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Wiesner T, Kutzner H, Cerroni L, Mihm MC, Busam KJ, Murali R. Genomic aberrations in spitzoid melanocytic tumours and their implications for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Pathology 2016; 48:113-31. [PMID: 27020384 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Histopathological evaluation of melanocytic tumours usually allows reliable distinction of benign melanocytic naevi from melanoma. More difficult is the histopathological classification of Spitz tumours, a heterogeneous group of tumours composed of large epithelioid or spindle-shaped melanocytes. Spitz tumours are biologically distinct from conventional melanocytic naevi and melanoma, as exemplified by their distinct patterns of genetic aberrations. Whereas common acquired naevi and melanoma often harbour BRAF mutations, NRAS mutations, or inactivation of NF1, Spitz tumours show HRAS mutations, inactivation of BAP1 (often combined with BRAF mutations), or genomic rearrangements involving the kinases ALK, ROS1, NTRK1, BRAF, RET, and MET. In Spitz naevi, which lack significant histological atypia, all of these mitogenic driver aberrations trigger rapid cell proliferation, but after an initial growth phase, various tumour suppressive mechanisms stably block further growth. In some tumours, additional genomic aberrations may abrogate various tumour suppressive mechanisms, such as cell-cycle arrest, telomere shortening, or DNA damage response. The melanocytes then start to grow in a less organised fashion and may spread to regional lymph nodes, and are termed atypical Spitz tumours. Upon acquisition of even more aberrations, which often activate additional oncogenic pathways or alter cell differentiation, the neoplastic cells become entirely malignant and may colonise and take over distant organs (spitzoid melanoma). The sequential acquisition of genomic aberrations suggests that Spitz tumours represent a continuous biological spectrum, rather than a dichotomy of benign versus malignant, and that tumours with ambiguous histological features (atypical Spitz tumours) might be best classified as low-grade melanocytic tumours. The number of genetic aberrations usually correlates with the degree of histological atypia and explains why existing ancillary genetic techniques, such as array comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) or fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), are usually capable of accurately classifying histologically benign and malignant Spitz tumours, but are not very helpful in the diagnosis of ambiguous melanocytic lesions. Nevertheless, we expect that progress in our understanding of tumour progression will refine the classification of spitzoid melanocytic tumours in the near future. By integrating clinical, pathological, and genetic criteria, distinct tumour subsets will be defined within the heterogeneous group of Spitz tumours, which will eventually lead to improvements in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiesner
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Heinz Kutzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin C Mihm
- Melanoma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Klaus J Busam
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States; Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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Andrici J, Goeppert B, Sioson L, Clarkson A, Renner M, Stenzinger A, Tayao M, Watson N, Farzin M, Toon CW, Smith RC, Mittal A, Samra JS, Hugh TJ, Chou A, Lawlor RT, Weichert W, Schirmacher P, Sperandio N, Ruzzenente A, Scarpa A, Gill AJ. Loss of BAP1 Expression Occurs Frequently in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2491. [PMID: 26765459 PMCID: PMC4718285 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that functions as a tumor suppressor gene. Double hit BAP1 inactivation has been reported in a range of tumor types, including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), sometimes in association with germline mutation.We performed immunohistochemistry for BAP1 on a well-characterized cohort of 211 ICC patients undergoing surgical resection with curative intent at 3 institutions based in 3 different countries. The median age at diagnosis was 65 years (range, 36.5-86) and 108 (51%) were men. Negative staining for BAP1 (defined as completely absent nuclear staining in the presence of positive internal controls in nonneoplastic cells) occurred in 55 ICCs (26%). BAP1 loss predicted a strong trend toward improved median survival of 40.80 months (95% CI, 28.14-53.46) versus 24.87 months (95% CI, 18.73-31.01), P = 0.059). In a multivariate model including age, sex, BAP1 status, tumor stage, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, and tumor size, female sex was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34-0.85), while advanced tumor stage and lymphovascular invasion (HR 1.89; 95% CI, 1.09-3.28) correlated with decreased survival. In a multivariate analysis, high grade tumors were associated with BAP1 loss (odds ratio [OR] 3.32; 95% CI, 1.29-8.55), while lymphatic invasion was inversely associated with BAP1 loss (OR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.13-0.99).In conclusion, we observed a trend toward improved prognosis in ICC associated with absent expression of BAP1 and an association of BAP1 loss with higher histological grade and absent lymphatic invasion. Female sex was associated with improved survival while advanced tumor stage and lymphatic invasion were associated with decreased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Andrici
