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McCubrey JA, Rakus D, Gizak A, Steelman LS, Abrams SL, Lertpiriyapong K, Fitzgerald TL, Yang LV, Montalto G, Cervello M, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Scalisi A, Torino F, Fenga C, Neri LM, Marmiroli S, Cocco L, Martelli AM. Effects of mutations in Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and PI3K pathways on GSK-3 activity-Diverse effects on cell growth, metabolism and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2942-2976. [PMID: 27612668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in an array of critical cellular processes. GSK-3 was first characterized as an enzyme that phosphorylated and inactivated glycogen synthase. However, subsequent studies have revealed that this moon-lighting protein is involved in numerous signaling pathways that regulate not only metabolism but also have roles in: apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell renewal, differentiation, embryogenesis, migration, regulation of gene transcription, stem cell biology and survival. In this review, we will discuss the roles that GSK-3 plays in various diseases as well as how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and TP53. Mutations that occur in these and other pathways can alter the effects that natural GSK-3 activity has on regulating these signaling circuits that can lead to cancer as well as other diseases. The novel roles that microRNAs play in regulation of the effects of GSK-3 will also be evaluated. Targeting GSK-3 and these other pathways may improve therapy and overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Steve L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Kvin Lertpiriyapong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Timothy L Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Aurora Scalisi
- Unit of Oncologic Diseases, ASP-Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Chair of Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section - Policlinico "G. Martino" - University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Kumar Y, Shukla N, Thacker G, Kapoor I, Lochab S, Bhatt MLB, Chattopadhyay N, Sanyal S, Trivedi AK. Ubiquitin Ligase, Fbw7, Targets CDX2 for Degradation via Two Phosphodegron Motifs in a GSK3β-Dependent Manner. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1097-1109. [PMID: 27470268 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) drives differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. Loss of CDX2 expression has been reported in several colorectal cancers and cancer cell lines with a potential inverse correlation between CDX2 levels and tumor stage. Ubiquitination of CDX2 leading to its downregulation has been implicated in several studies; however, the E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in CDX2 ubiquitination have largely remained unknown. Here, it is mechanistically determined that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbw7 promotes CDX2 ubiquitination and degradation through two phosphodegron motifs present within CDX2 in a GSK3β-dependent manner leading to its reduced expression and function in colon cancer cells. Fbw7, through its WD domain, interacted with CDX2 both in a heterologous HEK293T cell system and in colon cancer cells. GSK3β was also present in the same complex as determined by coimmunoprecipitation. Furthermore, overexpression of both Fbw7 or GSK3β down regulated endogenous CDX2 expression and function; however, both failed to inhibit endogenous CDX2 when either of them were depleted in colon cancer cells. Fbw7-mediated inhibition of CDX2 expression also led to reduced CDX2 transactivation and growth arrest of colon cancer cells. Both GSK3β and Fbw7 degraded mutant-CDX2 having either of the Cdc4-phosphodegron (CPD) motifs disrupted (CDX2-S60A or CDX-S281A), but were unable to degrade mutant-CDX2 having both CPDs disrupted (CDX2-S60,64,281A). IMPLICATIONS Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Fbw7 negatively regulates CDX2 expression in a GSK3β-dependent manner through two CPDs present in CDX2. Mol Cancer Res; 14(11); 1097-109. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Gatha Thacker
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Isha Kapoor
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Savita Lochab
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | | | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Arun Kumar Trivedi
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India.
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Ugolkov A, Gaisina I, Zhang JS, Billadeau DD, White K, Kozikowski A, Jain S, Cristofanilli M, Giles F, O'Halloran T, Cryns VL, Mazar AP. GSK-3 inhibition overcomes chemoresistance in human breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:384-392. [PMID: 27424289 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is an emerging therapeutic target in the treatment of human breast cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that the pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 by two novel small molecule GSK-3 inhibitors, 9-ING-41 and 9-ING-87, reduced the viability of breast cancer cells but had little effect on non-tumorigenic cell growth. Moreover, treatment with 9-ING-41 enhanced the antitumor effect of irinotecan (CPT-11) against breast cancer cells in vitro. We next established two patient-derived xenograft tumor models (BC-1 and BC-2) from metastatic pleural effusions obtained from patients with progressive, chemorefractory breast cancer and demonstrated that 9-ING-41 also potentiated the effect of the chemotherapeutic drug CPT-11 in vivo, leading to regression of established BC-1 and BC-2 tumors in mice. Our results suggest that the inhibition of GSK-3 is a promising therapeutic approach to overcome chemoresistance in human breast cancer, and identify the GSK-3 inhibitor 9-ING-41 as a candidate targeted agent for metastatic breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Ugolkov
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Galter Suite 3-150, 251 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Irina Gaisina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kevin White
- Institute of Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, KCBD 10100A, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alan Kozikowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sarika Jain
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Galter Suite 3-150, 251 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Olson Pavilion, 233 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Galter Suite 3-150, 251 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Olson Pavilion, 233 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Francis Giles
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Galter Suite 3-150, 251 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Olson Pavilion, 233 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Thomas O'Halloran
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vincent L Cryns
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andrew P Mazar
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Olson Pavilion, 233 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Searle Building 8-510, 320 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Zhang N, Liu L, Dou Y, Song D, Deng H. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β antagonizes ROS-induced hepatocellular carcinoma cell death through suppression of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. Med Oncol 2016; 33:60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Saud SM, Li W, Gray Z, Matter MS, Colburn NH, Young MR, Kim YS. Diallyl Disulfide (DADS), a Constituent of Garlic, Inactivates NF-κB and Prevents Colitis-Induced Colorectal Cancer by Inhibiting GSK-3β. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:607-15. [PMID: 27138790 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong belief that garlic has medicinal properties and may even reduce the risk of developing certain cancers including those of the gastrointestinal tract. The chemopreventive effects of garlic may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory properties of the sulfur-containing constituents of garlic, which includes diallyl disulfide (DADS). Here, we demonstrate that DADS prevented colorectal tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-induced colorectal cancer. Supplementation with 85 ppm of DADS (60 mg daily human equivalent dose) in the diet of FVB/N mice treated with chemical carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) and colonic irritant dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) resulted in the reduction in tumor incidence, tumor number, and tumor burden by 21.54%, 47.3%, and 66.4%, respectively. Further analysis revealed that mice fed the DADS-supplemented diet resolved the initial DSS-induced inflammation faster than those on the control diet, preventing prolonged inflammation and cellular transformation. Subsequent mechanistic studies in vitro suggest that DADS chemopreventive effects are mediated through NF-κB signaling. When SW480 colorectal cancer cells were treated with DADS, NF-κB nuclear localization and activity were diminished. Interestingly, NF-κB suppression was found to be dependent on DADS inhibition of GSK-3β, a positive regulator of NF-κB. Inhibition of GSK-3β and loss of nuclear NF-κB activity were also observed in vivo in AOM/DSS-treated mice fed a diet supplemented with 85 ppm DADS. Our results indicate that DADS can prevent tumorigenesis by suppressing inflammation, a process largely involving GSK-3β inhibition and consequential reduction in NF-κB nuclear localization. Cancer Prev Res; 9(7); 607-15. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir M Saud
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland. Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Weidong Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland. Department of Infectious Disease, Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zane Gray
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Matthias S Matter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nancy H Colburn
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Matthew R Young
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland. Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Young S Kim
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
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Regulation of mitochondrial functions by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:25. [PMID: 27087918 PMCID: PMC4832502 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They generate most of the cell’s energy supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are critical mechanisms in the regulation of cell signaling networks and are essential for almost all the cellular functions. For many decades, mitochondria were considered autonomous organelles merely functioning to generate energy for cells to survive and proliferate, and were thought to be independent of the cellular signaling networks. Consequently, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes of mitochondrial kinases and phosphatases were largely neglected. However, evidence accumulated in recent years on mitochondria-localized kinases/phosphatases has changed this longstanding view. Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as a hub for cell signaling, and many kinases and phosphatases have been reported to localize in mitochondria and play important functions. However, the strength of the evidence on mitochondrial localization and the activities of the reported kinases and phosphatases vary greatly, and the detailed mechanisms on how these kinases/phosphatases translocate to mitochondria, their subsequent function, and the physiological and pathological implications of their localization are still poorly understood. Here, we provide an updated perspective on the recent advancement in this area, with an emphasis on the implications of mitochondrial kinases/phosphatases in cancer and several other diseases.
