51
|
Ong JJY, Wei DYT, Goadsby PJ. Recent Advances in Pharmacotherapy for Migraine Prevention: From Pathophysiology to New Drugs. Drugs 2019; 78:411-437. [PMID: 29396834 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder, with a significant socioeconomic burden. Its pathophysiology involves abnormalities in complex neuronal networks, interacting at different levels of the central and peripheral nervous system, resulting in the constellation of symptoms characteristic of a migraine attack. Management of migraine is individualised and often necessitates the commencement of preventive medication. Recent advancements in the understanding of the neurobiology of migraine have begun to account for some parts of the symptomatology, which has led to the development of novel target-based therapies that may revolutionise how migraine is treated in the future. This review will explore recent advances in the understanding of migraine pathophysiology, and pharmacotherapeutic developments for migraine prevention, with particular emphasis on novel treatments targeted at the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Jia Yuan Ong
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College Hospital, Wellcome Foundation Building, London, SE5 9PJ, UK.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, University Medicine Cluster, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diana Yi-Ting Wei
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College Hospital, Wellcome Foundation Building, London, SE5 9PJ, UK
| | - Peter J Goadsby
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. .,NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College Hospital, Wellcome Foundation Building, London, SE5 9PJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Boström A, Scheele D, Stoffel-Wagner B, Hönig F, Chaudhry SR, Muhammad S, Hurlemann R, Krauss JK, Lendvai IS, Chakravarthy KV, Kinfe TM. Saliva molecular inflammatory profiling in female migraine patients responsive to adjunctive cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: the MOXY Study. J Transl Med 2019; 17:53. [PMID: 30795781 PMCID: PMC6387501 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rising evidence indicate that oxytocin and IL-1β impact trigemino-nociceptive signaling. Current perspectives on migraine physiopathology emphasize a cytokine bias towards a pro-inflammatory status. The anti-nociceptive impact of oxytocin has been reported in preclinical and human trials. Cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) emerges as an add-on treatment for the preventive and abortive use in migraine. Less is known about its potential to modulate saliva inflammatory signaling in migraine patients. The rationale was to perform inter-ictal saliva measures of oxytocin and IL-1ß along with headache assessment in migraine patients with 10 weeks adjunctive nVNS compared to healthy controls. Methods 12 migraineurs and 12 suitably matched healthy control were studied with inter-ictal saliva assay of pro- and anti-neuroinflammatory cytokines using enzyme-linked immuno assay techniques along with assessment of headache severity/frequency and associated functional capacity at baseline and after 10 weeks adjunctive cervical nVNS. Results nVNS significantly reduced headache severity (VAS), frequency (headache days and total number of attacks) and significantly improved sleep quality compared to baseline (p < 0.01). Inter-ictal saliva oxytocin and IL-1β were significantly elevated pre- as well as post-nVNS compared to healthy controls (p < 0.01) and similarly showed changes that may reflect the observed clinical effects. Conclusions Our results add to accumulating evidence for a therapeutic efficacy of adjunct cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in migraine patients. This study failed to provide an evidence-derived conclusion addressed to the predictive value and usefulness of saliva assays due to its uncontrolled study design. However, saliva screening of mediators associated with trigemino-nociceptive traffic represents a novel approach, thus deserve future targeted headache research. Trial registration This study was indexed at the German Register for Clinical Trials (DRKS No. 00011089) registered on 21.09.2016
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azize Boström
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Street 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Scheele
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Division of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Street 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Birgit Stoffel-Wagner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Street 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frigga Hönig
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Street 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shafqat R Chaudhry
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Street 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rene Hurlemann
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Division of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Street 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilana S Lendvai
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Division of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Street 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Krishnan V Chakravarthy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Kinfe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,Division of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Street 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Dussor G, Boyd JT, Akopian AN. Pituitary Hormones and Orofacial Pain. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:42. [PMID: 30356882 PMCID: PMC6190856 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and basic research on regulation of pituitary hormones, extra-pituitary release of these hormones, distribution of their receptors and cell signaling pathways recruited upon receptor binding suggests that pituitary hormones can regulate mechanisms of nociceptive transmission in multiple orofacial pain conditions. Moreover, many pituitary hormones either regulate glands that produce gonadal hormones (GnH) or are regulated by GnH. This implies that pituitary hormones may be involved in sex-dependent mechanisms of orofacial pain and could help explain why certain orofacial pain conditions are more prevalent in women than men. Overall, regulation of nociception by pituitary hormones is a relatively new and emerging area of pain research. The aims of this review article are to: (1) present an overview of clinical conditions leading to orofacial pain that are associated with alterations of serum pituitary hormone levels; (2) discuss proposed mechanisms of how pituitary hormones could regulate nociceptive transmission; and (3) outline how pituitary hormones could regulate nociception in a sex-specific fashion. Pituitary hormones are routinely used for hormonal replacement therapy, while both receptor antagonists and agonists are used to manage certain pathological conditions related to hormonal imbalance. Administration of these hormones may also have a place in the treatment of pain, including orofacial pain. Hence, understanding the involvement of pituitary hormones in orofacial pain, especially sex-dependent aspects of such pain, is essential to both optimize current therapies as well as provide novel and sex-specific pharmacology for a diversity of associated conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Jacob T Boyd