- From the Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia (JA, LS, AC, MT, NW, MF, CWT, AJG); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (BG, MR, AS, WW, PS); Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards (LS, AC, MF, AJG); Histopath Pathology, North Ryde (CWT); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney (JA,CWT, RCS, AM, JSS, TJH, AJG); Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards; Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney (AM, JSS, TJH); Macquarie University Hospital, Macquarie University, Sydney (JSS); Department of Anatomical Pathology, SYDPATH, St Vincents Hospitals, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia (AC); Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, ARC-NET Research Center (RTL, NS, AS); Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy (AR); and Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, NSW, Australia (AJG)
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53
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Tse JY, Walls BE, Pomerantz H, Yoon CH, Buchbinder EI, Werchniak AE, Dong F, Lian CG, Granter SR. Melanoma arising in a nevus of Ito: novel genetic mutations and a review of the literature on cutaneous malignant transformation of dermal melanocytosis. J Cutan Pathol 2016; 43:57-63. [PMID: 26260725 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dermal melanocytosis refers to a spectrum of benign melanocytic proliferations that includes Mongolian spot, nevus of Ota and nevus of Ito. These lesions most commonly occur in persons of Asian or African descent and are often present at birth or develop during childhood. Very rarely, dermal melanocytoses undergo malignant transformation. There have been only 13 reports in the literature of primary cutaneous melanoma arising in dermal melanocytoses. We report a case of a Chinese woman with melanoma arising in a congenital nevus of Ito. We performed targeted next-generation sequencing of the tumor which revealed mutations of GNAQ and BAP1, suggesting that alterations in these two genes led to malignant transformation of the nevus of Ito. We also provide a summary of reports in the literature regarding primary cutaneous melanoma arising in the context of dermal melanocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y Tse
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brooke E Walls
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyemin Pomerantz
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles H Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Fei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Granter
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Ohar JA, Cheung M, Talarchek J, Howard SE, Howard TD, Hesdorffer M, Peng H, Rauscher FJ, Testa JR. Germline BAP1 Mutational Landscape of Asbestos-Exposed Malignant Mesothelioma Patients with Family History of Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 76:206-15. [PMID: 26719535 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heritable mutations in the BAP1 tumor suppressor gene predispose individuals to mesothelioma and other cancers. However, a large-scale assessment of germline BAP1 mutation incidence and associated clinical features in mesothelioma patients with a family history of cancer has not been reported. Therefore, we examined the germline BAP1 mutation status of 150 mesothelioma patients with a family history of cancer, 50 asbestos-exposed control individuals with a family history of cancers other than mesothelioma, and 153 asbestos-exposed individuals without familial cancer. No BAP1 alterations were found in control cohorts, but were identified in nine of 150 mesothelioma cases (6%) with a family history of cancer. Alterations among these cases were characterized by both missense and frameshift mutations, and enzymatic activity of BAP1 missense mutants was decreased compared with wild-type BAP1. Furthermore, BAP1 mutation carriers developed mesothelioma at an earlier age that was more often peritoneal than pleural (five of nine) and exhibited improved long-term survival compared to mesothelioma patients without BAP1 mutations. Moreover, many tumors harboring BAP1 germline mutations were associated with BAP1 syndrome, including mesothelioma and ocular/cutaneous melanomas, as well as renal, breast, lung, gastric, and basal cell carcinomas. Collectively, these findings suggest that mesothelioma patients presenting with a family history of cancer should be considered for BAP1 genetic testing to identify those individuals who might benefit from further screening and routine monitoring for the purpose of early detection and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Ohar
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Caroline.