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Park SA, Lee JW, Herbst RS, Koo JS. GSK-3α Is a Novel Target of CREB and CREB-GSK-3α Signaling Participates in Cell Viability in Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153075. [PMID: 27049759 PMCID: PMC4822949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression or activation of cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) has been known to be involved in several human malignancies, including lung cancer. Genes regulated by CREB have been reported to suppress apoptosis, induce cell proliferation, inflammation, and tumor metastasis. However, the critical target genes of CREB in lung cancer have not been well understood. Here, we identified GSK-3α as one of the CREB target genes which is critical for the viability of lung cancer cells. The CREB knockdown significantly reduced the expression of GSK-3α and the direct binding of CREB on the promoter of GSK3A was identified. Kaplan-Meier analysis with a public database showed a prognostic significance of aberrant GSK-3α expression in lung cancer. Inhibition of GSK-3α suppressed cell viability, colony formation, and tumor growth. For the first time, we demonstrated that GSK-3α is regulated by CREB in lung cancer and is required for the cell viability. These findings implicate CREB-GSK-3α axis as a novel therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Aye Park
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, United States of America
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, United States of America
| | - Roy S. Herbst
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, United States of America
| | - Ja Seok Koo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, United States of America
- Developmental Therapeutics, Translational Research Program, Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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58
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Chen S, Sun KX, Feng MX, Sang XB, Liu BL, Zhao Y. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor AZD1080 in ovarian cancer. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:1225-32. [PMID: 27051274 PMCID: PMC4807899 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s102506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that plays an important role in cancer tumorigenesis and progression. We investigated the role of the GSK-3β inhibitor AZD1080 in ovarian cancer cell lines. Methods A2780 and OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cell lines were exposed to AZD1080, after which cell proliferation, cell cycle, invasion, and migration assays were performed. Phalloidin staining was used to observe lamellipodia formation. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to assess the respective mRNA and protein expression levels of GSK-3β, CDK2, CDK1, cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), and Bcl-xL. Results AZD1080 exposure suppressed ovarian cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and lamellipodia formation, and induced G1 arrest, which was concentration dependent. AZD1080 also significantly downregulated GSK-3β, CDK2, CDK1, cyclin D1, MMP9, and Bcl-xL expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Conclusion Taken together, our results demonstrate that the GSK-3β inhibitor AZD1080 suppresses ovarian cancer development and therefore may indicate a new direction for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The First affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Xuan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The First affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao-Xiao Feng
- Department of Gynecology, The First affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Bo Sang
- Department of Gynecology, The First affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Liang Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, The First affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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NISHIMURA HIDEKI, NAKAMURA OSAMU, YAMAGAMI YOSHIKI, MORI MASAKI, HORIE RYOSUKE, FUKUOKA NATSUKO, YAMAMOTO TETSUJI. GSK-3 inhibitor inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2348-54. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Trnski D, Sabol M, Gojević A, Martinić M, Ozretić P, Musani V, Ramić S, Levanat S. GSK3β and Gli3 play a role in activation of Hedgehog-Gli pathway in human colon cancer - Targeting GSK3β downregulates the signaling pathway and reduces cell proliferation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1852:2574-84. [PMID: 26385428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of Hedgehog-Gli (Hh-Gli) signaling in colon cancer tumorigenesis has not yet been completely elucidated. Here we provide strong evidence of Hh-Gli signaling involvement in survival of colon cancer cells, with the main trigger of activation being deregulated GSK3β. Our clinical data reveals high expression levels of GSK3β and Gli3 in human colon cancer tissue samples, with positive correlation between GSK3β expression and DUKES' stage. Further experiments on colon cancer cell lines have shown that a deregulated GSK3β upregulates Hh-Gli signaling and positively affects colon cancer cell survival. We show that inhibition of GSK3β with lithium chloride enhances Gli3 processing into its repressor form, consequently downregulating Hh-Gli signaling, reducing cell proliferation and inducing cell death. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms revealed that lithium chloride enhances Gli3-SuFu-GSK3β complex formation leading to more efficient Gli3 cleavage and Hh-Gli signaling downregulation. This work proposes that activation of the Hh-Gli signaling pathway in colon cancer cells occurs non-canonically via deregulated GSK3β. Gli3 seems to be the main pathway effector, highlighting the activator potential of this transcription factor, which is highly dependent on GSK3β function and fine tuning of the Gli3-SuFu-GSK3β platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Trnski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Sabol
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ante Gojević
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marina Martinić
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Petar Ozretić
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Musani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Snježana Ramić
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital for Tumors, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Ilica 197, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sonja Levanat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tejeda-Muñoz N, Robles-Flores M. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 in Wnt signaling pathway and cancer. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:914-22. [PMID: 26600003 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) was first discovered in 1980 as one of the key enzymes of glycogen metabolism. Since then, GSK-3 has been revealed as one of the master regulators of a diverse range of signaling pathways, including those activated by Wnts, participating in the regulation of numerous cellular functions, suggesting that its activity is tightly regulated. Numerous studies have pointed to an association of GSK-3 dysregulation with the onset and progression of human diseases, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammation, neurological illnesses, and cancer. Therefore, GSK-3 is recognized as an attractive therapeutic target in multiple disorders. However, the great number of substrates that are phosphorylated by GSK-3 has raised the question of whether this limits its feasibility as a therapeutic target because of the potential disruption of many cellular processes and also by the fear that inhibition of GSK-3 may stimulate or aid in malignant transformation, as GSK-3 can phosphorylate pro-oncogenic factors. This mini review focuses on the role played by GSK-3 in Wnt signaling pathway and cancer using as model colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico, D.F., 04510, México
| | - Martha Robles-Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico, D.F., 04510, México
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Maqbool M, Mobashir M, Hoda N. Pivotal role of glycogen synthase kinase-3: A therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 107:63-81. [PMID: 26562543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are among the most challenging diseases with poorly known mechanism of cause and paucity of complete cure. Out of all the neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease is the most devastating and loosening of thinking and judging ability disease that occurs in the old age people. Many hypotheses came forth in order to explain its causes. In this review, we have enlightened Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 which has been considered as a concrete cause for Alzheimer's disease. Plaques and Tangles (abnormal structures) are the basic suspects in damaging and killing of nerve cells wherein Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 has a key role in the formation of these fatal accumulations. Various Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitors have been reported to reduce the amount of amyloid-beta as well as the tau hyperphosphorylation in both neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Additionally, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitors have been reported to enhance the adult hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo as well as in vitro. Keeping the chemotype of the reported Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitors in consideration, they may be grouped into natural inhibitors, inorganic metal ions, organo-synthetic, and peptide like inhibitors. On the basis of their mode of binding to the constituent enzyme, they may also be grouped as ATP, nonATP, and allosteric binding sites competitive inhibitors. ATP competitive inhibitors were known earlier inhibitors but they lack efficient selectivity. This led to find the new ways for the enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Maqbool
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Mobashir
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India; SciLifeLab, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institute, Box 1031, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Kunnimalaiyaan S, Gamblin TC, Kunnimalaiyaan M. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor AR-A014418 suppresses pancreatic cancer cell growth via inhibition of GSK-3-mediated Notch1 expression. HPB (Oxford) 2015; 17:770-6. [PMID: 26147011 PMCID: PMC4557650 DOI: 10.1111/hpb.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) can act as either a tumour promoter or suppressor by its inactivation depending on the cell type. There are conflicting reports on the roles of GSK-3 isoforms and their interaction with Notch1 in pancreatic cancer. It was hypothesized that GSK-3α stabilized Notch1 in pancreatic cancer cells thereby promoting cellular proliferation. METHODS The pancreatic cancer cell lines MiaPaCa2, PANC-1 and BxPC-3, were treated with 0-20 μM of AR-A014418 (AR), a known GSK-3 inhibitor. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay and Live-Cell Imaging. The levels of Notch pathway members (Notch1, HES-1, survivin and cyclinD1), phosphorylated GSK-3 isoforms, and apoptotic markers were determined by Western blot. Immunoprecipitation was performed to identify the binding of GSK-3 specific isoform to Notch1. RESULTS AR-A014418 treatment had a significant dose-dependent growth reduction (P < 0.001) in pancreatic cancer cells compared with the control and the cytotoxic effect is as a result of apoptosis. Importantly, a reduction in GSK-3 phosphorylation lead to a reduction in Notch pathway members. Overexpression of active Notch1 in AR-A014418-treated cells resulted in the negation of growth suppression. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that GSK-3α binds to Notch1. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that the growth suppressive effect of AR-A014418 on pancreatic cancer cells is mainly mediated by a reduction in phosphorylation of GSK-3α with concomitant Notch1 reduction. GSK-3α appears to stabilize Notch1 by binding and may represent a target for therapeutic development. Furthermore, downregulation of GSK-3 and Notch1 may be a viable strategy for possible chemosensitization of pancreatic cancer cells to standard therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvi Kunnimalaiyaan
