants. Sources of this reference knowledge include the ClinVar repository of human genetic variants, a community resource that accepts submissions from external groups, and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, an expert-curated resource of protein sequences and functional annotation. UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot provides knowledge on the functional impact and clinical significance of over 30 000 human protein-coding sequence variants, curated from peer-reviewed literature reports. Here we present a pilot study that lays the groundwork for the integration of curated knowledge of protein sequence variation from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot with ClinVar. We show that existing interpretations of variant pathogenicity in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and ClinVar are highly concordant, with 88% of variants that are common to the two resources having interpretations of clinical significance that agree. Re-curation of a subset of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot variants according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines using ClinGen tools further increases this level of agreement, mainly due to the reclassification of supposedly pathogenic variants as benign, based on newly available population frequency data. We have now incorporated ACMG guidelines and ClinGen tools into the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) curation workflow and routinely submit variant data from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot to ClinVar. These efforts will increase the usability and utilization of UniProtKB variant data and will facilitate the continuing (re-)evaluation of clinical variant interpretations as data sets and knowledge evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Famiglietti
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - A Estreicher
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - L Breuza
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - S Poux
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - N Redaschi
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - I Xenarios
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Bridge
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Chiticariu E, Regamey A, Huber M, Hohl D. CENPV Is a CYLD-Interacting Molecule Regulating Ciliary Acetylated α-Tubulin. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:66-74.e4. [PMID: 31260673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CYLD is a deubiquitylase with tumor suppressor functions, first identified in patients with familial cylindromatosis. Despite many molecular mechanisms in which a function of CYLD was reported, affected patients only develop skin appendage tumors, and their precise pathogenesis remains enigmatic. To elucidate how CYLD contributes to tumor formation, we aimed to identify molecular partners in keratinocytes. By using yeast two-hybrid, coprecipitation, and proximity ligation experiments, we identified CENPV as a CYLD-interacting partner. CENPV, a constituent of mitotic chromosomes associating with cytoplasmic microtubules, interacts with CYLD through the region between the third cytoskeleton-associated protein-glycine domain and the active site. CENPV is deubiquitylated by CYLD and localizes in interphase to primary cilia where it increases the ciliary levels of acetylated α-tubulin. CENPV is overexpressed in basal cell carcinoma. Our results support the notion that centromeric proteins have functions in ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiticariu
- Service of Dermatology, University Hospital Center of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Regamey
- Service of Dermatology, University Hospital Center of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Huber
- Service of Dermatology, University Hospital Center of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Service of Dermatology, University Hospital Center of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Wang T, Xuan Z, Dou Y, Liu Y, Fu Y, Ren J, Lu L. Identification of novel mutations in preaxial polydactyly patients through whole-exome sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e690. [PMID: 30993914 PMCID: PMC6565585 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydactyly is one of the most common hereditary limb malformation characterized by additional digits in hands and/or feet. With extra fingers/toes, which could be very problematic, polydactyly patients are usually treated in early childhood by removing of extra digits with surgery. Genetically, polydactyly is caused by mutations of genes that involve in digit formation. METHODS In the current report, we performed genetic analysis for polydactyly using DNA samples from a cohort of 20 Chinese patients. All patients show preaxial polydactyly in one of their hands. RESULTS With whole-exome sequencing (WES), we have identified two novel heterozygous mutations c.G2844A in GLI3 gene (OMIM 165240) and c.1409_1410del in EVC gene (OMIM 604831). Compound heterozygous mutations that affect KIAA0586 gene (OMIM 610178) are also detected. Proteins encoded by the genes have important roles in primary cilia and regulate sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the important roles of primary cilia in limb development, and helps to further understand the molecular mechanisms for polydactyly formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of hand surgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Zhaopeng Xuan
- Department of hand surgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Yichen Dou
- Department of hand surgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of hand surgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Yanyan Fu
- Department of hand surgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Jingyan Ren
- Department of hand surgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Laijin Lu
- Department of hand surgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
