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Lee Y, Overholtzer M. After-Death Functions of Cell Death. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:687-694. [PMID: 31866783 PMCID: PMC6913823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell death can occur through numerous regulated mechanisms, from apoptosis to necrosis, entosis, and others. Each has a distinct mode of regulation and effect on tissue homeostasis. While the elimination of individual cells is typically considered the relevant physiologic endpoint of cell death, in some cases the remnants left behind by death can also function to support tissue homeostasis. Here we discuss specific functions of the end products of cell death, and how "after-death" functions may contribute to the roles of programmed cell death in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchan Lee
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY,Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Michael Overholtzer, 411 East 67th Street, Rm. RRL-629, New York, NY 10065; Tel: 212-639-6536, Fax: 212-794-4342,
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Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin Inhibits Efferocytosis in Human Macrophages and Alters Efferocytic Receptor Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051167. [PMID: 30866434 PMCID: PMC6429438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin (ET), composed of a Protective Antigen (PA) and the Edema Factor (EF), is a cellular adenylate cyclase that alters host responses by elevating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to supraphysiologic levels. However, the role of ET in systemic anthrax is unclear. Efferocytosis is a cAMP-sensitive, anti-inflammatory process of apoptotic cell engulfment, the inhibition of which may promote sepsis in systemic anthrax. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ET inhibits efferocytosis by primary human macrophages and evaluated the mechanisms of altered efferocytic signaling. ET, but not PA or EF alone, inhibited the efferocytosis of early apoptotic neutrophils (PMN) by primary human M2 macrophages (polarized with IL-4, IL-10, and/or dexamethasone) at concentrations relevant to those encountered in systemic infection. ET inhibited Protein S- and MFGE8-dependent efferocytosis initiated by signaling through MerTK and αVβ5 receptors, respectively. ET inhibited Rac1 activation as well as the phosphorylation of Rac1 and key activating sites of calcium calmodulin-dependent kinases CamK1α, CamK4, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, that were induced by the exposure of M2(Dex) macrophages to Protein S-opsonized apoptotic PMN. These results show that ET impairs macrophage efferocytosis and alters efferocytic receptor signaling.
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Bordron A, Bagacean C, Mohr A, Tempescul A, Bendaoud B, Deshayes S, Dalbies F, Buors C, Saad H, Berthou C, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y. Resistance to complement activation, cell membrane hypersialylation and relapses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with rituximab and chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31590-31605. [PMID: 30167081 PMCID: PMC6114972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD20-specific monoclonal antibody rituximab (RTX), in combination with chemotherapy, is commonly used for primary treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, relapses remain important and activation of the complement pathway is one of the mechanisms by which RTX generates the destruction of B cells directly by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), or indirectly by antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. In this study, the RTX capacity to induce CDC was established in 69 untreated CLL patients, this cohort including 34 patients tested before the initiation of RTX-chemotherapy. In vitro CDC-resistance to RTX predicts lower response rates to RTX-chemotherapy and shorter treatment free survival. Furthermore, the predictive value of CDC-resistance was independent from the clinical, cytogenetic and FcγR3A V158F polymorphism status. In contrast, CLL cell resistance to CDC predominates in IGHV unmutated patients and was related to an important α2-6 sialyl transferase activity, which in turn increases cell surface α2-6 hypersialylation. Suspected factors associated with resistance to CDC (CD20, CD55, CD59, factor H, GM1, and sphingomyelin) were not differentially expressed or recruited between the two CLL groups. Altogether, results provide evidence that testing RTX capacity to induce CDC in vitro represents an independent predictive factor of therapeutic effects of RTX, and that α2-6 hypersialylation in CLL cells controls RTX response through the control of the complement pathway. At a time when CLL therapy is moving towards chemo-free treatments, further experiments are required to determine whether performing an initial in vitro assay to appreciate CLL CDC resistance might be useful to select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bordron
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Audrey Mohr
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Adrian Tempescul
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Boutahar Bendaoud
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Stéphanie Deshayes
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Florence Dalbies
- Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Caroline Buors
- Laboratory of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Hussam Saad
- Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Christian Berthou
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
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Protein S and Gas6 induce efferocytosis of HIV-1-infected cells. Virology 2018; 515:176-190. [PMID: 29304470 PMCID: PMC5821270 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, can provide host protection against certain types of viruses by mediating phagocytic clearance of infected cells undergoing apoptosis. It is known that HIV-1 induces apoptosis and HIV-1-infected cells are efferocytosed by macrophages, although its molecular mechanisms are unknown. To elucidate the roles that efferocytosis of HIV-1-infected cells play in clearance of infected cells, we sought to identify molecules that mediate these processes. We found that protein S, present in human serum, and its homologue, Gas6, can mediate phagocytosis of HIV-1-infected cells by bridging receptor tyrosine kinase Mer, expressed on macrophages, to phosphatidylserine exposed on infected cells. Efferocytosis of live infected cells was less efficient than dead infected cells; however, a significant fraction of live infected cells were phagocytosed over 12 h. Our results suggest that efferocytosis not only removes dead cells, but may also contribute to macrophage removal of live virus producing cells.
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Karaji N, Sattentau QJ. Efferocytosis of Pathogen-Infected Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1863. [PMID: 29312342 PMCID: PMC5743670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prompt and efficient clearance of unwanted and abnormal cells by phagocytes is termed efferocytosis and is crucial for organism development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and regulation of the immune system. Dying cells are recognized by phagocytes through pathways initiated via "find me" signals, recognition via "eat me" signals and down-modulation of regulatory "don't eat me" signals. Pathogen infection may trigger cell death that drives phagocytic clearance in an immunologically silent, or pro-inflammatory manner, depending on the mode of cell death. In many cases, efferocytosis is a mechanism for eliminating pathogens and pathogen-infected cells; however, some pathogens have subverted this process and use efferocytic mechanisms to avoid innate immune detection and assist phagocyte infection. In parallel, phagocytes can integrate signals received from infected dying cells to elicit the most appropriate effector response against the infecting pathogen. This review focuses on pathogen-induced cell death signals that drive infected cell recognition and uptake by phagocytes, and the outcomes for the infected target cell, the phagocyte, the pathogen and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Karaji
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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