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - T Clark Gamblin
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Muthusamy Kunnimalaiyaan
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Corallino S, Iwai LK, Payne LS, Huang PH, Sacco F, Cesareni G, Castagnoli L. Alterations in the phosphoproteomic profile of cells expressing a non-functional form of the SHP2 phosphatase. N Biotechnol 2015; 33:524-36. [PMID: 26316256 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase SHP-2 plays an essential role in growth factor signaling and mutations in its locus is the cause of congenital and acquired pathologies. Mutations of SHP-2 are known to affect the activation of the RAS pathway. Gain-of-function mutations cause the Noonan syndrome, the most common non-chromosomal congenital disorder. In order to obtain a holistic picture of the intricate regulatory mechanisms underlying SHP-2 physiology and pathology, we set out to characterize perturbations of the cell phosphorylation profile caused by an altered localization of SHP-2. To describe the proteins whose activity may be directly or indirectly modulated by SHP-2 activity, we identified tyrosine peptides that are differentially phosphorylated in wild type SHP-2 cells and isogenic cells expressing a non-functional SHP-2 variant that cannot dephosphorylate the physiological substrates due to a defect in cellular localization upon growth factor stimulation. By an iTRAQ based strategy coupled to mass spectrometry, we have identified 63 phosphorylated tyrosine residues in 53 different proteins whose phosphorylation is affected by SHP-2 activity. Some of these confirm already established regulatory mechanisms while many others suggest new possible signaling routes that may contribute to the modulation of the ERK and p38 pathways by SHP-2. Interestingly many new proteins that we found to be regulated by SHP-2 activity are implicated in the formation and regulation of focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Corallino
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leo K Iwai
- Protein Networks Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Leo S Payne
- Protein Networks Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H Huang
- Protein Networks Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Sacco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Castagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta induces apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe by disrupting centrosome regulation in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13249. [PMID: 26292722 PMCID: PMC4543981 DOI: 10.1038/srep13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) has been investigated as a therapeutic target for numerous human diseases including cancer because of their diverse cellular functions. Although GSK-3β inhibitors have been investigated as anticancer reagents, precise biological mechanisms remain to be determined. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of GSK-3β inhibitors on cancer cell lines and observed centrosome dysregulation which resulted in abnormal mitosis. Mitotic checkpoints sensed the mitotic abnormalities and induced apoptosis. For cells that were inherently resistant to apoptosis, cell death distinct from apoptosis was induced. After GSK-3β inhibitor treatment, these cells exhibited characteristic features of mitotic catastrophe, including distended and multivesiculated nuclei and inappropriate reductions in cyclin B1 expression. This suggested that mitotic catastrophe was an alternative mechanism in cells resistant to apoptosis. Although the role of GSK-3β in centrosomes has not yet been clarified, phosphorylated GSK-3β was localised in centrosomes. From these data, GSK-3β seems to regulate centrosome function. Thus, we propose that centrosome dysregulation is an important mechanism for the anticancer effects of GSK-3β inhibitors and that mitotic catastrophe serves as a safe-guard system to remove cells with any mitotic abnormalities induced by GSK-3β inhibition.
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Jung EM, Ka M, Kim WY. Loss of GSK-3 Causes Abnormal Astrogenesis and Behavior in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3954-3966. [PMID: 26179612 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Altered activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is associated with psychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. GSK-3 is a key regulator in multiple aspects of neuronal differentiation in the brain. However, little is known about the role of GSK-3 in astrocyte development. To examine the role of GSK-3 in astrocytes, we generated a conditional knockout mouse using a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-cre driver, in which the GSK-3 alpha and beta genes are deleted in astrocytes. We found that GFAP-cre-mediated GSK-3 deletion led to a larger brain. The number and size of astrocytes were increased in GSK-3 mutant brains. The levels of GFAP and phospho-STAT3, indicators of astrogenesis, were elevated in GSK-3 mutants. Furthermore, we found upregulation of astrocyte regulatory molecules such as phospho-AKT, phospho-S6, and cyclin D in GSK-3 mutant brains. Finally, GSK-3 mutant mice exhibited aberrant anxiety and social behavior. Our results suggest that GSK-3 plays a significant role in astrocyte development and behavioral control in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Yoshino Y, Suzuki M, Takahashi H, Ishioka C. Inhibition of invasion by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitors through dysregulation of actin re-organisation via down-regulation of WAVE2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:275-80. [PMID: 26116771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion is a critical phenomenon in cancer pathogenesis. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been reported to regulate cancer cell invasion both negatively and positively. Thus, the net effect of GSK-3β on invasion is unclear. In this report, we showed that GSK-3β inhibitors induced dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton and functional insufficiency of focal adhesion, which resulted in suppressed invasion. In addition, WAVE2, an essential molecule for actin fibre branching, was down-regulated after GSK-3β inhibition. Collectively, we propose that the WAVE2-actin cytoskeleton axis is an important target of GSK-3β inhibitors in cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshino
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Manami Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Medical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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Costabile V, Duraturo F, Delrio P, Rega D, Pace U, Liccardo R, Rossi GB, Genesio R, Nitsch L, Izzo P, De Rosa M. Lithium chloride induces mesenchymal‑to‑epithelial reverting transition in primary colon cancer cell cultures. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1913-23. [PMID: 25738332 PMCID: PMC4383027 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers stem cell-like phenotype and more motile properties to carcinoma cells. During EMT, the expression of E-cadherin decreases, resulting in loss of cell-cell adhesion and increased migration. Expression of Twist1 and other pleiotropic transcription factors, such as Snail, is known to activate EMT. We established primary colon cancer cell cultures from samples of operated patients and validated cultures by cytogenetic and molecular biology approaches. Western blot assay, quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence were performed to investigate the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, β-catenin, cytokeratin-20 and -18, Twist1, Snail, CD44, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog. Moreover, cell differentiation was induced by incubation with LiCl-containing medium for 10 days. We observed that these primary colorectal cancer (CRC) cells lost expression of the E-cadherin epithelial marker, which was instead expressed in cancer and normal colon mucosa of the same patient, while overexpressed vimentin (mesenchymal marker), Twist1, Snail (EMT markers) and COX2. Cytokeratin-18 was expressed both in tissues and cell cultures. Expression of stem cell markers, such as CD44, Oct4 and Nanog, were also observed. Following differentiation with the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibitor LiCl, the cells began to express E-cadherin and, at once, Twist1 and Snail expression was strongly downregulated, suggesting a MET-reverting process. In conclusion, we established primary colon mesenchymal cancer cell cultures expressing mesenchymal and epithelial biomarkers together with high level of EMT transcription factors. We propose that they could represent a good model for studying EMT and its reverting mechanism, the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Our observation indicates that LiCl, a GSK3β inhibitor, induces MET in vitro, suggesting that LiCl and GSK3β could represent, respectively, interesting drug, and target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Costabile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Delrio
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Rega
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pace
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Liccardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Rossi
- Endoscopy Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Nitsch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
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Di Liddo R, Bertalot T, Schuster A, Schrenk S, Tasso A, Zanusso I, Conconi MT, Schäfer KH. Anti-inflammatory activity of Wnt signaling in enteric nervous system: in vitro preliminary evidences in rat primary cultures. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:23. [PMID: 25644719 PMCID: PMC4332439 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the last years, Wnt signaling was demonstrated to regulate inflammatory processes. In particular, an increased expression of Wnts and Frizzled receptors was reported in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ulcerative colitis to exert both anti- and pro-inflammatory functions regulating the intestinal activated nuclear factor κB (NF-кB), TNFa release, and IL10 expression. Methods To investigate the role of Wnt pathway in the response of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to inflammation, neurons and glial cells from rat myenteric plexus were treated with exogenous Wnt3a and/or LPS with or without supporting neurotrophic factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The immunophenotypical characterization by flow cytometry and the protein and gene expression analysis by qPCR and Western blotting were carried out. Results Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining evidenced that enteric neurons coexpressed Frizzled 9 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) while glial cells were immunoreactive to TLR4 and Wnt3a suggesting that canonical Wnt signaling is active in ENS. Under in vitro LPS treatment, Western blot analysis demonstrated an active cross talk between canonical Wnt signaling and NF-кB pathway that is essential to negatively control enteric neuronal response to inflammatory stimuli. Upon costimulation with LPS and Wnt3a, a significant anti-inflammatory activity was detected by RT-PCR based on an increased IL10 expression and a downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFa, IL1B, and interleukin 6 (IL6). When the availability of neurotrophic factors in ENS cultures was abolished, a changed cell reactivity by Wnt signaling was observed at basal conditions and after LPS treatment. Conclusions The results of this study suggested the existence of neuronal surveillance through FZD9 and Wnt3a in enteric myenteric plexus. Moreover, experimental evidences were provided to clarify the correlation among soluble trophic factors, Wnt signaling, and anti-inflammatory protection of ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Thomas Bertalot
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Anne Schuster
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.
| | - Sandra Schrenk
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.
| | - Alessia Tasso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Zanusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Karl Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.