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Umair M, Wasif N, Albalawi AM, Ramzan K, Alfadhel M, Ahmad W, Basit S. Exome sequencing revealed a novel loss-of-function variant in the GLI3 transcriptional activator 2 domain underlies nonsyndromic postaxial polydactyly. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00627. [PMID: 31115189 PMCID: PMC6625144 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polydactyly is a common genetic limb deformity characterized by the presence of extra fingers or toes. This anomaly may occur in isolation (nonsyndromic) or as part of a syndrome. The disease is broadly divided into preaxial polydactyly (PPD; duplication of thumb), mesoaxial polydactyly (complex polydactyly), and postaxial polydactyly (PAP: duplication of the fifth finger). The extra digits may be present in one or both the limbs. Heterozygous variants in the GLI3, ZRS/SHH, and PITX1 have been associated with autosomal dominant polydactyly, while homozygous variants in the ZNF141, IQCE, GLI1, and FAM92A have been associated with autosomal recessive polydactyly. Pathogenic mutations in the GLI3 gene (glioma‐associated oncogene family zinc finger 3) have been associated with both nonsyndromic and syndromic polydactyly. Methods Here, we report an extended five generation kindred having 12 affected individuals exhibiting nonsyndromic postaxial polydactyly type A condition. Whole‐exome sequencing followed by variant prioritization, bioinformatic studies, Sanger validation, and segregation analysis was performed. Results Using exome sequencing in the three affected individuals, we identified a novel heterozygous frameshift variant (c.3567_3568insG; p.Ala1190Glyfs*57) in the transcriptional activator (TA2) domain of the GLI3 encoding gene. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, the present study reports on the first familial case of nonsyndromic postaxial polydactyly due to the GLI3 variant in Pakistani population. Our study also demonstrated the important role of GLI3 in causing nonsyndromic postaxial polydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Wasif
- Institut für Human Genetik, Ulm Universität, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alia M Albalawi
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sulman Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Ortiz-Cruz G, Luna-Muñoz L, Arteaga-Vázquez J, Mutchinick OM. Isolated postaxial polydactyly: Epidemiologic characteristics from a multicenter birth defects study. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1432-1441. [PMID: 31091006 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Isolated postaxial polydactyly (I-PAP), as a single defect, is a frequent malformation, characterized by an extra digit placed on the ulnar or fibular side of the limbs. Worldwide prevalence varies from as high as 225/10,000 in Nigerians to so low as 6.08/10,000 in Argentinians. Genetic-ethnic background significantly affects worldwide prevalence and type of I-PAP. Herein we describe the epidemiological characteristics of I-PAP in 697 newborns, 383 males and 314 females identified in 1,178,993 examined live births from a multicenter case-control hospital-based population study, the Mexican program of Registry and Epidemiological Surveillance of Congenital Malformations (RYVEMCE). The main characteristics analyzed included total I-PAP, stratified in Types A and B, defined as complete or incomplete extra-digit formation, respectively, sex prevalence, affected limb, laterality, parity, prematurity, delivery-type, twinning, consanguinity, and parental age. Males (6.35/10,000) are significantly more frequently affected than females (5.45/10,000), hands more than feet, left more than right limbs, and Type B (74.50%) more than A (25.50%). Prematurity and forceps use were significantly more frequent in cases than controls. An evident decreasing time-trend prevalence was present. Similar findings with other studies were males, upper and left limbs more frequently affected. Findings that were not previously reported include prematurity, forceps use, a significant decreasing time trend and an inverse ethnic prevalence for Types A (75%) and B (25%) in the Mayan population in contrast to other worldwide ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ortiz-Cruz
- Department of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Leonora Luna-Muñoz
- Department of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Jazmín Arteaga-Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo M Mutchinick
- Department of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
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Pallister-Hall Syndrome Presenting in Adolescence. Case Rep Genet 2019; 2019:6845836. [PMID: 31011455 PMCID: PMC6442444 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6845836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS) is an extremely rare syndrome of unknown prevalence with autosomal dominant inheritance due to GLI3 gene mutations classically characterized by the presence of a hypothalamic hamartoma and polydactyly. Additional diagnostic criteria include bifid epiglottis, imperforate anus, small nails, hypopituitarism, growth hormone deficiency, and genital hypoplasia. It is typically diagnosed in infancy and early childhood, presenting with seizures and/or precocious puberty due to the hypothalamic hamartoma, and with limb anomalies due to central polydactyly. Our patient had presented with polysyndactyly at birth. However, as this is not uncommon in infants and is usually as part of the sporadic, isolated form of polydactyly, no further work up was done. He then presented at age 16 years with a headache and subjective visual changes, with brain imaging revealing a hypothalamic hamartoma. He did not have a history of seizures or central precocious puberty. Genotyping revealed a pathogenic variant affecting the GLI3 gene. We encourage all clinicians to consider PHS or an associated syndrome with a clinical finding of polydactyly. Further, as the natural history continues to reveal itself, this patient's presentation provides important new data to the broad phenotypic spectrum of PHS.