| | - Mitchell Cheung
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Suzanne E Howard
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Caroline
| | - Timothy D Howard
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Caroline
| | - Mary Hesdorffer
- Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia
| | - Hongzhuang Peng
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank J Rauscher
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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McDonnell KJ, Gallanis GT, Heller KA, Melas M, Idos GE, Culver JO, Martin SE, Peng DH, Gruber SB. A novel BAP1 mutation is associated with melanocytic neoplasms and thyroid cancer. Cancer Genet 2015; 209:75-81. [PMID: 26774355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, BRCA-1 associated protein (BAP1), underlie a tumor predisposition syndrome characterized by increased risk for numerous cancers including uveal melanoma, melanocytic tumors and mesothelioma, among others. In the present study we report the identification of a novel germline BAP1 mutation, c.1777C>T, which produces a truncated BAP1 protein product and segregates with cancer. Family members with this mutation demonstrated a primary clinical phenotype of autosomal dominant, early-onset melanocytic neoplasms with immunohistochemistry (IHC) of these tumors demonstrating lack of BAP1 protein expression. In addition, family members harboring the BAP1 c.1777C>T germline mutation developed other neoplastic disease including thyroid cancer. IHC analysis of the thyroid cancer, as well, demonstrated loss of BAP1 protein expression. Our investigation identifies a new BAP1 mutation, further highlights the relevance of BAP1 as a clinically important tumor suppressor gene, and broadens the range of cancers associated with BAP1 inactivation. Further study will be required to understand the full scope of BAP1-associated neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J McDonnell
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory T Gallanis
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Heller
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marilena Melas
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory E Idos
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie O Culver
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sue-Ellen Martin
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David H Peng
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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56
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Bhattacharya S, Hanpude P, Maiti TK. Cancer associated missense mutations in BAP1 catalytic domain induce amyloidogenic aggregation: A new insight in enzymatic inactivation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18462. [PMID: 26680512 PMCID: PMC4683529 DOI: 10.1038/srep18462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a nuclear deubiquitinase that regulates tumor suppressor activity and widely involves many cellular processes ranging from cell cycle regulation to gluconeogenesis. Impairment of enzymatic activity and nuclear localization induce abnormal cell proliferation. It is considered to be an important driver gene, which undergoes frequent mutations in several cancers. However the role of mutation and oncogenic gain of function of BAP1 are poorly understood. Here, we investigated cellular localization, enzymatic activity and structural changes for four missense mutants of the catalytic domain of BAP1, which are prevalent in different types of cancer. These mutations triggered cytoplasmic/perinuclear accumulation in BAP1 deficient cells, which has been observed in proteins that undergo aggregation in cellular condition. Amyloidogenic activity of mutant BAP1 was revealed from its reactivity towards anti oligomeric antibody in HEK293T cells. We have also noted structural destabilization in the catalytic domain mutants, which eventually produced beta amyloid structure as indicated in atomic force microscopy study. The cancer associated mutants up-regulate heat shock response and activates transcription of genes normally co-repressed by BAP1. Overall, our results unambiguously demonstrate that structural destabilization and subsequent aggregation abrogate its cellular mechanism leading to adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Cellular Signaling, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, INDIA
| | - Pranita Hanpude
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Cellular Signaling, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, INDIA.,Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Karnataka, 576104, INDIA
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Cellular Signaling, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, INDIA
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57
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Carbone M, Flores EG, Emi M, Johnson TA, Tsunoda T, Behner D, Hoffman H, Hesdorffer M, Nasu M, Napolitano A, Powers A, Minaai M, Baumann F, Bryant-Greenwood P, Lauk O, Kirschner MB, Weder W, Opitz I, Pass HI, Gaudino G, Pastorino S, Yang H. Combined Genetic and Genealogic Studies Uncover a Large BAP1 Cancer Syndrome Kindred Tracing Back Nine Generations to a Common Ancestor from the 1700s. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005633. [PMID: 26683624 PMCID: PMC4686043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered an inherited cancer syndrome caused by BRCA1-Associated Protein 1 (BAP1) germline mutations, with high incidence of mesothelioma, uveal melanoma and other cancers and very high penetrance by age 55. To identify families with the BAP1 cancer syndrome, we screened patients with family histories of multiple mesotheliomas and melanomas and/or multiple cancers. We identified four families that shared an identical BAP1 mutation: they lived across the US and did not appear to be related. By combining family histories, molecular genetics, and genealogical approaches, we uncovered a BAP1 cancer syndrome kindred of ~80,000 descendants with a core of 106 individuals, whose members descend from a couple born in Germany in the early 1700s who immigrated to North America. Their descendants spread throughout the country with mutation carriers affected by multiple malignancies. Our data show that, once a proband is identified, extended analyses of these kindreds, using genomic and genealogical studies to identify the most recent common ancestor, allow investigators to uncover additional branches of the family that may carry BAP1 mutations. Using this knowledge, we have identified new branches of this family carrying BAP1 mutations. We have also implemented early-detection strategies that help identify cancers at early-stage, when they can be cured (melanomas) or are more susceptible to therapy (MM and other malignancies). Germline BAP1 mutations cause a cancer syndrome characterized by high incidence of mesothelioma (MM), uveal melanoma and other cancers, and by very high penetrance, as all individuals carrying BAP1 mutations developed at least one, and