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Tao S, Kakade VR, Woodgett JR, Pandey P, Suderman ED, Rajagopal M, Rao R. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β promotes cyst expansion in polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2015; 87:1164-75. [PMID: 25629553 PMCID: PMC4449797 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs) are inherited disorders characterized by the formation of fluid filled renal cysts. Elevated cAMP levels in PKDs stimulate progressive cyst enlargement involving cell proliferation and transepithelial fluid secretion often leading to end stage renal disease. The glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) family of protein kinases consists of GSK3α and GSK3β isoforms and plays a crucial role in multiple cellular signaling pathways. We previously found that GSK3β, a regulator of cell proliferation, is also crucial for cAMP generation and vasopressin mediated urine concentration by the kidneys. However, the role of GSK3β in the pathogenesis of PKDs is not known. Here we found that GSK3β expression and activity were markedly up-regulated and associated with cyst-lining epithelia in the kidneys of mice and humans with PKD. Renal collecting duct specific gene knockout of GSK3β or pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 effectively slowed the progression of PKD in mouse models of autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant PKD. GSK3 inactivation inhibited cAMP generation and cell proliferation resulting in reduced cyst expansion, improved renal function and extended lifespan. GSK3β inhibition also reduced pERK, c-Myc and Cyclin-D1, known mitogens in proliferation of cystic epithelial cells. Thus, GSK3β plays a novel functional role in PKD pathophysiology and its inhibition may be therapeutically useful to slow cyst expansion and progression of PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Tao
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Vijayakumar R Kakade
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - James R Woodgett
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Erin D Suderman
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Madhumitha Rajagopal
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Reena Rao
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Bertrand FE, Davis NM, Sokolosky M, Abrams SL, Montalto G, D'Assoro AB, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Maestro R, Basecke J, Rakus D, Gizak A, Demidenko ZN, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Cervello M. GSK-3 as potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2881-911. [PMID: 24931005 PMCID: PMC4102778 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified and studied in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. GSK-3 functions in a wide range of cellular processes. Aberrant activity of GSK-3 has been implicated in many human pathologies including: bipolar depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and others. In some cases, suppression of GSK-3 activity by phosphorylation by Akt and other kinases has been associated with cancer progression. In these cases, GSK-3 has tumor suppressor functions. In other cases, GSK-3 has been associated with tumor progression by stabilizing components of the beta-catenin complex. In these situations, GSK-3 has oncogenic properties. While many inhibitors to GSK-3 have been developed, their use remains controversial because of the ambiguous role of GSK-3 in cancer development. In this review, we will focus on the diverse roles that GSK-3 plays in various human cancers, in particular in solid tumors. Recently, GSK-3 has also been implicated in the generation of cancer stem cells in various cell types. We will also discuss how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858 USA
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O'Leary O, Nolan Y. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 as a therapeutic target for cognitive dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:1-15. [PMID: 25380674 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is involved in a broad range of cellular processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation. It is now also increasingly acknowledged as having a role to play in cognitive-related processes such as neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and neural cell survival. Cognitive impairment represents a major debilitating feature of many neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, mood disorders, schizophrenia and fragile X syndrome, as well as being a result of traumatic brain injury or cranial irradiation. Accordingly, GSK-3 has been identified as an important therapeutic target for cognitive impairment, and recent preclinical studies have yielded important evidence demonstrating that GSK-3 inhibitors may be useful therapeutic interventions for restoring cognitive function in some of these brain disorders. The current review summarises the role of GSK-3 as a regulator of cognitive-dependent functions, examines current preclinical and clinical evidence of the potential of GSK-3 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for cognitive impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders, and offers some insight into the current obstacles that are impeding the clinical use of selective GSK-3 inhibitors in the treatment of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Room 4.10, Cork, Ireland
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Rath G, Jawanjal P, Salhan S, Nalliah M, Dhawan I. Clinical significance of inactivated glycogen synthase kinase 3β in HPV-associated cervical cancer: Relationship with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 73:460-78. [PMID: 25532422 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To determine the role of inactivated GSK3β with respect to Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in HPV-16/18-associated cervical cancer. METHOD OF STUDY The expression of active (pGSK3β-Try(216)), inactive (pGSK3β-Ser(9)), and c-Myc as well as HPV-16/18 infection was analyzed in cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs) and normal by immunohistochemistry and multiplex PCR. The proteins level was also compared with β-catenin and APC expression. RESULTS The dramatic decrease of pGSK3β-Try(216) expression but ectopic overexpression of pGSK3β-Ser(9) and c-Myc was observed both in CIN and SCCs samples compared to normal tissues. 57/67 CIN and 132/153 SCCs showed HPV-16 infection, while 3/67 CIN and 4/153 SCCs were harbored with HPV-18 infection. Both the proteins were significantly upregulated in HPV-16 infected cases (P = 0.0001; P = 0.001) and also positively correlated with nuclear β-catenin (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The process of generation of HPV-16-associated cervical tumorigenesis is synergized with GSK3β inactivation and overactivation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Rath
- Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Chikano Y, Domoto T, Furuta T, Sabit H, Kitano-Tamura A, Pyko IV, Takino T, Sai Y, Hayashi Y, Sato H, Miyamoto KI, Nakada M, Minamoto T. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β sustains invasion of glioblastoma via the focal adhesion kinase, Rac1, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:564-74. [PMID: 25504636 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The failure of current treatment options for glioblastoma stems from their inability to control tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Biologically targeted therapies offer great hope and one promising target is glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), implicated in various diseases, including cancer. We previously reported that inhibition of GSK3β compromises the survival and proliferation of glioblastoma cells, induces their apoptosis, and sensitizes them to temozolomide and radiation. Here, we explore whether GSK3β also contributes to the highly invasive nature of glioblastoma. The effects of GSK3β inhibition on migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells were examined by wound-healing and Transwell assays, as well as in a mouse model of glioblastoma. We also investigated changes in cellular microarchitectures, cytoskeletal components, and proteins responsible for cell motility and invasion. Inhibition of GSK3β attenuated the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells in vitro and that of tumor cells in a mouse model of glioblastoma. These effects were associated with suppression of the molecular axis involving focal adhesion kinase, guanine nucleotide exchange factors/Rac1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Changes in cellular phenotypes responsible for cell motility and invasion were also observed, including decreased formation of lamellipodia and invadopodium-like microstructures and alterations in the subcellular localization, and activity of Rac1 and F-actin. These changes coincided with decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Our results confirm the potential of GSK3β as an attractive therapeutic target against glioblastoma invasion, thus highlighting a second role in this tumor type in addition to its involvement in chemo- and radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Chikano
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Domoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hemragul Sabit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Kitano-Tamura
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ilya V Pyko
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Takino
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Sai
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Glycogen synthase kinase 3 protein kinase activity is frequently elevated in human non-small cell lung carcinoma and supports tumour cell proliferation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114725. [PMID: 25486534 PMCID: PMC4259366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, development and growth. GSK3 activity was thought to oppose tumourigenesis, yet recent studies indicate that it may support tumour growth in some cancer types including in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). We examined the undefined role of GSK3 protein kinase activity in tissue from human NSCLC. Methods The expression and protein kinase activity of GSK3 was determined in 29 fresh frozen samples of human NSCLC and patient-matched normal lung tissue by quantitative immunoassay and western blotting for the phosphorylation of three distinct GSK3 substrates in situ (glycogen synthase, RelA and CRMP-2). The proliferation and sensitivity to the small-molecule GSK3 inhibitor; CHIR99021, of NSCLC cell lines (Hcc193, H1975, PC9 and A549) and non-neoplastic type II pneumocytes was further assessed in adherent culture. Results Expression and protein kinase activity of GSK3 was elevated in 41% of human NSCLC samples when compared to patient-matched control tissue. Phosphorylation of GSK3α/β at the inhibitory S21/9 residue was a poor biomarker for activity in tumour samples. The GSK3 inhibitor, CHIR99021 dose-dependently reduced the proliferation of three NSCLC cell lines yet was ineffective against type II pneumocytes. Conclusion NSCLC tumours with elevated GSK3 protein kinase activity may have evolved dependence on the kinase for sustained growth. Our results provide further important rationale for exploring the use of GSK3 inhibitors in treating NSCLC.