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Armen N Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmcology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wolfe M, Wisniewska H, Tariga H, Ibanez G, Collins JC, Wisniewski K, Qi S, Srinivasan K, Hargrove D, Lindstrom BF. Selective and non-selective OT receptor agonists induce different locomotor behaviors in male rats via central OT receptors and peripheral V1a receptors. Neuropeptides 2018; 70:64-75. [PMID: 29807652 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) continues to inspire much research due to its diverse physiological effects. While the best-understood actions of OT are uterine contraction and milk ejection, OT is also implicated in maternal and bonding behaviors, and potentially in CNS disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and pain. The dissection of the mechanism of action of OT is complicated by the fact that this peptide activates not only its cognate receptor but also vasopressin type 1a (V1a) receptors. In this study, we evaluated OT and a selective OT receptor (OTR) agonist, FE 204409, in an automated assay that measures rat locomotor activity. The results showed: 1) Subcutaneous (sc) administration of OT decreased locomotor behavior (distance traveled, stereotypy, and rearing). This effect was reversed by a V1a receptor (V1aR) antagonist ([Pmp1,Tyr(ME)2]AVP, sc), suggesting that OT acts through peripheral V1aR to inhibit locomotor activity. 2) A selective OTR agonist (FE 204409, sc) increased stereotypy. This effect was reversed by an OTR antagonist dosed icv, suggesting a central OTR site of action. Our findings identify distinct behavioral effects for OT and the selective agonist FE 204409, adding to the growing body of evidence that the V1aR mediates many effects attributed to OT and that peptides administered systemically at supra-physiological doses may activate receptors in the brain. Our studies further emphasize the importance of utilizing selective agonists and antagonists to assess therapeutic indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Wolfe
- Ferring Research Institute, Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Hiroe Tariga
- Ferring Research Institute, Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Gerardo Ibanez
- Ferring Research Institute, Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - James C Collins
- Ferring Research Institute, Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Steve Qi
- Ferring Research Institute, Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Diane Hargrove
- Ferring Research Institute, Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of homeostatic mechanisms and migraine-related trigeminal nociception and as such has been hypothesized to play a central role in the migraine syndrome from the earliest stages of the attack. The hypothalamus hosts many key neuropeptide systems that have been postulated to play a role in this pathophysiology. Such neuropeptides include but are not exclusive too orexins, oxytocin, neuropeptide Y, and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein, which will be the focus of this review. Each of these peptides has its own unique physiological role and as such many preclinical studies have been conducted targeting these peptide systems with evidence supporting their role in migraine pathophysiology. Preclinical studies have also begun to explore potential therapeutic compounds targeting these systems with some success in all cases. Clinical efficacy of dual orexin receptor antagonists and intranasal oxytocin have been tested; however, both have yet to demonstrate clinical effect. Despite this, there were limitations in these cases and strong arguments can be made for the further development of intranasal oxytocin for migraine prophylaxis. Regarding neuropeptide Y, work has yet to begun in a clinical setting, and clinical trials for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein are just beginning to be established with much optimism. Regardless, it is becoming increasingly clear the prominent role that the hypothalamus and its peptide systems have in migraine pathophysiology. Much work is required to better understand this system and the early stages of the attack to develop more targeted and effective therapies aimed at reducing attack susceptibility with the potential to prevent the attack all together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Strother
- Headache Group, Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Anan Srikiatkhachorn
- International Medical College, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weera Supronsinchai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Pavan B, Dalpiaz A, Marani L, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Canistro D, Paolini M, Vivarelli F, Valerii MC, Comparone A, De Fazio L, Spisni E. Geraniol Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability and Its Multiple Effects on the Liver Antioxidant and Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:18. [PMID: 29422862 PMCID: PMC5788896 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Geraniol is a natural monoterpene showing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective and anticancer effects. No pharmacokinetic and bioavailability data on geraniol are currently available. We therefore performed a systematic study to identify the permeation properties of geraniol across intestinal cells, and its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability after intravenous and oral administration to rats. In addition, we systematically investigated the potential hepatotoxic