usually several, malignancies throughout their lives. Through screening MM patients with histories of multiple cancers, we found four supposedly unrelated patients that shared an identical germline BAP1 mutation. We investigated whether this BAP1 mutation occurred in a ‘hot-spot’ for “de novo” mutations or whether these four MM patients shared a common ancestor. Using molecular genomics analyses we found that they are related. By genealogic studies we traced their ancestor to a couple that emigrated from Germany to North America in the early 1700’s; we traced the subsequent migration of their descendants, who are now living in at least three different US States. Our findings demonstrate that BAP1 mutations are transmitted among subsequent generations over the course of centuries. This knowledge and methodology is being used to identify additional branches of the family carrying BAP1 mutations. Our study shows that the application of modern genomic analyses, coupled with “classical” family histories collected by the treating physician, and with genealogical searches, offer a powerful strategy to identify high-risk germline BAP1 mutation carriers that will benefit from genetic counseling and early detection cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (HY)
| | - Erin G. Flores
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Mitsuru Emi
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Johnson
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Dusty Behner
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Harriet Hoffman
- Genealogy from the Hart, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Mary Hesdorffer
- Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Masaki Nasu
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Andrea Napolitano
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Amy Powers
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Michael Minaai
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Francine Baumann
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Peter Bryant-Greenwood
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Olivia Lauk
- Klinik für Thoraxchirurgie Universitätsspital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Weder
- Klinik für Thoraxchirurgie Universitätsspital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Opitz
- Klinik für Thoraxchirurgie Universitätsspital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Harvey I. Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Gaudino
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Sandra Pastorino
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Haining Yang
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (HY)
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Potrony M, Badenas C, Aguilera P, Puig-Butille JA, Carrera C, Malvehy J, Puig S. Update in genetic susceptibility in melanoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:210. [PMID: 26488006 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.08.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most deadly of the common skin cancers and its incidence is rapidly increasing. Approximately 10% of cases occur in a familial context. To date, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), which was identified as the first melanoma susceptibility gene more than 20 years ago, is the main high-risk gene for melanoma. A few years later cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) was also identified as a melanoma susceptibility gene. The technologic advances have allowed the identification of new genes involved in melanoma susceptibility: Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) associated protein 1 (BAP1), CXC genes, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), protection of telomeres 1 (POT1), ACD and TERF2IP, the latter four being involved in telomere maintenance. Furthermore variants in melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) give a moderately increased risk to develop melanoma. Melanoma genetic counseling is offered to families in order to better understand the disease and the genetic susceptibility of developing it. Genetic counseling often implies genetic testing, although patients can benefit from genetic counseling even when they do not fulfill the criteria for these tests. Genetic testing for melanoma predisposition mutations can be used in clinical practice under adequate selection criteria and giving a valid test interpretation and genetic counseling to the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Potrony
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Badenas
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Aguilera
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Malvehy
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Loss of expression of BAP1 is a useful adjunct, which strongly supports the diagnosis of mesothelioma in effusion cytology. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:1360-8. [PMID: 26226841 PMCID: PMC4761613 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although most mesotheliomas present with pleural effusions, it is controversial whether mesothelioma can be diagnosed with confidence in effusion cytology. Therefore, an ancillary marker of malignant mesothelial cells applicable in effusions would be clinically valuable. BRCA-1-associated protein (BAP1) is a tumor suppressor gene, which shows biallelic inactivation in approximately half of all mesotheliomas. We investigated whether loss of BAP1 expression by immunohistochemistry can be used to support a diagnosis of mesothelioma in effusion cytology. Immunohistochemistry for BAP1 was performed on cell blocks and interpreted blinded. 43 of 75 (57%) effusions associated with confirmed mesothelioma showed negative staining with positive internal controls. Of 57 effusions considered to have atypical mesothelial cells in the absence of a definitive diagnosis of mesothelioma, 8 cases demonstrated negative staining for BAP1. On follow-up six of these patients received a definitive diagnosis of mesothelioma in the subsequent 14 months (two were lost to follow-up immediately, and mesothelioma could not be excluded). Only 5 of 100 consecutive benign effusions were interpreted as BAP1 negative. One of these patients died soon after and mesothelioma could not be excluded. On unblinded review the four other patients with apparently negative BAP1 staining but no malignancy lacked convincing positive staining in non-neoplastic cells suggesting that BAP1 immunohistochemistry may have initially been misinterpreted. 47 effusions with adenocarcinoma were BAP1 positive. We conclude that loss of BAP1 expression, while not definitive, can be used to support the diagnosis of mesothelioma in effusion cytology. We caution that interpretation of BAP1 immunohistochemistry on cell block may be difficult and that convincing positive staining in non-neoplastic cells is required before atypical cells are considered negative. We also note that BAP1 loss is not a sensitive test as it occurs in only half of all mesotheliomas and cannot be used to exclude the diagnosis.