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Beurel E, Grieco SF, Jope RS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3): regulation, actions, and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:114-31. [PMID: 25435019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1136] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) may be the busiest kinase in most cells, with over 100 known substrates to deal with. How does GSK3 maintain control to selectively phosphorylate each substrate, and why was it evolutionarily favorable for GSK3 to assume such a large responsibility? GSK3 must be particularly adaptable for incorporating new substrates into its repertoire, and we discuss the distinct properties of GSK3 that may contribute to its capacity to fulfill its roles in multiple signaling pathways. The mechanisms regulating GSK3 (predominantly post-translational modifications, substrate priming, cellular trafficking, protein complexes) have been reviewed previously, so here we focus on newly identified complexities in these mechanisms, how each of these regulatory mechanism contributes to the ability of GSK3 to select which substrates to phosphorylate, and how these mechanisms may have contributed to its adaptability as new substrates evolved. The current understanding of the mechanisms regulating GSK3 is reviewed, as are emerging topics in the actions of GSK3, particularly its interactions with receptors and receptor-coupled signal transduction events, and differential actions and regulation of the two GSK3 isoforms, GSK3α and GSK3β. Another remarkable characteristic of GSK3 is its involvement in many prevalent disorders, including psychiatric and neurological diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and others. We address the feasibility of targeting GSK3 therapeutically, and provide an update of its involvement in the etiology and treatment of several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Steven F Grieco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Kebenko M, Drenckhan A, Gros SJ, Jücker M, Grabinski N, Ewald F, Grottke A, Schultze A, Izbicki JR, Bokemeyer C, Wellbrock J, Fiedler W. ErbB2 signaling activates the Hedgehog pathway via PI3K-Akt in human esophageal adenocarcinoma: identification of novel targets for concerted therapy concepts. Cell Signal 2014; 27:373-81. [PMID: 25435423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several tumor types, including esophageal cancer. In our study, we show an expression of the ligand Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and its downstream mediator Gli-1 in primary resected adenocarcinoma tissue by immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR in fifty percent of the cases, while matching healthy esophagus mucosa was negative for both proteins. Moreover, a functionally important regulation of Gli-1 by ErbB2-PI3K-mTORC signaling as well as a Gli-1-dependent regulation of Ihh in the ErbB2 amplified esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line OE19 was observed. Treatment of OE19 cells with the Her2 antibody trastuzumab, the PI3K-mTORC1 inhibitor NVP BEZ235 (BEZ235) or the knockdown of Akt1 resulted in a downregulation of Gli-1 and Ihh as well as in a reduction of viable OE19 cells in vitro. Interestingly, the Hedgehog receptor Smo, which acts upstream of Gli-1, was not expressed in OE19 cells and in the majority of primary human esophageal adenocarcinoma, suggesting a non-canonical upregulation of Gli-1 expression by the ErbB2-PI3K axis. To translate our findings into a therapeutic concept, we targeted ErbB2-PI3K-mTORC1 by trastuzumab and BEZ235, combining both compounds with the Gli-1/2 inhibitor GANT61. The triple combination led to significantly stronger reduction of tumor cell viability than cisplatinum or each biological alone. Therefore, concomitant blockage of the ErbB2-PI3K pathway and the Hedgehog downstream mediator Gli-1 may provide a new therapeutic strategy for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Kebenko
- Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Pneumology, University Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Drenckhan
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie J Gros
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Grabinski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Ewald
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Grottke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schultze
- Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Pneumology, University Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Pneumology, University Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Wellbrock
- Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Pneumology, University Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Fiedler
- Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Pneumology, University Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany.
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Qiao G, Le Y, Li J, Wang L, Shen F. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and may mediate the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105624. [PMID: 25157753 PMCID: PMC4144855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have shown glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and implicated with a wide range of cancers, the role of GSK-3β in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and the correlation among GSK-3β, T2DM and HCC remains unclear. Our objectives were to identify the effect of p-Ser9-GSK-3β on the prognosis of patients with HCC and to learn more about the interaction among T2DM, GSK-3β and the prognosis of HCC. METHODS Firstly we used reverse transcriptase-PCR(RT-PCR) and western blotting to determine the expression levels of GSK-3β and p-Ser9-GSK-3β in human HCC samples. We then used immunohistochemical staining to evaluate the expression pattern of p-Ser9-GSK-3β in 178 patients with HCC after curative partial hepatectomy. Finally we statistically analyzed the association of p-Ser9-GSK-3β and T2DM with the prognosis of patients with HCC. RESULTS P-Ser9-GSK-3β was over-expressed in tumor tissues compared with their normal counterparts. Correlation and regression analysis indicated that the over-expression of p-Ser9-GSK-3β was significantly associated with T2DM, and the correlation coefficient was 0.259 (P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the over-expression of p-Ser9-GSK-3β(P<0.001) and T2DM(P = 0.008) were independently associated with poor prognosis of HCC, respectively. Further analysis demonstrated that these two variables are closely related with each other. CONCLUSION The over-expression of p-Ser9-GSK-3β and T2DM are strongly correlated with worse surgical outcome of HCC. P-Ser9-GSK-3β may play a significant role in mediating the influence of T2DM on the prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Qiao
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianghuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Zeng J, Liu D, Qiu Z, Huang Y, Chen B, Wang L, Xu H, Huang N, Liu L, Li W. GSK3β overexpression indicates poor prognosis and its inhibition reduces cell proliferation and survival of non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91231. [PMID: 24618715 PMCID: PMC3949982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) is centrally involved in diverse cellular processes, including proliferation and apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the influence of GSK3β expression on the prognosis of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the effects of GSK3β inhibition in NSCLC cell lines. METHODS Immunohistochemical and western blot assays were used to evaluate the GSK3β expression level in human NSCLC tissues. Lentiviral RNA interference was performed to inhibit the expression of GSK3β in the A549, H292, H1299 and SK-MES-1 cell lines. Cell survival, apoptosis and motility were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The levels of GSK3β were greater in NSCLC tissues (n = 211) than in control tissues (n = 194) (P<0.001). The 5-year follow-up analysis showed that positive GSK3β expression was indicative of poor prognosis (P = 0.006). Furthermore, knockdown of GSK3β in NSCLC cell lines suppressed cell proliferation, arrested tumor cells in G0/G1 phase, induced apoptosis and reduced cell motility. A xenograft model showed that the deregulation of GSK3β attenuated tumorigenesis, as confirmed by reduced cell proliferation based on Ki-67 and significantly increased apoptotic cell death. The inhibition of GSK3β had inconsistent effects on the expression of β-catenin, depending on the cell type examined. CONCLUSION Aberrant expression of GSK3β serves as an independent marker of poor prognosis for NSCLC. The inhibition of GSK3β suppressed tumorigenesis by attenuating cell proliferation, increasing apoptosis and restraining cell motility. These results identify GSK3β as a tumor promoter and a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhixin Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bojiang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Bao H, Ge Y, Wang Z, Zhuang S, Dworkin L, Peng A, Gong R. Delayed administration of a single dose of lithium promotes recovery from AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:488-500. [PMID: 24408869 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) contributes to AKI; however, its role in post-AKI kidney repair remains uncertain. Here, delayed treatment with a single dose of lithium, a selective inhibitor of GSK3β and a US Food and Drug Administration-approved mood stabilizer, accelerated recovery of renal function, promoted repopulation of renal tubular epithelia, and improved kidney repair in murine models of cisplatin- and ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI. These effects associated with reduced GSK3β activity and elevated expression of proproliferative molecules, including cyclin D1, c-Myc, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), in renal tubular epithelia. In cultured renal tubular cells, cisplatin exposure led to transient repression of GSK3β activity followed by a prolonged upregulation of activity. Rescue treatment with lithium inhibited GSK3β activity, enhanced nuclear expression of cyclin D1, c-Myc, and HIF-1α, and boosted cellular proliferation. Similarly, ectopic expression of a kinase-dead mutant of GSK3β enhanced the expression of cyclin D1, c-Myc, and HIF-1α and amplified cellular proliferation after cisplatin injury, whereas forced expression of a constitutively active mutant of GSK3β abrogated the effects of lithium. Mechanistically, GSK3β colocalized and physically interacted with cyclin D1, c-Myc, and HIF-1α in tubular cells. In silico analysis revealed that cyclin D1, c-Myc, and HIF-1α harbor putative GSK3β consensus phosphorylation motifs, implying GSK3β-directed phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of these molecules. Notably, cotreatment with lithium enhanced the proapoptotic effects of cisplatin in cultured colon cancer cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that pharmacologic targeting of GSK3β by lithium may be a novel therapeutic strategy to improve renal salvage after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Bao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