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Youngberg R, Platt S. Variant metatarsal morphology causing metatarsal deformation in postaxial polydactyly. ANZ J Surg 2019; 89:E568-E569. [PMID: 30699465 DOI: 10.1111/ans.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Youngberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Platt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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61
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Deng J, Agarwal Jayagobi P, Lian WQD, Chandran S. Large preaxial polydactyly with intraepidermal bulla: an unusual form of polydactyly. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/1/e228183. [PMID: 30610036 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-228183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Deng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wen Quan Derrick Lian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Suresh Chandran
- Department of Neonatology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.,NUS, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.,Duke - NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore
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Yip RK, Chan D, Cheah KS. Mechanistic insights into skeletal development gained from genetic disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 133:343-385. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rao C, Chen J, Peng Q, Mo Q, Xia X, Lu X. Mutational Screening of GLI3, SHH, and SHH ZRS in 78 Chinese Children with Nonsyndromic Polydactyly. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2018; 22:577-581. [PMID: 30235038 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydactyly is one of the most common congenital limb abnormalities. Our objective was to identify the genetic causes of non-syndromic polydactyly in 78 Chinese children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from 78 independent nonsyndromic polydactyly patients, of whom 71 had preaxial polydactyly (PPD), six had postaxial polydactyly (PAP), and one showed combined PPD1 and PAP-A/B. The coding areas and exon/intron boundaries of the GLI3 and SHH genes and the genomic region of SHH ZRS were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. RESULTS The patient with combined PPD1 and PAP-A/B (subject DUO36) exhibited a heterozygous nonsense mutation in chr7: 42004164G>A (ENST00000395925, c.4507C>T, p.Gln1503Stop ) of the GLI3 gene that has not been previously recorded. We did not detect any mutations in GLI3, SHH, or SHH ZRS in the other 77 nonsyndromic polydactyly patients. CONCLUSION The novel mutation in GLI3 c.4507C>T is likely one of the causes of the PAP and PPD1 of subject DUO36. This important finding should facilitate the optimization of genetic testing for nonsyndromic polydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbao Rao
- 1 Department of Center for Scientific Research, Dongguan Children's Hospital , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- 2 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- 3 Department of Child Orthopaedics, Dongguan Children's Hospital , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Peng
- 1 Department of Center for Scientific Research, Dongguan Children's Hospital , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- 2 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qineng Mo
- 3 Department of Child Orthopaedics, Dongguan Children's Hospital , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiansheng Xia
- 3 Department of Child Orthopaedics, Dongguan Children's Hospital , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- 1 Department of Center for Scientific Research, Dongguan Children's Hospital , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- 2 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Umair M, Ahmad F, Bilal M, Ahmad W, Alfadhel M. Clinical Genetics of Polydactyly: An Updated Review. Front Genet 2018; 9:447. [PMID: 30459804 PMCID: PMC6232527 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydactyly, also known as hyperdactyly or hexadactyly is the most common hereditary limb anomaly characterized by extra fingers or toes, with various associated morphologic phenotypes as part of a syndrome (syndromic polydactyly) or may occur as a separate event (non-syndromic polydactyly). Broadly, the non-syndromic polydactyly has been classified into three types, i.e.; preaxial polydactyly (radial), central polydactyly (axial), and postaxial polydactyly (ulnar). Mostly inherited as an autosomal dominant entity with variable penetrance and caused by defects that occur in the anterior-posterior patterning of limb development. In humans, to-date at least 10 loci and six genes causing non-syndromic polydactyly have been identified, including the ZNF141, GLI3, MIPOL1, IQCE, PITX1, and the GLI1. In the present review, clinical, genetic and molecular characterization of the polydactyly types has been presented including the recent genes and loci identified for non-syndromic polydactyly. This review provides an overview of the complex genetic mechanism underlie polydactyly and might help in genetic counseling and quick molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (NGHA), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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König TT, Muensterer OJ. Schnappschüsse aus der kinderchirurgischen Sprechstunde – klinische Diagnosen von Kopf bis Fuß. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-018-0567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Standen VG, Santoro CM, Arriaza B, Valenzuela D, Coleman D, Monsalve S. Prehistoric polydactylism: Biological evidence and rock art representation from the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 22:54-65. [PMID: 29864653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A review of the bioarchaeological collections from the site Morro de Arica in northern Chile allowed the identification of two cases of human polydactyly. Both cases are from the Chinchorro culture, hunters, fishers, and gatherers with a maritime orientation who inhabited the coast of the Atacama Desert (9000-3400 BP). Additionally, the analyses of 75 rock art sites in the area, from the Formative to Late Intermediate Periods (3000-550 BP), allowed the identification of hands and feet with six digits. Given the bioarchaeological record of polydactyly, it is highly probable that the rock art images were based on real individuals with polydactyly. However, the Sr chemical signal in a juvenile with polydactyly is the same as the Sr chemical signal in the rest of the individuals buried in the same site, proving that all the individuals were born and lived on the coast. We discuss the idea that, although these anomalies could have been the result of genetic mutations, endogamy and exposition to ecotoxic environments could also be at play within the Chinchorro groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien G Standen
- Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.
| | | | - Bernardo Arriaza
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.
| | | | - Drew Coleman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, USA.
| | - Susana Monsalve
- Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
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Abstract
This overview of mesenchymal tumors presenting in the skin and/or subcutis in children brings together the range of neoplasms and hamartomas which are seen in this age-group. It is not surprising from the perspective of the pediatric or general surgical pathologist that vascular anomalies, including true neoplasms and vascular malformations, are the common phenotypic category. Since there is considerable morphologic overlap among these lesions, clinicopathologic correlation may be more important than for many of the other mesenchymal tumors. The skin and subcutis are the most common sites of clinical presentation for the infantile myofibroma which is the most common of fibrous mesenchymal tumors in children. Several of the other mesenchymal tumors are more common adults-like dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, but nonetheless have an important presence in children, even as a congenital neoplasm. A lipomatous tumor in a young child should be considered as a possible manifestation of an overgrowth syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Dehner
- 1 Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri.,2 Dermatopathology Center and Division of Dermatology, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- 3 Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,4 Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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68
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Zone of Polarizing Activity Regulatory Sequence Mutations/Duplications with Preaxial Polydactyly and Longitudinal Preaxial Ray Deficiency in the Phenotype: A Review of Human Cases, Animal Models, and Insights Regarding the Pathogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1573871. [PMID: 29651423 PMCID: PMC5832050 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1573871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians and scientists interested in developmental biology have viewed preaxial polydactyly (PPD) and longitudinal preaxial ray deficiency (LPAD) as two different entities. Point mutations and duplications in the zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS) are associated with anterior ectopic expression of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in the limb bud and usually result in a PPD phenotype. However, some of these mutations/duplications also have LPAD in the phenotype. This unusual PPD-LPAD association in ZRS mutations/duplications has not been specifically reviewed in the literature. The author reviews this unusual entity and gives insights regarding its pathogenesis.