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Sokolenko AP, Suspitsin EN, Kuligina ES, Bizin IV, Frishman D, Imyanitov EN. Identification of novel hereditary cancer genes by whole exome sequencing. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:274-88. [PMID: 26427841 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing (WES) provides a powerful tool for medical genetic research. Several dozens of WES studies involving patients with hereditary cancer syndromes have already been reported. WES led to breakthrough in understanding of the genetic basis of some exceptionally rare syndromes; for example, identification of germ-line SMARCA4 mutations in patients with ovarian hypercalcemic small cell carcinomas indeed explains a noticeable share of familial aggregation of this disease. However, studies on common cancer types turned out to be more difficult. In particular, there is almost a dozen of reports describing WES analysis of breast cancer patients, but none of them yet succeeded to reveal a gene responsible for the significant share of missing heritability. Virtually all components of WES studies require substantial improvement, e.g. technical performance of WES, interpretation of WES results, mode of patient selection, etc. Most of contemporary investigations focus on genes with autosomal dominant mechanism of inheritance; however, recessive and oligogenic models of transmission of cancer susceptibility also need to be considered. It is expected that the list of medically relevant tumor-predisposing genes will be rapidly expanding in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Sokolenko
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Suspitsin
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Ekatherina Sh Kuligina
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Ilya V Bizin
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, RASA Research Center, St.-Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St.-Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Dmitrij Frishman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, TU Muenchen, Freising 85354, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia; Department of Oncology, I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St.-Petersburg 191015, Russia; Department of Oncology, St.-Petersburg State University, St.-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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Abstract
Approximately 10% of melanoma cases report a relative affected with melanoma, and a positive family history is associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma. Although the majority of genetic alterations associated with melanoma development are somatic, the underlying presence of heritable melanoma risk genes is an important component of disease occurrence. Susceptibility for some families is due to mutation in one of the known high penetrance melanoma predisposition genes: CDKN2A, CDK4, BAP1, POT1, ACD, TERF2IP and TERT. However, despite such mutations being implicated in a combined total of approximately 50% of familial melanoma cases, the underlying genetic basis is unexplained for the remainder of high-density melanoma families. Aside from the possibility of extremely rare mutations in a few additional high penetrance genes yet to be discovered, this suggests a likely polygenic component to susceptibility, and a unique level of personal melanoma risk influenced by multiple low-risk alleles and genetic modifiers. In addition to conferring a risk of cutaneous melanoma, some 'melanoma' predisposition genes have been linked to other cancers, with cancer clustering observed in melanoma families at rates greater than expected by chance. The most extensively documented association is between CDKN2A germ line mutations and pancreatic cancer, and a cancer syndrome including cutaneous melanoma, uveal melanoma and mesothelioma has been proposed for BAP1 germ line mutations. Other medium to high penetrance melanoma predisposition genes have been associated with renal cell carcinoma (MITF, BAP1) and glioma (POT1). These associations between melanoma and other cancers hint at the possibility of common pathways for oncogenesis, and better knowledge of these pathways may improve understanding of the genetic basis underpinning familial melanoma. It is likely that 'melanoma' risk genes will impact on mutation screening and genetic counselling not only for melanoma but also a range of other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazlyn Read
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karin A W Wadt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Mori T, Sumii M, Fujishima F, Ueno K, Emi M, Nagasaki M, Ishioka C, Chiba N. Somatic alteration and depleted nuclear expression of BAP1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1118-29. [PMID: 26081045 PMCID: PMC4582980 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that is involved in the regulation of cell growth. Recently, many somatic and germline mutations of BAP1 have been reported in a broad spectrum of tumors. In this study, we identified a novel somatic non-synonymous BAP1 mutation, a phenylalanine-to-isoleucine substitution at codon 170 (F170I), in 1 of 49 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) of BAP1 gene in this ESCC tumor disclosed monoallelic