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Madhunapantula SV, Sharma A, Gowda R, Robertson GP. Identification of glycogen synthase kinase 3α as a therapeutic target in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:886-99. [PMID: 24034838 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated expression or activity of kinases can lead to melanomas, but often the particular kinase isoform causing the effect is not well established, making identification and validation of different isoforms regulating disease development especially important. To accomplish this objective, an siRNA screen was undertaken that which identified glycogen synthase kinase 3α (GSK3α) as an important melanoma growth regulator. Melanocytes and melanoma cell lines representing various stages of melanoma tumor progression expressed both GSK3α and GSK3β, but analysis of tumors in patients with melanoma showed elevated expression of GSK3α in 72% of samples, which was not observed for GSK3β. Furthermore, 80% of tumors in patients with melanoma expressed elevated levels of catalytically active phosphorylated GSK3α (pGSK3αY279), but not phosphorylated GSK3β (pGSK3βY216). siRNA-mediated reduction in GSK3α protein levels reduced melanoma cell survival and proliferation, sensitized cells to apoptosis-inducing agents and decreased xenografted tumor development by up to 56%. Mechanistically, inhibiting GSK3α expression using siRNA or the pharmacological agent AR-A014418 arrested melanoma cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptotic death to retard tumorigenesis. Therefore, GSK3α is a key therapeutic target in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Penn State Melanoma Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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82
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Guirguis E, Hockman S, Chung YW, Ahmad F, Gavrilova O, Raghavachari N, Yang Y, Niu G, Chen X, Yu ZX, Liu S, Degerman E, Manganiello V. A role for phosphodiesterase 3B in acquisition of brown fat characteristics by white adipose tissue in male mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3152-67. [PMID: 23766131 PMCID: PMC3749478 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is linked to various diseases, including insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. The idea of inducing white adipose tissue (WAT) to assume characteristics of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and thus gearing it to fat burning instead of storage, is receiving serious consideration as potential treatment for obesity and related disorders. Phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) links insulin- and cAMP-signaling networks in tissues associated with energy metabolism, including WAT. We used C57BL/6 PDE3B knockout (KO) mice to elucidate mechanisms involved in the formation of BAT in epididymal WAT (EWAT) depots. Examination of gene expression profiles in PDE3B KO EWAT revealed increased expression of several genes that block white and promote brown adipogenesis, such as C-terminal binding protein, bone morphogenetic protein 7, and PR domain containing 16, but a clear BAT-like phenotype was not completely induced. However, acute treatment of PDE3B KO mice with the β3-adrenergic agonist, CL316243, markedly increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, which catalyzes prostaglandin synthesis and is thought to be important in the formation of BAT in WAT and the elongation of very long-chain fatty acids 3, which is linked to BAT recruitment upon cold exposure, causing a clear shift toward fat burning and the induction of BAT in KO EWAT. These data provide insight into the mechanisms of BAT formation in mouse EWAT, suggesting that, in a C57BL/6 background, an increase in cAMP, caused by ablation of PDE3B and administration of CL316243, may promote differentiation of prostaglandin-responsive progenitor cells in the EWAT stromal vascular fraction into functional brown adipocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Adipogenesis/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Adult Stem Cells/cytology
- Adult Stem Cells/drug effects
- Adult Stem Cells/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3/chemistry
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3/genetics
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Epididymis
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Quinolones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Guirguis
- Pulmonary Cardiovascular Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Yin Y, Kizer NT, Thaker PH, Chiappinelli KB, Trinkaus KM, Goodfellow PJ, Ma L. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of endometrial cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16617-37. [PMID: 23941783 PMCID: PMC3759928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative strategies beyond current chemotherapy and radiation therapy regimens are needed in the treatment of advanced stage and recurrent endometrial cancers. There is considerable promise for biologic agents targeting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway for treatment of these cancers. Many downstream substrates of the ERK signaling pathway, such as glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and their roles in endometrial carcinogenesis have not yet been investigated. In this study, we tested the importance of GSK3β inhibition in endometrial cancer cell lines and in vivo models. Inhibition of GSK3β by either lithium chloride (LiCl) or specific GSK3β inhibitor VIII showed cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on multiple endometrial cancer cell lines, with little effect on the immortalized normal endometrial cell line. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence revealed a G2/M cell cycle arrest in both type I (AN3CA, KLE, and RL952) and type II (ARK1) endometrial cancer cell lines. In addition, LiCl pre-treatment sensitized AN3CA cells to the chemotherapy agent paclitaxel. Administration of LiCl to AN3CA tumor-bearing mice resulted in partial or complete regression of some tumors. Thus, GSK3β activity is associated with endometrial cancer tumorigenesis and its pharmacologic inhibition reduces cell proliferation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Nora T. Kizer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (N.T.K.); (P.H.T.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Premal H. Thaker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (N.T.K.); (P.H.T.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Katherine B. Chiappinelli
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kathryn M. Trinkaus
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Paul J. Goodfellow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (N.T.K.); (P.H.T.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MO 63110, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-314-454-8771; Fax: +1-314-454-5626
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Puangpraphant S, Dia VP, de Mejia EG, Garcia G, Berhow MA, Wallig MA. Yerba mate tea and mate saponins prevented azoxymethane-induced inflammation of rat colon through suppression of NF-κB p65ser(311) signaling via IκB-α and GSK-3β reduced phosphorylation. Biofactors 2013; 39:430-40. [PMID: 23554136 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Yerba mate tea (YMT) has a chemopreventive role in a variety of inflammatory diseases. The objective was to determine the capability of YMT and mate saponins to prevent azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic inflammation in rats. YMT (2% dry leaves, w/v, as a source of drinking fluid) (n = 15) and mate saponins (0.01% in the diet, at a concentration present in one cup of YMT) (n = 15) were given ad libitum to rats 2 weeks prior to AOM-injection until the end of the study; while control rats (n = 15) received a basal diet and drinking water. After 8-weeks of study, total colonic mucosa was scraped (n = 3 rats/group) and the remaining colons (n =12 rats/group) were cut into three equal sections and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were analyzed. YMT reduced ACF formation from 113 (control group) to 89 (P < 0.05). YMT and mate saponins reduced the expression of proinflammatory molecules COX-2 and iNOS with concomitant reduction in p-p65 (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis of the formalin-fixed middle colons showed that YMT and mate saponins reduced the expression of p-p65(ser311) by 45.7% and 43.1%, respectively, in comparison to the control (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of molecules upstream of NF-κB such as p-IκB-α and p-GSK-3β(Y216) was downregulated by YMT 24.7% and 24.4%, respectively (P < 0.05). Results suggest the mechanism involved in the chemopreventive effect of YMT and mate saponin consumption in AOM induced-colonic inflammation in rats is through inhibition of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirima Puangpraphant
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Payathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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85
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Lavergne M, Jourdan ML, Blechet C, Guyetant S, Pape AL, Heuze-Vourc'h N, Courty Y, Lerondel S, Sobilo J, Iochmann S, Reverdiau P. Beneficial role of overexpression of TFPI-2 on tumour progression in human small cell lung cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:291-301. [PMID: 23905012 PMCID: PMC3722576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) is a potent inhibitor of plasmin, a protease which is involved in tumour progression by activating (MMPs). This therefore makes TFPI-2 a potential inhibitor of invasiveness and the development of metastases. In this study, low levels of TFPI-2 expression were found in 65% of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the most aggressive type of lung cancer. To study the impact of TFPI-2 in tumour progression, TFPI-2 was overexpressed in NCI-H209 SCLC cells which were orthotopically implanted in nude mice. Investigations showed that TFPI-2 inhibited lung tumour growth. Such inhibition could be explained in vitro by a decrease in tumour cell viability, blockade of G1/S phase cell cycle transition and an increase in apoptosis shown in NCI-H209 cells expressing TFPI-2. We also demonstrated that TFPI-2 upregulation in NCI-H209 cells decreased MMP expression, particularly by downregulating MMP-1 and MMP-3. Moreover, TFPI-2 inhibited phosphorylation of the MAPK signalling pathway proteins involved in the induction of MMP transcripts, among which MMP-1 was predominant in SCLC tissues and was inversely expressed with TFPI-2 in 35% of cases. These results suggest that downregulation of TFPI-2 expression could favour the development of SCLC. The Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 inhibits small cell lung cancer growth Monitoring of small cell lung cancer growth in a mouse orthotopic model by imaging Increasing information on the role of TFPI-2 in human lung tumour cells Increasing information on TFPI-2 and protease expression in human tissue samples