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69
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Abstract
Background and purpose - Preaxial polydactyly of the foot is a rare malformation and clinicians are often unfamiliar with the associated malformations and syndromes. In order to give guidelines for diagnostics and referral to a clinical geneticist, we provide an overview of the presentation using a literature review and our own patient population. Patients and methods - The literature review was based on the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) project. From the HPO dataset, all phenotypes describing preaxial polydactyly were obtained and related diseases were identified and selected. An overview was generated in a heatmap, in which the phenotypic contribution of 12 anatomical groups to each disease is displayed. Clinical cases were obtained from our hospital database and were reviewed in terms of phenotype, genotype, heredity, and diagnosed syndromes. Results - From the HPO dataset, 21 diseases were related to preaxial polydactyly of the foot. The anatomical groups with the highest phenotypic contribution were lower limb, upper limb, and craniofacial. From our clinical database, we included 76 patients with 9 different diseases, of which 27 had a GLI3 mutation. Lower limb malformations (n = 55), upper limb malformations (n = 59), and craniofacial malformations (n = 32) were most frequently observed. Malformations in other anatomical groups were observed in 27 patients. Interpretation - Preaxial polydactyly of the foot often presents with other upper and lower limb malformations. In patients with isolated preaxial polydactyly of the foot, referral to a clinical geneticist is not mandatory. In patients with additional malformations, consultation with a clinical geneticist is recommended. When additional limb malformations are present, analysis of GLI3 is most feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise B Burger
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Correspondence:
| | - Martijn Baas
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven E R Hovius
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Christianne A van Nieuwenhoven
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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70
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Holmes LB, Nasri H, Hunt AT, Toufaily MH, Westgate MN. Polydactyly, postaxial, type B. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:134-141. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis B. Holmes
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston
- Medical Genetics Unit; MassGeneral Hospital for Children; Boston
- Department of Pediatrics; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Hanah Nasri
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston
- Medical Genetics Unit; MassGeneral Hospital for Children; Boston
| | | | - M. Hassan Toufaily
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston
- Medical Genetics Unit; MassGeneral Hospital for Children; Boston
| | - Marie-Noel Westgate
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston
- Medical Genetics Unit; MassGeneral Hospital for Children; Boston
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71
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Niida Y, Inoue M, Ozaki M, Takase E. Human Malformation Syndromes of Defective GLI: Opposite Phenotypes of 2q14.2 (GLI2) and 7p14.2 (GLI3) Microdeletions and a GLIA/R Balance Model. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 153:56-65. [PMID: 29298444 DOI: 10.1159/000485227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GLI family zinc finger proteins are transcriptional effectors of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. GLI regulates gene expression and repression at various phases of embryonic morphogenesis. In humans, 4 GLI genes are known, and GLI2 (2q14.2) and GLI3 (7p14.1) mutations cause different syndromes. Here, we present 2 distinctive cases with a chromosomal microdeletion in one of these genes. Patient 1 is a 14-year-old girl with Culler-Jones syndrome. She manifested short stature, cleft palate, and mild intellectual/social disability caused by a 6.6-Mb deletion of 2q14.1q14.3. Patient 2 is a 2-year-old girl with Greig cephalopolysyndactyly contiguous gene deletion syndrome. She manifested macrocephaly, preaxial polysyndactyly, psychomotor developmental delay, cerebral cavernous malformations, and glucose intolerance due to a 6.2-Mb deletion of 7p14.1p12.3 which included GLI3, GCK, and CCM2. Each patient manifests a different phenotype which is associated with different functions of each GLI gene and different effects of the chromosomal contiguous gene deletion. We summarize the phenotypic extent of GLI2/3 syndromes in the literature and determine that these 2 syndromes manifest opposite features to a certain extent, such as midface hypoplasia or macrocephaly, and anterior or posterior side of polydactyly. We propose a GLIA/R balance model that may explain these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Niida
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Multidisciplinary Medical Center, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Japan
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72
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Salpietro V, Efthymiou S, Manole A, Maurya B, Wiethoff S, Ashokkumar B, Cutrupi MC, Dipasquale V, Manti S, Botia JA, Ryten M, Vandrovcova J, Bello OD, Bettencourt C, Mankad K, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M, Houlden H. A loss-of-function homozygous mutation in DDX59 implicates a conserved DEAD-box RNA helicase in nervous system development and function. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:187-192. [PMID: 29127725 PMCID: PMC5814734 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on a homozygous frameshift deletion in DDX59 (c.185del: p.Phe62fs*13) in a family presenting with orofaciodigital syndrome phenotype associated with a broad neurological involvement characterized by microcephaly, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and white matter signal abnormalities associated with cortical and subcortical ischemic events. DDX59 encodes a DEAD‐box RNA helicase and its role in brain function and neurological diseases is unclear. We showed a reduction of mutant cDNA and perturbation of SHH signaling from patient‐derived cell lines; furthermore, analysis of human brain gene expression provides evidence that DDX59 is enriched in oligodendrocytes and might act within pathways of leukoencephalopathies‐associated genes. We also characterized the neuronal phenotype of the Drosophila model using mutant mahe, the homolog of human DDX59, and showed that mahe loss‐of‐function mutant embryos exhibit impaired development of peripheral and central nervous system. Taken together, our results support a conserved role of this DEAD‐box RNA helicase in neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreea Manole
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bhawana Maurya
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Balasubramaniem Ashokkumar