deletion (LOH), suggesting BAP1 alterations on both alleles in this tumor. The deubiquitinase activity and the auto-deubiquitinase activity of F170I-mutant BAP1 were markedly suppressed compared with wild-type BAP1. In addition, wild-type BAP1 mostly localizes to the nucleus, whereas the F170I mutant preferentially localized in the cytoplasm. Microarray analysis revealed that expression of the F170I mutant drastically altered gene expression profiles compared with expressed wild-type BAP1. Gene-ontology analyses indicated that the F170I mutation altered the expression of genes involved in oncogenic pathways. We found that one candidate, TCEAL7, previously reported as a putative tumor suppressor gene, was significantly induced by wild-type BAP1 as compared to F170I mutant BAP1. Furthermore, we found that the level of BAP1 expression in the nucleus was reduced in 44% of ESCC examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Because the nuclear localization of BAP1 is important for its tumor suppressor function, BAP1 may be functionally inactivated in a substantial portion of ESCC. Taken together, BAP1 is likely to function as a tumor suppressor in at least a part of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mori
- Tohoku Community Cancer Services Program, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makiko Sumii
- Tohoku Community Cancer Services Program, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Kazuko Ueno
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Emi
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Natsuko Chiba
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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63
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Cheung M, Kadariya Y, Pei J, Talarchek J, Facciolo F, Visca P, Righi L, Cozzi I, Testa JR, Ascoli V. An asbestos-exposed family with multiple cases of pleural malignant mesothelioma without inheritance of a predisposing BAP1 mutation. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:502-7. [PMID: 26364129 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a family with domestic exposure to asbestos and diagnosis of multiple cancers, including eight pleural malignant mesotheliomas and several other lung or pleural tumors. DNA sequence analysis revealed no evidence for an inherited mutation of BAP1. Sequence analysis of other potentially relevant genes, including TP53, CDKN2A, and BARD1, also revealed no mutation. DNA microarray analysis of tissue from two mesotheliomas revealed multiple genomic imbalances, including consistent losses of overlapping segments in 2q, 6q, 9p, 14q, 15q, and 22q, but no losses of chromosome 3 harboring the BAP1 locus. However, the results of immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated loss of nuclear BAP1 staining in three of six mesotheliomas tested, suggesting that somatic alterations of BAP1 occurred in a subset of tumors from this family. Since mesothelioma could be confirmed in only a single generation, domestic exposure to asbestos may be the predominant cause of mesothelioma in this family. Given the existence of unspecified malignant pleural tumors and lung cancers in a prior generation, we discuss the possibility that some other tumor susceptibility or modifier gene(s) may contribute to the high incidence of mesothelioma in this family. Because the incidence of mesothelioma in this family is higher than that expected even in workers heavily exposed to asbestos, we conclude that both asbestos exposure and genetic factors have played a role in the high rate of mesothelioma and potentially other pleural or lung cancers seen in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Cheung
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuwaraj Kadariya
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianming Pei
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Francesco Facciolo
- Department of Oncologic Thoracic Surgery, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Visca
- Department of Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisella Righi
- Department of Oncology, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cozzi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Valeria Ascoli
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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64
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Rai K, Pilarski R, Cebulla CM, Abdel-Rahman MH. Comprehensive review of BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome with report of two new cases. Clin Genet 2015; 89:285-94. [PMID: 26096145 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) tumor predisposition syndrome (BAP1-TPDS) is a recently identified hereditary cancer syndrome. Germline mutations in this tumor suppressor gene predispose families to the development of various malignancies. The molecular functions of the gene as well as the clinical phenotype of the syndrome are still being clarified. We sought to conduct a comprehensive review of published research into BAP1-TPDS to more thoroughly delineate the clinical implications of germline BAP1 mutations. We also report two additional families with germline BAP1 mutations. Current evidence demonstrates that germline BAP1 mutations predispose families to uveal melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma, cutaneous melanoma, and possibly to a range of other cancers as well. Some of these cancers tend to be more aggressive, have a propensity to metastasize, and onset earlier in life in patients with BAP1 mutations as compared to non-predisposed patients with equivalent cancers. Although further research is necessary, this information can aid in the management, diagnosis, and therapy of these patients and their families, and highlights the importance of genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rai