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lavergne
- EA 6305, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours F-37032, France ; Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100/EA6305, Tours F-37032, France
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86
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Glycogen synthase kinase-3β positively regulates protein synthesis and cell proliferation through the regulation of translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1. Oncogene 2013; 33:1690-9. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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87
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Kitano A, Shimasaki T, Chikano Y, Nakada M, Hirose M, Higashi T, Ishigaki Y, Endo Y, Takino T, Sato H, Sai Y, Miyamoto KI, Motoo Y, Kawakami K, Minamoto T. Aberrant glycogen synthase kinase 3β is involved in pancreatic cancer cell invasion and resistance to therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55289. [PMID: 23408967 PMCID: PMC3568118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The major obstacles to treatment of pancreatic cancer are the highly invasive capacity and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) regulates multiple cellular pathways and is implicated in various diseases including cancer. Here we investigate a pathological role for GSK3β in the invasive and treatment resistant phenotype of pancreatic cancer. Methods Pancreatic cancer cells were examined for GSK3β expression, phosphorylation and activity using Western blotting and in vitro kinase assay. The effects of GSK3β inhibition on cancer cell survival, proliferation, invasive ability and susceptibility to gemcitabine and radiation were examined following treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor or by RNA interference. Effects of GSK3β inhibition on cancer cell xenografts were also examined. Results Pancreatic cancer cells showed higher expression and activity of GSK3β than non-neoplastic cells, which were associated with changes in its differential phosphorylation. Inhibition of GSK3β significantly reduced the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, sensitized them to gemcitabine and ionizing radiation, and attenuated their migration and invasion. These effects were associated with decreases in cyclin D1 expression and Rb phosphorylation. Inhibition of GSK3β also altered the subcellular localization of Rac1 and F-actin and the cellular microarchitecture, including lamellipodia. Coincident with these changes were the reduced secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The effects of GSK3β inhibition on tumor invasion, susceptibility to gemcitabine, MMP-2 expression and FAK phosphorylation were observed in tumor xenografts. Conclusion The targeting of GSK3β represents an effective strategy to overcome the dual challenges of invasiveness and treatment resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kitano
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Shimasaki
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Chikano
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirose
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Higashi
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Ishigaki
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Endo
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Takino
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Sai
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Motoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kawakami
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Shimasaki T, Kitano A, Motoo Y, Minamoto T. Aberrant glycogen synthase kinase 3β in the development of pancreatic cancer. J Carcinog 2012; 11:15. [PMID: 23230392 PMCID: PMC3516047 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and progression of pancreatic cancer involves general metabolic disorder, local chronic inflammation, and multistep activation of distinct oncogenic molecular pathways. These pathologic processes result in a highly invasive and metastatic tumor phenotype that is a major obstacle to curative surgical intervention, infusional gemcitabine-based chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Many clinical trials with chemical compounds and therapeutic antibodies targeting growth factors, angiogenic factors, and matrix metalloproteinases have failed to demonstrate definitive therapeutic benefits to refractory pancreatic cancer patients. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a serine/threonine protein kinase, has emerged as a therapeutic target in common chronic and progressive diseases, including cancer. Here we review accumulating evidence for a pathologic role of GSK3β in promoting tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation in pancreatic cancer. We also discuss the putative involvement of GSK3β in mediating metabolic disorder, local inflammation, and molecular alteration leading to pancreatic cancer development. Taken together, we highlight potential therapeutic as well as preventive effects of GSK3β inhibition in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shimasaki
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University and Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan ; Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute and Cancer Center, Kanazawa University and Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
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Mo M, Erdelyi I, Szigeti-Buck K, Benbow JH, Ehrlich BE. Prevention of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy by lithium pretreatment. FASEB J 2012; 26:4696-709. [PMID: 22889832 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-214643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating side effect that occurs in many patients undergoing chemotherapy. It is often irreversible and frequently leads to early termination of treatment. In this study, we have identified two compounds, lithium and ibudilast, that when administered as a single prophylactic injection prior to paclitaxel treatment, prevent the development of CIPN in mice at the sensory-motor and cellular level. The prevention of neuropathy was not observed in paclitaxel-treated mice that were only prophylactically treated with a vehicle injection. The coadministration of lithium with paclitaxel also allows for administration of higher doses of paclitaxel (survival increases by 60%), protects against paclitaxel-induced cardiac abnormalities, and, notably, does not interfere with the antitumor effects of paclitaxel. Moreover, we have determined a mechanism by which CIPN develops and have discovered that lithium and ibudilast inhibit development of peripheral neuropathy by disrupting the interaction between paclitaxel, neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS-1), and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) to prevent treatment-induced decreases in intracellular calcium signaling. This study shows that lithium and ibudilast are candidate therapeutics for the prevention of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy and could enable patients to tolerate more aggressive treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Mo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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90
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GSK-3β: A Bifunctional Role in Cell Death Pathways. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:930710. [PMID: 22675363 PMCID: PMC3364548 DOI: 10.1155/2012/930710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) was originally named for its ability to phosphorylate glycogen synthase and regulate glucose metabolism, this multifunctional kinase is presently known to be a key regulator of a wide range of cellular functions. GSK-3β is involved in modulating a variety of functions including cell signaling, growth metabolism, and various transcription factors that determine the survival or death of the organism. Secondary to the role of GSK-3β in various diseases including Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer, small molecule inhibitors of GSK-3β are gaining significant attention. This paper is primarily focused on addressing the bifunctional or conflicting roles of GSK-3β in both the promotion of cell survival and of apoptosis. GSK-3β has emerged as an important molecular target for drug development.
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91
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Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells and inhibit in-vivo tumor growth. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 22:978-85. [PMID: 21878813 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32834ac8fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among US women. Paclitaxel/carboplatin is the current drug therapy used to treat ovarian cancer, but most women develop drug resistance and recurrence of the disease, necessitating alternative strategies for treatment. A possible molecular target for cancer therapy is glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a downstream kinase in the Wnt signaling pathway that is overexpressed in serous ovarian cancer. Novel maleimide-based GSK3β inhibitors (GSK3βi) were synthesized, selected, and tested in vitro using SKOV3 and OVCA432 serous ovarian cancer cell lines. From a panel of 10 inhibitors, GSK3βi 9ING41 was found to be the most effective in vitro. 9ING41 induced apoptosis as indicated by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-positive nuclear condensation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. The mechanism for apoptosis was through caspase-3 cleavage. GSK3βi upregulated phosphorylation of the inhibitory serine residue of GSK3β in OVCA432 and SKOV3 cell lines and also inhibited phosphorylation of the downstream target glycogen synthase. An in-vivo xenograft study using SKOV3 cells demonstrated that tumor progression was hindered by 9ING41 in vivo. The maximum tolerated dose for 9ING41 was greater than 500 mg/kg in rats. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed 9ING41 to have a bioavailability of 4.5% and to be well distributed in tissues. Therefore, GSK3β inhibitors alone or in combination with existing drugs may hinder the growth of serous ovarian cancers.