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | | | | | - Sara Manti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Juan A Botia
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oscar D Bello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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73
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Enokizono T, Ohto T, Tanaka R, Tanaka M, Suzuki H, Sakai A, Imagawa K, Fukushima H, Iwabuti A, Fukushima T, Sumazaki R, Uehara T, Takenouchi T, Kosaki K. Preaxial polydactyly in an individual with Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome caused by a novel nonsense mutation in KMT2A. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2821-2825. [PMID: 28815892 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WDSTS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hypertrichosis, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial appearances (down-slanted vertically narrow palpebral fissures, wide nasal bridge, broad nasal tip, and thick eyebrows). In 2012, Jones and co-workers identified heterozygous mutations in KMT2A (lysine methyltransferase 2A) as the molecular cause of WDSTS. Although the phenotype of this syndrome continues to expand, the associated features are not fully understood. Here, we report WDSTS in a 12-year-old Japanese boy with a novel nonsense mutation in KMT2A. He had right preaxial polydactyly, which has not been previously reported in WDSTS. We could not identify a causal relationship between the KMT2A mutation and preaxial polydactyly, and cannot exclude the preaxial polydactyly is a simple coincidence. We summarized the clinical features of WDSTS associated with KMT2A mutation and discussed the cardinal symptoms in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Enokizono
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Ohto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryuta Tanaka
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mai Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisato Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Aiko Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Imagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Fukushima
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwabuti
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Fukushima
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Sumazaki
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uehara
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takenouchi
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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74
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Umair M, Shah K, Alhaddad B, Haack TB, Graf E, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Ahmad W. Exome sequencing revealed a splice site variant in the IQCE gene underlying post-axial polydactyly type A restricted to lower limb. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:960-965. [PMID: 28488682 PMCID: PMC5567151 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydactyly is characterized by an extra supernumerary digit/toe with or without bony element. To date variants in four genes GLI3, ZNF141, MIPOL1 and PITX1 have been implicated in developing non-syndromic form of polydactyly. The present study involved characterization of large consanguineous family of Pakistani origin segregating post-axial polydactyly type A, restricted to lower limb, in autosomal recessive pattern. DNA of two affected members in the family was subjected to exome sequencing. Sanger sequencing was then followed to validate segregation of the variants in the family members. A homozygous splice acceptor site variant (c.395-1G>A) was identified in the IQCE gene, which completely co-segregated with post-axial polydactyly phenotype within the family. The homozygous variant was absent in different public variant databases, 7000 in-house exomes, 130 exomes from unrelated Pakistani individuals and 215 ethnically matched controls. Mini-gene splicing assay was used to test effect of the variant on function of the gene. The assay revealed loss of first nucleotide of exon 6, producing a -1 frameshift and a premature stop codon 22 bases downstream of the variant (p.Gly132Valfs*22). The study provided the first evidence of involvement of the IQCE gene in limbs development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
| | - Khadim Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bader Alhaddad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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75
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Yang X, Shen Q, Sulaiman X, Liu H, Peng M, Zhang Y. Identity-by-descent refines mapping of candidate regions for preaxial polydactyly II /III in a large Chinese pedigree. Hereditas 2017; 155:2. [PMID: 28690477 PMCID: PMC5496229 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-017-0040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Preaxial polydactyly (PPD) is congenital hand malformation characterized by the duplication of digit. Herein, we scan the genome-wide SNPs for a large Chinese family with PPD-II/III. We employ the refined IBD algorithm to identify the identity-by-decent (IBD) segments and compare the frequency among the patients and normal relatives. A total of 72 markers of 0.01 percentile of the permutation are identified as the peak signals. Among of them, 57markers locate on chromosome 7q36 which is associated with PPD. Further analyses refine the mapping of candidate region in chromosome 7q36 into two 380 Kb fragments within LMBR1 and SHH respectively. IBD approach is a suitable method for mapping causal gene of human disease. Target-enrichment sequencing as well as functional experiments are required to illustrate the pathogenic mechanisms for PPD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Quankuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,KIZ /CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
| | | | - Hequn Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Minsheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,KIZ /CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, 650223 China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,KIZ /CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, 650223 China
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76