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R Pilarski
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C M Cebulla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Havener Eye Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M H Abdel-Rahman
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Havener Eye Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, Menoufiya University, Shebin Elkoum, Egypt
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65
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Klebe S, Driml J, Nasu M, Pastorino S, Zangiabadi A, Henderson D, Carbone M. BAP1 hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome: a case report and review of literature. Biomark Res 2015; 3:14. [PMID: 26140217 PMCID: PMC4488956 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-015-0040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A 72-year-old woman was diagnosed with uveal melanoma, peritoneal mesothelioma and a primary biliary tract adenocarcinoma. She had a strong family history of mesothelioma as well as other malignancies including renal cell carcinoma. The recently described BAP1 hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome was suspected, but immunohistochemical labeling was not conclusive. Genetic testing confirmed a novel and unusual germline mutation in the ubiquitin hydrolase domain of the BAP1 gene (p.Tyr173Cys) and the patient was diagnosed with the BAP1 hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome. This case demonstrates the importance of clinically recognizing this rare syndrome and its manifestations, some which are still being characterized. It also highlights the importance of genetic testing in cases where there is a high clinical suspicion, even when screening tests, such as immunohistochemistry, in this case, are inconclusive. The diagnosis of a germline BAP1 mutation may have important implications for both the patient and their families with regards to further genetic testing and active surveillance programs. Further research is needed to fully understand the extent and clinical implications of this rare cancer syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 UK
| | - Jack Driml
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 UK
| | - Masaki Nasu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Bldg A-4R, Rm 450, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Sandra Pastorino
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Bldg A-4R, Rm 450, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Amirmasoud Zangiabadi
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042 UK
| | - Douglas Henderson
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 UK
| | - Michele Carbone
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Bldg A-4R, Rm 450, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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67
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Nielsen M, Dogrusöz M, Bleeker J, Kroes W, van Asperen C, Marinkovic M, Luyten G, Jager M. The genetic basis of uveal melanoma. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015; 38:516-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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68
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Primary leptomeningeal melanoma is part of the BAP1-related cancer syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:921-3. [PMID: 25900292 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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69
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Prevalence of Germline BAP1, CDKN2A, and CDK4 Mutations in an Australian Population-Based Sample of Cutaneous Melanoma Cases. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:126-33. [PMID: 25787093 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4) contribute to susceptibility in approximately 40% of high-density cutaneous melanoma (CMM) families and about 2% of unselected CMM cases. BRCA-1 associated protein-1 (BAP1) has been more recently shown to predispose to CMM and uveal melanoma (UMM) in some families; however, its contribution to CMM development in the general population is unreported. We sought to determine the contribution of these genes to CMM susceptibility in a population-based sample of cases from Australia. We genotyped 1,109 probands from Queensland families and found that approximately 1.31% harbored mutations in CDKN2A, including some with novel missense mutations (p.R22W, p.G35R and p.I49F). BAP1 missense variants occurred in 0.63% of cases but no CDK4 variants were observed in the sample. This is the first estimate of the contribution of BAP1 and CDK4 to a population-based sample of CMM and supports the previously reported estimate of CDKN2A germline mutation prevalence.
