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Slominski AT, Li W, Kim TK, Semak I, Wang J, Zjawiony JK, Tuckey RC. Novel activities of CYP11A1 and their potential physiological significance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 151:25-37. [PMID: 25448732 PMCID: PMC4757911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CYP11A1, found only in vertebrates, catalyzes the first step of steroidogenesis where cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone. The purified enzyme, also converts desmosterol and plant sterols including campesterol and β-sitosterol, to pregnenolone. Studies, initially with purified enzyme, reveal that 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), ergosterol, lumisterol 3, and vitamins D3 and D2 also serve as substrates for CYP11A1, with 7DHC being better and vitamins D3 and D2 being poorer substrates than cholesterol. Adrenal glands, placenta, and epidermal keratinocytes can also carry out these conversions and 7-dehydropregnenolone has been detected in the epidermis, adrenal glands, and serum, and 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 was detected in human serum and the epidermis. Thus, this metabolism does appear to occur in vivo, although its quantitative importance and physiological role remain to be established. CYP11A1 action on 7DHC in vivo is further supported by detection of Δ(7)steroids in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients. The activity of CYP11A1 is affected by the structure of the substrate with sterols having steroidal or Δ(7)-steroidal structures undergoing side chain cleavage following hydroxylations at C22 and C20. In contrast, metabolism of vitamin D involves sequential hydroxylations that start at C20 but do not lead to cleavage. Molecular modeling using the crystal structure of CYP11A1 predicts that other intermediates of cholesterol synthesis could also serve as substrates for CYP11A1. Finally, CYP11A1-derived secosteroidal hydroxy-derivatives and Δ(7)steroids are biologically active when administered in vitro in a manner dependent on the structure of the compound and the lineage of the target cells, suggesting physiological roles for these metabolites. This article is part of a special issue entitled 'SI: Steroid/Sterol signaling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Division of Rheumatology of the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Igor Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jordan K Zjawiony
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Topical Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade Limits Glucocorticoid-Induced Epidermal Atrophy in Human Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1781-1789. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION About 2% of the Western world population suffer from chronic wounds, resulting from underlying disorders (e.g., diabetes, excessive pressure, vascular insufficiencies and vasculitis), with a significant adverse effect on Quality of Life. Despite high incidence and economic burden, management of chronic wounds is still far from effective and novel therapies are in urgent need. Wound healing is a dynamic process of transient expression, function and clearance of mediators, enzymes and cell types. Failure to initiate, terminate or regulate leads to pathologic wound healing. AREAS COVERED The present review discusses patents of the seven most promising classes of biological agents, mostly published in 2009 - 2014 (CYP11B1 inhibitors, peptide growth factors, prolyl-4-hydroxylase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, elastase and connexin43 inhibitors). Relevant information from peer-reviewed journals is also presented. EXPERT OPINION The aforementioned biological agents have different mechanisms of action, and considering the multifactorial pathogenesis of chronic wounds, they hold promise in treating chronic wounds. However, as administration of a certain biological agent may be beneficial in an early phase, it may slow down wound healing in a later phase. Basic and clinical research on chronic wound healing should therefore investigate the efficacy of these agents, alone and in concert, during the consecutive phases of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J van Koppen
- ElexoPharm GmbH , Im Stadtwald, Building A1.2, 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany +49 681 30268320 ; +49 681 9102894 ;
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Hair cortisol detection in dairy cattle by using EIA: protocol validation and correlation with faecal cortisol metabolites. Animal 2015; 9:1059-64. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Kleszczyński K, Zwicker S, Tukaj S, Kasperkiewicz M, Zillikens D, Wolf R, Fischer TW. Melatonin compensates silencing of heat shock protein 70 and suppresses ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation in human skin ex vivo and cultured keratinocytes. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:117-26. [PMID: 25424643 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, a lipophilic compound synthesized and released from the pineal gland, effectively acts against ultraviolet radiation (UVR), one of the main inducers of epidermal damage, skin cancer, inflammation, and DNA photo damage. One of the common known stress protein induced by UVR is heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), highly expressed in human keratinocytes, providing cellular resistance to such stressors. Here, using human full-thickness skin and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), we investigated the interaction of melatonin and Hsp70 toward UVR-induced inflammatory and apoptotic responses. The following observations were made: (i) UVR upregulated Hsp70 gene expression in human epidermis while melatonin significantly inverted this effect, (ii) similar patterns of regulation were observed within Hsp70 protein level, and (iii) mechanistic studies involving silencing of Hsp70 RNA (Hsp70 siRNA) showed prominent decrease of IκB-α (an inhibitor of NF-κB) and enhanced gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, Casp-1) and pro-apoptotic protein (Casp-3) in NHEK. Parallel investigation using melatonin (10(-3) m) significantly inverted these responses regardless depletion of Hsp70 RNA suggesting a compensatory action of this compound in the defense mechanisms. Our findings combined with data reported so far thus enrich existing knowledge about the potent anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory action of melatonin.