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Ungewitter E, Rotgers E, Bantukul T, Kawakami Y, Kissling GE, Yao HHC. From the Cover: Teratogenic Effects of in Utero Exposure to Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)-Phthalate (DEHP) in B6:129S4 Mice. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:8-19. [PMID: 28123099 PMCID: PMC6074946 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine exposure to phthalates is known to cause disorders of male reproductive function including androgen insufficiency, decreased fertility, and germ cell defects in rodents. In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of intrauterine exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on fetal development of the B6:129S4 mouse strain. Time-mated pregnant C57BL/6 dams were exposed to 0, 5, 250, or 500 mg/kg DEHP with corn oil as the vehicle via oral gavage from embryonic days (E)7 to 16. Survival and gross morphology of the pups were analyzed one day after the last treatment. Anogenital distance (AGD) and testicular cell functions were examined in male embryos to confirm the known effects of phthalate exposure. DEHP exposure significantly reduced the survival rate of fetuses in the 250 and 500 mg/kg dosage groups compared with the control and 5 mg/kg groups. Exposure to 250 and 500 mg/kg DEHP was teratogenic and induced exencephaly and limb malformations such as polydactyly in the B6:126S4 embryos. No gross malformations were observed in control or 5 mg/kg DEHP groups. In male embryos, exposure to both 5 and 250 mg/kg DEHP in utero was sufficient to induce the formation of multinucleated germ cells in the testes and widespread changes in mRNA expression of germ cell, interstitium and Sertoli cell-associated genes. These findings reveal that intrauterine DEHP exposure has a strong teratogenic, and lethal impact on the fetuses of B6:129S4 mouse strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Gennetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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77
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Complex postaxial polydactyly types A and B with camptodactyly, hypoplastic third toe, zygodactyly and other digit anomalies caused by a novel GLI3 mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:268-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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78
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Tao H, Kawakami Y, Hui CC, Hopyan S. The two domain hypothesis of limb prepattern and its relevance to congenital limb anomalies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28319333 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functional annotation of mutations that cause human limb anomalies is enabled by basic developmental studies. In this study, we focus on the prepatterning stage of limb development and discuss a recent model that proposes anterior and posterior domains of the early limb bud generate two halves of the future skeleton. By comparing phenotypes in humans with those in model organisms, we evaluate whether this prepatterning concept helps to annotate human disease alleles. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e270. doi: 10.1002/wdev.270 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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79
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Tomczyk W, Giersz M. Polydactyly suggesting local husbandry of Pre-Columbian camelids: A case from Castillo de Huarmey archaeological site, northern coast of Peru. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2017; 16:40-43. [PMID: 28290309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three camelid metapodials with polydactyly (additional digits) were found at the Wari culture archaeological site (dated to the Middle Horizon) of Castillo de Huarmey. The anomalous bones were excavated among numerous remains, and presumably represent animals that were sacrificed within the principal mortuary mausoleum. The bones derive from at least two individuals. The etiology of the deformities remains unknown, but the most probable causes include low genetic diversity in the herd or unintended effect of selective breeding. The likelihood of impaired locomotion suggests birth and rearing within the site vicinity. The animals were juvenile, apparently killed around the age of sexual maturity, when they would have attained maximum body mass. Purposeful funerary proceedings with deformed animals suggest (at least) a locally developed camelid husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miłosz Giersz
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland.
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80
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Al-Qattan MM, Shamseldin HE, Salih MA, Alkuraya FS. GLI3-related polydactyly: a review. Clin Genet 2017; 92:457-466. [PMID: 28224613 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GLI3 mutations are known to be associated with nine syndromes/conditions in which polydactyly is a feature. In this review, the embryology, pathogenesis, and animal models of GLI3-related polydactyly are discussed first. This is followed by a detailed review of the genotype-phenotype correlations. Based on our review of the literature and our clinical experiences, we recommend viewing GLI3-related syndromes/conditions as four separate entities; each characterized by a specific pattern of polydactyly. These four entities are: the preaxial polydactyly type IV-Greig-acrocallosal spectrum, postaxial polydactyly types A/B, Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS), and oral-facial-digital overlap syndrome. We also provide illustrative clinical examples from our practice including a family with a novel GLI3 mutation causing PHS. The review also introduces the term 'Forme Fruste' preaxial polydactyly and gives several conclusions/recommendations including the recommendation to revise the current criteria for the clinical diagnosis of PHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Qattan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Salih
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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81
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Prenatal exposure to environmental factors and congenital limb defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:243-273. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sanchez RL, Yan J, Richards S, Mierau G, Wartchow EP, Collins CD, Shankar SP. Atypical presentation of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 8 in a sibling pair and review of the eye findings and neurological features. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2016; 4:50-53. [PMID: 29503925 PMCID: PMC5757465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report atypical presentation of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses type 8 (CLN8) to the eye clinic and review clinical features of CLN8. Observations Detailed eye exam by slit lamp exam, indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, visual fields and electroretinogram (ERG). Molecular genetic testing using Next Generation Sequencing panel (NGS) and array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH). The siblings in this study presented to the eye clinic with retinitis pigmentosa and cystoid macular edema, and a history of seizures but no severe neurocognitive deficits or regression. Genetic testing identified a c.200C > T (p.A67V) variant in the CLN8 gene and a deletion encompassing the entire gene. Electron microscopy of lymphocytes revealed fingerprint inclusions in both siblings. Conclusions and Importance: Pathogenic variants in CLN8 account for the retinitis pigmentosa and seizures in our patients however, currently, they do not have regression or neurocognitive decline. The presentation of NCL can be very diverse and it is important for ophthalmologists to consider this in the differential diagnosis of retinal disorders with seizures or other neurological features. Molecular genetic testing of multiple genes causing isolated and syndromic eye disorders using NGS panels and aCGH along with additional complementary testing may often be required to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana L. Sanchez
