Understanding the role of cysteine in ferroptosis: progress & paradoxes

Extracellular Concentration of L-Cystine Determines the Sensitivity to System xc - Inhibitors

Targeting the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter, system x_c^-, is a promising anticancer strategy that induces ferroptosis, which is a distinct form of cell death mediated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. The concentration of L-cystine in culture medium is higher than the physiological level. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of L-cystine concentration on the efficacy of ferroptosis inducers in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. This study showed that treatment with sulfasalazine or erastin, a system x_c^- inhibitor, decreased the viability of Huh6 and Huh7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the degree of growth inhibition was greater in medium containing a physiological L-cystine concentration of 83 µM than in commercial medium with a concentration of 200 µM L-cystine. However, RSL3, a glutathione peroxidase 4 inhibitor, decreased cell viability to a similar extent in media containing both L-cystine concentrations. Sulfasalazine and erastin significantly increased the percentages of propidium iodide-positive cells in media with 83 µM L-cystine, but not in media with 200 µM L-cystine. Sulfasalazine- or erastin-induced accumulation of lipid peroxidation as monitored by C11-BODIPY probe was higher in media with 83 µM L-cystine than in media with 200 µM L-cystine. In contrast, the changes in the percentages of propidium iodide-positive cells and lipid peroxidation by RSL3 were similar in both media. These results showed that sulfasalazine and erastin, but not RSL3, were efficacious under conditions of physiological L-cystine concentration, suggesting that medium conditions would be crucial for the design of a bioassay for system x_c^- inhibitors.