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70
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Lee KC, Higgins HW, Qureshi AA. Familial risk of melanoma and links with other cancers. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:83-89. [PMID: 30190834 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.14.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic risk factors for melanoma are complex and involve both familial and environmental components. Of the thousands of melanomas diagnosed each year, only a fraction are due to familial causes. These melanomas typically present in younger individuals, and may be associated with genetic factors that put these individuals at risk for other tumors. CDKN2A and CDK4 are the most well-characterized mutations, as they have been identified in up to 40% of familial melanomas. Individuals with CDKN2A are also at risk for pancreatic cancer. The BRCA2 mutation has also been implicated in familial melanomas, breast and ovarian cancer. The BAP1, TERC and POT1 mutations are associated with melanomas and several other familial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kachiu C Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - H William Higgins
- Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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71
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Wang Y, Thomas A, Lau C, Rajan A, Zhu Y, Killian JK, Petrini I, Pham T, Morrow B, Zhong X, Meltzer PS, Giaccone G. Mutations of epigenetic regulatory genes are common in thymic carcinomas. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7336. [PMID: 25482724 PMCID: PMC4258655 DOI: 10.1038/srep07336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations and etiology of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are largely unknown, hampering the development of effective targeted therapies for patients with TETs. Here TETs of advanced-stage patients enrolled in a clinical trial of molecularly-guided targeted therapies were employed for targeted sequencing of 197 cancer-associated genes. Comparative sequence analysis of 78 TET/blood paired samples obtained from 47 thymic carcinoma (TC) and 31 thymoma patients revealed a total of 86 somatic non-synonymous sequence variations across 39 different genes in 33 (42%) TETs. TCs (62%; 29/47) showed higher incidence of somatic non-synonymous mutations than thymomas (13%; 4/31; p < 0.0001). TP53 was the most frequently mutated gene in TETs (n = 13; 17%), especially in TCs (26%), and was associated with a poorer overall survival (p < 0.0001). Genes in histone modification [BAP1 (n = 6; 13%), SETD2 (n = 5; 11%), ASXL1 (n = 2; 4%)], chromatin remodeling [SMARCA4 (n = 2; 4%)], and DNA methylation [DNMT3A (n = 3; 7%), TET2 (n = 2; 4%), WT1 (n = 2; 4%)] pathways were recurrently mutated in TCs, but not in thymomas. Our results suggest a potential disruption of epigenetic homeostasis in TCs, and a substantial difference in genetic makeup between TCs and thymomas. Further investigation is warranted into the roles of epigenetic dysregulation in TC development and its potential for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Wang
- 1] Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 [2] Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20007
| | - Anish Thomas
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christopher Lau
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arun Rajan
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J Keith Killian
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Iacopo Petrini
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Trung Pham
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Betsy Morrow
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20007
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- 1] Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 [2] Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20007
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Baumann F, Flores E, Napolitano A, Kanodia S, Taioli E, Pass H, Yang H, Carbone M. Mesothelioma patients with germline BAP1 mutations have 7-fold improved long-term survival. Carcinogenesis 2014; 36:76-81. [PMID: 25380601 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) mutations cause a new cancer syndrome, with a high rate of malignant mesothelioma (MM). Here, we tested the hypothesis that MM associated with germline BAP1 mutations has a better prognosis compared with sporadic MM. We compared survival among germline BAP1 mutation MM patients with that of all MM (N = 10 556) recorded in the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 1973 to 2010. We identified 23 MM patients--11 alive--with germline BAP1 mutations and available data on survival. Ten patients had peritoneal MM, ten pleural MM and three MM in both locations. Thirteen patients had one or more malignancies in addition to MM. Actuarial median survival for the MM patients with germline BAP1 mutations was 5 years, as compared with <1 year for the median survival in the United States SEER MM group. Five-year survival was 47%, 95% confidence interval (24-67%), as compared with 6.7% (6.2-7.3%) in the control SEER group. Analysis of the pooled cohort of germline BAP1 mutation MM showed that patients with peritoneal MM (median survival of 10 years, P = 0.0571), or with a second malignancy in addition to MM (median survival of 10 years, P = 0.0716), survived for a longer time compared with patients who only had pleural MM, or MM patients without a second malignancy, respectively. In conclusion, we found that MM patients with germline BAP1 mutations have an overall 7-fold increased long-term survival, independently of sex and age. Appropriate genetic counseling and clinical management should be considered for MM patients who are also BAP1 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Flores
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Andrea Napolitano
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Shreya Kanodia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute-Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Department of Population Health, Hofstra-North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA and
| | - Harvey Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Haining Yang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Michele Carbone
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA,
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