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jiong Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarah Richards
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gary Mierau
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123, E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric P. Wartchow
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123, E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christin D. Collins
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Suma P. Shankar
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.Department of Human GeneticsEmory University School of Medicine615 Michael StreetSuite 301AtlantaGA30322USA
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83
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Burger EB, Hovius SER, Burger BJ, van Nieuwenhoven CA. The Rotterdam Foot Classification: A Classification System for Medial Polydactyly of the Foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2016; 98:1298-306. [PMID: 27489321 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.15.01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydactyly at the medial side of the foot ("medial polydactyly" of the foot) is a rare and diverse congenital anomaly. In order to plan and evaluate surgical treatment, the classification of medial polydactyly is useful. The aim of our study was to develop a reliable and valid classification system for medial polydactyly of the foot that is more useful than previous systems for preoperative evaluation and surgical planning. METHODS A review of the literature and the clinical experience of a single experienced surgeon were used to determine classification categories. We identified all patients with medial polydactyly who had preoperative radiographs and clinical photographs and were treated at our hospital between 1993 and 2014. All affected feet were assessed according to our proposed classification system, the Rotterdam foot classification. The intrarater and interrater reliability among 5 observers who evaluated 30 feet were assessed with use of the Cohen kappa (κ) statistic. RESULTS We developed a classification system that describes duplication type, syndactyly, the presence of a hypoplastic ray, and deviation of the hallux. Seventy-three feet were classified according to the system. Seven duplication types were distinguished. Complete metatarsal duplication was most frequently seen (in 29%). Twelve feet showed a broad hallux without external expression of duplication. Syndactyly between medial and lateral (duplicate) halluces was present in 30 feet; between the lateral hallux and second toe, in 13 feet; and between both duplicated halluces and the lateral hallux and second toe, in 21 feet. A hypoplastic ray was seen in 75% of the feet. Intrarater agreement for duplication, hypoplastic rays, syndactyly, and deviation were, respectively, κ = 0.79, 0.75, 0.59, and 0.78. Interrater agreement for duplication, hypoplastic rays, syndactyly, and deviation were, respectively, κ = 0.72, 0.54, 0.48, and 0.64. CONCLUSIONS The proposed classification system contains 4 categories of anatomic features of the foot. Classification of all categories shows moderate to good reliability. Use of the Rotterdam classification in evaluating medial polydactyly improves type-specific description, which may, in the future, enhance the evaluation of surgical treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Rotterdam foot classification system is a reliable and easy-to-use system that we believe will improve communication between clinicians and researchers and facilitate the evaluation of treatment results in medial polydactyly of the foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise B Burger
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven E R Hovius
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J Burger
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
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84
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Exome sequencing reveals a novel nonsense mutation of GLI3 in a Chinese family with ‘non-syndromic’ pre-axial polydactyly. J Hum Genet 2016; 61:907-910. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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85
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Yang Y, Zhou J. CYLD - a deubiquitylase that acts to fine-tune microtubule properties and functions. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2289-95. [PMID: 27173491 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic structures that are crucially involved in a variety of cellular activities. The dynamic properties and functions of microtubules are regulated by various factors, such as tubulin isotype composition and microtubule-binding proteins. Initially identified as a deubiquitylase with tumor-suppressing functions, the protein cylindromatosis (CYLD) has recently been revealed to interact with microtubules, modulate microtubule dynamics, and participate in the regulation of cell migration, cell cycle progression, chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity and ciliogenesis. These findings have greatly enriched our understanding of the roles of CYLD in physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we focus on recent literature that shows how CYLD impacts on microtubule properties and functions in various biological processes, and discuss the challenges we face when interpreting results obtained from different experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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86
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Abstract
Polydactyly is one of the most common inherited limb abnormalities, characterised by supernumerary fingers or toes. It results from disturbances in the normal programme of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb, with diverse aetiology and variable inter- and intra-familial clinical features. Polydactyly can occur as an isolated disorder (non-syndromic polydactyly) or as a part of an anomaly syndrome (syndromic polydactyly). On the basis of the anatomic location of the duplicated digits, non-syndromic polydactyly is divided into three kinds, including preaxial polydactyly, axial polydactyly and postaxial polydactyly. Non-syndromic polydactyly frequently exhibits an autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. To date, in human, at least ten loci and four disease-causing genes, including the GLI3 gene, the ZNF141 gene, the MIPOL1 gene and the PITX1 gene, have been identified. In this paper, we review clinical features of non-syndromic polydactyly and summarise the recent progress in the molecular genetics, including loci and genes that are responsible for the disorder, the signalling pathways that these genetic factors are involved in, as well as animal models of the disorder. These progresses will improve our understanding of the complex disorder and have implications on genetic counselling such as prenatal diagnosis.