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Bonmati-Carrion MA, Arguelles-Prieto R, Martinez-Madrid MJ, Reiter R, Hardeland R, Rol MA, Madrid JA. Protecting the melatonin rhythm through circadian healthy light exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23448-500. [PMID: 25526564 PMCID: PMC4284776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, in developed countries, nights are excessively illuminated (light at night), whereas daytime is mainly spent indoors, and thus people are exposed to much lower light intensities than under natural conditions. In spite of the positive impact of artificial light, we pay a price for the easy access to light during the night: disorganization of our circadian system or chronodisruption (CD), including perturbations in melatonin rhythm. Epidemiological studies show that CD is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, cognitive and affective impairment, premature aging and some types of cancer. Knowledge of retinal photoreceptors and the discovery of melanopsin in some ganglion cells demonstrate that light intensity, timing and spectrum must be considered to keep the biological clock properly entrained. Importantly, not all wavelengths of light are equally chronodisrupting. Blue light, which is particularly beneficial during the daytime, seems to be more disruptive at night, and induces the strongest melatonin inhibition. Nocturnal blue light exposure is currently increasing, due to the proliferation of energy-efficient lighting (LEDs) and electronic devices. Thus, the development of lighting systems that preserve the melatonin rhythm could reduce the health risks induced by chronodisruption. This review addresses the state of the art regarding the crosstalk between light and the circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Russel Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Ruediger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Maria Angeles Rol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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Skobowiat C, Slominski AT. UVB Activates Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in C57BL/6 Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:1638-1648. [PMID: 25317845 PMCID: PMC4398592 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that ultraviolet B (UVB) can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the shaved back skin of C57BL/6 mice was exposed to 400 mJ/cm2 of UVB or was shame irradiated. After 12 and 24 h of exposure, plasma, skin, brain, and adrenals were collected and processed to measure corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin (Ucn), β-endorphin (β-END), ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) or brain was fixed for immunohistochemical detection of CRH. UVB stimulated plasma levels of CRH, Ucn, β-END, ACTH and CORT, and increased skin expression of Ucn, β-END and CORT at the gene and protein/peptide levels. UVB stimulated CRH gene and protein expression in the brain that was localized to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In adrenal glands it increased mRNAs of melanocortin receptor type 2, StAR and CYP11B1. Hypophysectomy abolished UVB stimulation of plasma but not of skin CORT levels, and had no effect on UVB stimulation of CRH and Ucn levels in the plasma, demonstrating the requirement of an intact pituitary for the systemic effect. In conclusion, we identify mechanism of the regulation of body homeostasis by UVB through activation of the HPA axis that originates in the skin and requires pituitary for the systemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Skobowiat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Slominski AT, Kleszczyński K, Semak I, Janjetovic Z, Zmijewski MA, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Reiter RJ, Fischer TW. Local melatoninergic system as the protector of skin integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17705-32. [PMID: 25272227 PMCID: PMC4227185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is not only a target for the protective actions of melatonin, but also a site of melatonin synthesis and metabolism, suggesting an important role for a local melatoninergic system in protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced damages. While melatonin exerts many effects on cell physiology and tissue homeostasis via membrane bound melatonin receptors, the strong protective effects of melatonin against the UVR-induced skin damage including DNA repair/protection seen at its high (pharmocological) concentrations indicate that these are mainly mediated through receptor-independent mechanisms or perhaps through activation of putative melatonin nuclear receptors. The destructive effects of the UVR are significantly counteracted or modulated by melatonin in the context of a complex intracutaneous melatoninergic anti-oxidative system with UVR-enhanced or UVR-independent melatonin metabolites. Therefore, endogenous intracutaneous melatonin production, together with topically-applied exogenous melatonin or metabolites would be expected to represent one of the most potent anti-oxidative defense systems against the UV-induced damage to the skin. In summary, we propose that melatonin can be exploited therapeutically as a protective agent or as a survival factor with anti-genotoxic properties or as a “guardian” of the genome and cellular integrity with clinical applications in UVR-induced pathology that includes carcinogenesis and skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Igor Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus.
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Michał A Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Tobias W Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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