effects of high doses of geraniol on hepatic phase I, phase II and antioxidant enzymatic activities and undertook a hematochemical analysis on mice. Permeation studies performed via HPLC evidenced geraniol permeability coefficients across an in vitro model of the human intestinal wall for apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical transport of 13.10 ± 2.3 × 10-3 and 2.1 ± 0.1⋅× 10-3 cm/min, respectively. After intravenous administration of geraniol to rats (50 mg/kg), its concentration in whole blood (detected via HPLC) decreased following an apparent pseudo-first order kinetics with a half-life of 12.5 ± 1.5 min. The absolute bioavailability values of oral formulations (50 mg/kg) of emulsified geraniol or fiber-adsorbed geraniol were 92 and 16%, respectively. Following emulsified oral administration, geraniol amounts in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats ranged between 0.72 ± 0.08 μg/mL and 2.6 ± 0.2 μg/mL within 60 min. Mice treated with 120 mg/kg of geraniol for 4 weeks showed increased anti-oxidative defenses with no signs of liver toxicity. CYP450 enzyme activities appeared only slightly affected by the high dosage of geraniol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pavan
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Marani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria C Valerii
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Comparone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigia De Fazio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Meidahl AC, Eisenried A, Klukinov M, Cao L, Tzabazis AZ, Yeomans DC. Intranasal Oxytocin Attenuates Reactive and Ongoing, Chronic Pain in a Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Headache 2017; 58:545-558. [PMID: 29266199 DOI: 10.1111/head.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 1.7 million Americans sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year and chronic pain is a common complication. OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of intranasally administered oxytocin as a potential treatment for chronic pain in an animal model of mild TBI. METHODS The lateral fluid percussion model of mild TBI was chosen for this purpose and after exposure to mild TBI the rats (n = 12) developed hind paw and facial allodynia compared to sham animals (n = 6). Oxytocin or a vehicle was afterwards administered intranasally and reactive pain was assessed by hind paw and facial von Frey testing. Some animals received the oxytocin receptor antagonist, atosiban, in addition to oxytocin/vehicle treatment (n = 12). The effect of oxytocin on ongoing and spontaneous pain was examined through conditioned place preference testing. To determine whether the effects of intranasal oxytocin could be attributed to delivery via the peripheral blood stream, some TBI animals received an intravenous injection of the same oxytocin dose that was given intranasally. ELISA immunoassays were carried out (n = 6) to measure concentrations of oxytocin in the trigeminal ganglia, pons, spinal cord, and olfactory bulb after intranasal administration and evaluate the most likely route of entry. RESULTS These studies confirmed that the fluid percussion model can be used to study post-TBI facial allodynia. Oxytocin attenuated both reactive and spontaneous, ongoing non-reactive pain following mild TBI for at least 3-4 hours after intranasal administration by binding to OT or VA1-receptors most likely by a peri-trigeminal nerve mediated uptake. CONCLUSIONS Intranasal oxytocin attenuates measures of reactive and non-reactive pain in a model of mild TBI and may represent a novel treatment for chronic pain in TBI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders C Meidahl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Eisenried
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Klukinov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Longhui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Z Tzabazis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David C Yeomans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
García-Boll E, Martínez-Lorenzana G, Condés-Lara M, González-Hernández A. Oxytocin inhibits the rat medullary dorsal horn Sp5c/C1 nociceptive transmission through OT but not V 1A receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 129:109-117. [PMID: 29169960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The medullary dorsal horn (MDH or Sp5c/C1 region) plays a key role modulating the nociceptive input arriving from craniofacial structures. Some reports suggest that oxytocin could play a role modulating the nociceptive input at the MDH level, but no study has properly tested this hypothesis. Using an electrophysiological and pharmacological approach, the present study aimed to determine the effect of oxytocin on the nociceptive signaling in the MDH and the receptor involved. In sevoflurane, anesthetized rats, we performed electrophysiological unitary recordings of second order neurons at the MDH region responding to peripheral nociceptive-evoked responses of the first branch (V1; ophthalmic) of the trigeminal nerve. Under this condition, we constructed dose-response curves analyzing the effect of local spinal oxytocin (0.2-20 nmol) on MDH nociceptive neuronal firing. Furthermore, we tested the role of oxytocin receptors (OTR) or vasopressin V1A receptors (V1AR) involved in the oxytocin effects. Oxytocin dose-dependently inhibits the peripheral-evoked activity in nociceptive MDH neurotransmission. This inhibition is associated with a blockade of neuronal activity of Aδ- and C-fibers. Since this antinociception was abolished by pretreatment (in the MDH) with the potent and selective OTR antagonist (L-368,899; 20 nmol) and remained unaffected after the V1AR antagonist (SR49059; 20 nmol or 200 nmol), the role of OTR is implied. This electrophysiological study demonstrates that oxytocin inhibits the peripheral-evoked neuronal activity at MDH, through OTR activation. Thus, OTR may represent a new potential drug target to treat craniofacial nociceptive dysfunction in the MDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique García-Boll
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, QRO, 76230, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Martínez-Lorenzana
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, QRO, 76230, Mexico
| | - Miguel Condés-Lara
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, QRO, 76230, Mexico
| | - Abimael González-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, QRO, 76230, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|