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87
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Ullah S, Dasti JI, Malik S. Descriptive epidemiology of hereditary musculoskeletal and limb defects in the isolated population of Chitral, North-West Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31:1047-52. [PMID: 26648984 PMCID: PMC4641253 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.315.7594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Musculoskeletal and limb defects (MLDs) are the major categories in hereditary anomalies and are a significant source of the disabilities. This study aimed at elucidating the nature and pattern of MLDs prevalent in Chitral district, which is an isolated population in the North-West of Pakistan. METHODS A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in Chitral and subjects/families with MLDs were ascertained from public places, hospitals and door-to-door visits. The phenotypic manifestations, expressivity, sporadic/familial presentations, isolated/syndromic nature, inheritance pattern, and socio-demographic attributes, of MLDs were observed. RESULTS A total of 153 independent subjects/families with certain types of MLDs were recruited. The MLDs were classified into 9 major and 22 minor entities. In this cohort, polydactyly was observed to be overwhelmingly common (71%), followed by syndactyly and absence limb deformities. The majority of the cases (78%) had sporadic nature, 93% anomalies had isolated presentations; upper limbs were more commonly affected than the lower limbs; and unilateral cases were twice in ratio than bilateral. The majority of the malformations had milder phenotypes, however, 17% of the MLDs were severe in nature and resulted in certain types of disability, compromising the normal life of the subject. CONCLUSION This research witnesses a distinctive pattern of MLDs in Chitral, which has not been reported for any other population of Pakistan so far. Further studies are required to observe the molecular etiologies of these malformations and to offer rapid diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ullah
- Saif Ullah, Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javid Iqbal Dasti
- Javid Iqbal Dasti, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Malik
- Sajid Malik, Human Genetics Program, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
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Jackson J, Delk P, Farrow E, Griffith C, Lah M, Weaver DD. An infant with large fontanelles, aplasia cutis congenita, tessier facial cleft, polydactyly inversus, and toe syndactyly: A previously undescribed syndrome? Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:683-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jackson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Paula Delk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Emily Farrow
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine; Children's Mercy Hospital; Kansas City Missouri
| | - Christopher Griffith
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Melissa Lah
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
| | - David D. Weaver
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
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Lal K, Mumtaz S, Rehman AU, Bibi M, Pervin Z, Malik S. Congenital hypoplasia of first digital ray of hands as an isolated presentation in four subjects. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 30:1428-31. [PMID: 25674153 PMCID: PMC4320745 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.306.5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypoplasia of thumb is rare malformation which is less likely to appear as an isolated entity. Four independent subjects exhibiting various grades of underdeveloped first digital ray were recruited. The affected autopods had narrow palms, medial or valgus inclinations of index fingers and thenar weakness, while the postaxial digits were least affected. According to the classification of hypoplastic thumb by Blauth and Schneider-Sickert (1981), the phenotypes were concordant with types 3 and 4. In one of the subjects there was contralateral preaxial polydactyly. All cases were sporadic and nonsyndromic and parental consanguinity was witnessed in two individuals. Recurrent appearance of similar phenotypes may suggest genetic etiologies which should be elucidated with the help of high-throughput genetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmoon Lal
- Karmoon Lal, Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sara Mumtaz
- Sara Mumtaz, Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Attiq-Ur- Rehman
- Attiq-ur-Rehman, Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Bibi
- Maryam Bibi, Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahida Pervin
- Zahida Pervin, Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Malik
- Sajid Malik, Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
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Bard J. Generating anatomical variation through mutations in networks - implications for evolution. J Anat 2014; 225:123-31. [PMID: 24934180 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutation leads to anatomical variation only indirectly because many proteins involved in generating anatomical structures in embryos operate cooperatively within molecular networks. These include gene-regulatory or control networks (CNs) for timing, signaling and patterning together with the process networks (PNs) for proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and morphogenesis that they control. This paper argues that anatomical variation is achieved through a two-stage process: mutation alters the outputs of CNs and perhaps the proliferation network, and such changed outputs alter the ways that PNs construct tissues. This systems-biology approach has several implications: first, because networks contain many cooperating proteins, they amplify the effects of genetic variation so enabling mutation to generate a wider range of phenotypes than a single changed protein acting alone could. Second, this amplification helps explain how novel phenotypes can be produced relatively rapidly. Third, because even organisms with novel anatomical phenotypes derive from variants in standard networks, there is no genetic barrier to their producing viable offspring. This approach also clarifies a terminological difficulty: classical evolutionary genetics views genes in terms of phenotype heritability rather than as DNA sequences. This paper suggests that the molecular phenotype of the classical concept of a gene is often a protein network, with a mutation leading to an alteration in that network's dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bard
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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