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92
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Liu DZ, Ander BP. Cell cycle inhibition without disruption of neurogenesis is a strategy for treatment of aberrant cell cycle diseases: an update. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:491737. [PMID: 22547985 PMCID: PMC3323905 DOI: 10.1100/2012/491737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since publishing our earlier report describing a strategy for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases by inhibiting the cell cycle and without disrupting neurogenesis (Liu et al. 2010), we now update and extend this strategy to applications in the treatment of cancers as well. Here, we put forth the concept of "aberrant cell cycle diseases" to include both cancer and CNS diseases, the two unrelated disease types on the surface, by focusing on a common mechanism in each aberrant cell cycle reentry. In this paper, we also summarize the pharmacological approaches that interfere with classical cell cycle molecules and mitogenic pathways to block the cell cycle of tumor cells (in treatment of cancer) as well as to block the cell cycle of neurons (in treatment of CNS diseases). Since cell cycle inhibition can also block proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and thus impair brain neurogenesis leading to cognitive deficits, we propose that future strategies aimed at cell cycle inhibition in treatment of aberrant cell cycle diseases (i.e., cancers or CNS diseases) should be designed with consideration of the important side effects on normal neurogenesis and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology and the MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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93
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Abstract
During the past two decades, the paradigm for cancer treatment has evolved from relatively nonspecific cytotoxic agents to selective, mechanism-based therapeutics. Cancer chemotherapies were initially identified through screens for compounds that killed rapidly dividing cells. These drugs remain the backbone of current treatment, but they are limited by a narrow therapeutic index, significant toxicities and frequently acquired resistance. More recently, an improved understanding of cancer pathogenesis has given rise to new treatment options, including targeted agents and cancer immunotherapy. Targeted approaches aim to inhibit molecular pathways that are crucial for tumour growth and maintenance; whereas, immunotherapy endeavours to stimulate a host immune response that effectuates long-lived tumour destruction. Targeted therapies and cytotoxic agents also modulate immune responses, which raises the possibility that these treatment strategies might be effectively combined with immunotherapy to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Vanneman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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94
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Shimasaki T, Ishigaki Y, Nakamura Y, Takata T, Nakaya N, Nakajima H, Sato I, Zhao X, Kitano A, Kawakami K, Tanaka T, Takegami T, Tomosugi N, Minamoto T, Motoo Y. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:321-33. [PMID: 22041920 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is obstinate and resistant to gemcitabine, a standard chemotherapeutic agent for the disease. We previously showed a therapeutic effect of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) inhibition against gastrointestinal cancer and glioblastoma. Here, we investigated the effect of GSK3β inhibition on pancreatic cancer cell sensitivity to gemcitabine and the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Expression, phosphorylation, and activity of GSK3β in pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1) were examined by Western immunoblotting and in vitro kinase assay. The combined effect of gemcitabine and a GSK3β inhibitor (AR-A014418) against PANC-1 cells was examined by isobologram and PANC-1 xenografts in mice. Changes in gene expression in PANC-1 cells following GSK3β inhibition were studied by cDNA microarray and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. RESULTS PANC-1 cells showed increased GSK3β expression, phosphorylation at tyrosine 216 (active form), and activity compared with non-neoplastic HEK293 cells. Administration of AR-A014418 at pharmacological doses attenuated proliferation of PANC-1 cells and xenografts, and significantly sensitized them to gemcitabine. Isobologram analysis determined that the combined effect was synergistic. DNA microarray analysis detected GSK3β inhibition-associated changes in gene expression in gemcitabine-treated PANC-1 cells. Among these changes, RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that expression of tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1, a gene regulating cell death and DNA repair, was increased by gemcitabine treatment and substantially decreased by GSK3β inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that GSK3β inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine with altered expression of genes involved in DNA repair. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of gemcitabine resistance and thus a new strategy for pancreatic cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shimasaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Marchand B, Tremblay I, Cagnol S, Boucher MJ. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity triggers an apoptotic response in pancreatic cancer cells through JNK-dependent mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:529-37. [PMID: 22201186 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences suggest that the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) contributes to the tumorigenic potential of pancreatic cancer cells through modulation of cell proliferation and survival. However, further investigations are needed to identify GSK3-dependent mechanisms involved in the control of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and survival. This study was undertaken to provide further support for a role of GSK3 in pancreatic cancer cell growth as well as to identify new cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Herein, we demonstrate that prolonged inhibition of GSK3 triggers an apoptotic response only in human pancreatic cancer cells but not in human non-transformed pancreatic epithelial cells. We show that prolonged inhibition of GSK3 activity increases Bim messenger RNA and protein expressions. Moreover, we provide evidence that activation of the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is necessary for the GSK3 inhibition-mediated increase in Bim expression and apoptotic response. Finally, we demonstrate that concomitant inhibition of GSK3 potentiates the death ligand-induced apoptotic response in pancreatic cancer cells but not in non-transformed pancreatic epithelial cells and that this effect also requires JNK activity. Considering that different approaches leading to stimulation of death receptor signaling are under clinical trials for treatment of unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, inhibition of GSK3 could represent an attractive new avenue to improve their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Marchand
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Mirlashari MR, Randen I, Kjeldsen-Kragh J. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibition induces apoptosis in leukemic cells through mitochondria-dependent pathway. Leuk Res 2011; 36:499-508. [PMID: 22177455 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in cell survival and apoptosis are controversial. We examined the effect of a specific GSK-3 inhibitor (SB-415286) on the regulation of leukemic cells proliferation and apoptosis. SB-415286 (40 μM) induced cell growth inhibition, β-catenin stabilization, cell cycle arrest in G(2)/M phase, cyclin B1 downregulation, and apoptosis in leukemic cell lines KG1a, K562, and CMK. Blocking the death receptor pathway by using a specific inhibitor of caspase-8, did not inhibit SB-415286-induced apoptosis. This indicates that activation of caspase-8 is part of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and occurs downstream of mitochondria membrane potential depolarization mediated by other caspases. Furthermore, we found that depolarization of mitochondria membrane caused by GSK-3 inhibition is regulated by dephosphorylation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and downregulation of Bcl-xL. Thus, inhibition of GSK-3-induced apoptosis of leukemic cells could be an attractive target for treatment of leukemia.
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97
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Kim WY, Snider WD. Functions of GSK-3 Signaling in Development of the Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:44. [PMID: 22125510 PMCID: PMC3221276 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is central to multiple intracellular pathways including those activated by Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch, growth factor/RTK, and G protein-coupled receptor signals. All of these signals importantly contribute to neural development. Early attention on GSK-3 signaling in neural development centered on the regulation of neuronal polarity using in vitro paradigms. However, recent creation of appropriate genetic models has demonstrated the importance of GSK-3 to multiple aspects of neural development including neural progenitor self-renewal, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neural differentiation, and synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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Balgobind BV, Zwaan CM, Pieters R, Van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. The heterogeneity of pediatric MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2011; 25:1239-48. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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99
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Gold from the sea: marine compounds as inhibitors of the hallmarks of cancer. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:531-47. [PMID: 21371549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most deadly diseases in the world. Although advances in the field of chemo-preventive and therapeutic medicine have been made regularly over the last ten years, the search for novel anticancer treatments continues. In this field, the marine environment, with its rich variety of organisms, is a largely untapped source of novel compounds with potent antitumor activity. Although many reviews of marine anticancer compounds have been published, we focus here on selected marine compounds that act on the six hallmarks of cancer presented namely self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replication, sustained angiogenesis and tissue invasion and metastasis.
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Metabolic disorder, inflammation, and deregulated molecular pathways converging in pancreatic cancer development: implications for new therapeutic strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:446-60. [PMID: 24212624 PMCID: PMC3756371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer develops and progresses through complex, cumulative biological processes involving metabolic disorder, local inflammation, and deregulated molecular pathways. The resulting tumor aggressiveness hampers surgical intervention and renders pancreatic cancer resistant to standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Based on these pathologic properties, several therapeutic strategies are being developed to reverse refractory pancreatic cancer. Here, we outline molecular targeting therapies, which are primarily directed against growth factor receptor-type tyrosine kinases deregulated in tumors, but have failed to improve the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a member of a serine/threonine protein kinase family that plays a critical role in various cellular pathways. GSK3β has also emerged as a mediator of pathological states, including glucose intolerance, inflammation, and various cancers (e.g., pancreatic cancer). We review recent studies that demonstrate the anti-tumor effects of GSK3β inhibition alone or in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. GSK3β inhibition may exert indirect anti-tumor actions in pancreatic cancer by modulating metabolic disorder and inflammation.
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