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Na JI, Byun SY, Jeong MY, Park KC, Huh CH. The effect of environmentally friendly wallpaper and flooring material on indoor air quality and atopic dermatitis: a pilot study. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:688-92. [PMID: 25473219 PMCID: PMC4252664 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.6.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Formaldehyde (FA) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered among the main causes of atopic aggravation. Their main sources include wallpapers, paints, adhesives, and flooring materials. Objective To assess the effects of environmentally friendly wallpaper and flooring material on indoor air quality and atopic dermatitis severity. Methods Thirty patients with atopic dermatitis were enrolled in this study. To improve air quality, the wallpaper and flooring in the homes of the subjects were replaced with plant- or silica-based materials. The indoor air concentration of FA and the total VOCs (TVOCs) were measured before remodeling and 2, 6, and 10 weeks thereafter. Pruritus and the severity of atopic eczema were evaluated by using a questionnaire and the eczema area and severity index (EASI) score before and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after remodeling. The subjects were instructed to continue their therapy for atopic dermatitis. Results The houses of 24 subjects were remodeled; all subjects completed the study. The concentration of FA in ambient air significantly decreased within 2 weeks after remodeling. The TVOC level showed a decrease at week 2 but increased again at weeks 6 and 10. The reduction of pruritus and EASI score was statistically significant in patients whose baseline EASI score was >3. Conclusion Replacing the wallpaper and flooring of houses with environmentally friendly material reduced FA in ambient air and improved pruritus and the severity of atopic eczema. The improvement of pruritus and eczema was statistically significant in patients whose baseline EASI score was >3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang Young Byun
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Mi Young Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chang Hun Huh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Munivrana Skvorc H, Plavec D, Munivrana S, Skvorc M, Nogalo B, Turkalj M. Prevalence of and risk factors for the development of atopic dermatitis in schoolchildren aged 12-14 in northwest Croatia. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42:142-8. [PMID: 23253677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a common allergic disorder. A multifactorial background for atopic dermatitis has been suggested, with genetic as well as environmental factors influencing disease development. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence rate and associated factors for atopic dermatitis in northern Croatia using the methods of the internationally standardised ISAAC protocol. METHODS The study was undertaken among 12-14-year-old schoolchildren. Data were collected using standardised ISAAC written questionnaire Phase One and some selected questions from the ISAAC supplementary questionnaire completed by parents. RESULTS A total of 2887 children participated in the study. Estimated lifetime (ever) prevalence rate of atopic dermatitis symptoms was 7.55% and estimated 12-month prevalence rate was 5.75%. The factors found to be associated to the symptoms of atopic dermatitis ever were: positive family atopy, female gender, sleeping on feather pillow and contact with pets after age of seven, and to the symptoms in the past 12 months were: positive family atopy, female gender, sleeping on feather pillow, parasite infestation, and contact with pets in the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study show that northern Croatia is a region with moderate prevalence rates of atopic dermatitis. Following risk factors were family atopy, female gender and sleeping on feather pillow. Because of controversial results of previous studies conducted on the same topic further investigations should be made.
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Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, Feldman SR, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL, Berger TG, Bergman JN, Cohen DE, Cooper KD, Cordoro KM, Davis DM, Krol A, Margolis DJ, Paller AS, Schwarzenberger K, Silverman RA, Williams HC, Elmets CA, Block J, Harrod CG, Smith Begolka W, Sidbury R. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 70:338-51. [PMID: 24290431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory dermatosis that affects up to 25% of children and 2% to 3% of adults. This guideline addresses important clinical questions that arise in the management and care of AD, providing updated and expanded recommendations based on the available evidence. In this first of 4 sections, methods for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease, outcomes measures for assessment, and common clinical associations that affect patients with AD are discussed. Known risk factors for the development of disease are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Eichenfield
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Wynnis L Tom
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sarah L Chamlin
- Department of Dermatology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jon M Hanifin
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Eric L Simpson
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Timothy G Berger
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - James N Bergman
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David E Cohen
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kevin D Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kelly M Cordoro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Dawn M Davis
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alfons Krol
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Hywel C Williams
- Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Julie Block
- National Eczema Association, San Rafael, California
| | | | | | - Robert Sidbury
- Department of Dermatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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Canova C, Jarvis D, Walker S, Cullinan P. Systematic review of the effects of domestic paints on asthma related symptoms in people with or without asthma. J Asthma 2013; 50:1020-30. [PMID: 23991710 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.834931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association of respiratory problems with chemical emissions from common indoor materials has been studied but the specific effect of domestic paint has not been widely investigated. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of experimental, occupational and epidemiological studies that examine the adverse respiratory effects of exposure to domestic paints. METHODS A literature search of PubMed together with consultation with an expert resulted in 997 articles published up to May 2011 of which 3 experimental, 4 occupational and 13 epidemiological studies met selection criteria and were included in the review. RESULTS The occupational literature suggested that work as a (non-spray) painter increases the risk of asthma, but it provides little insight to the risks of painting in the domestic setting. All epidemiological studies, except one, reported associations with some asthma-like symptoms. In children at least there was evidence that painting was associated with wheezing, but the study designs and the exposure assessment were unsuitable to differentiate between acute and longer terms affects. We found the epidemiological evidence to be weak and certainly insufficient to infer causality. CONCLUSION The variable quality of the exposure assignment and heterogeneous study design makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions on whether domestic paint exposures cause or exacerbate asthma in children and/or adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Canova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Kim HO, Kim JH, Cho SI, Chung BY, Ahn IS, Lee CH, Park CW. Improvement of atopic dermatitis severity after reducing indoor air pollutants. Ann Dermatol 2013; 25:292-7. [PMID: 24003270 PMCID: PMC3756192 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.3.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent epidemiologic studies have shown that environmental contaminants such as air pollution and tobacco smoke play an important role in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD). Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the severity of AD and indoor air pollution. Methods The study population consisted of 425 children from 9 kindergartens, Korea. The authors surveyed the prevalence of AD and evaluated disease severity by the eczema area and severity index (EASI) score and investigator's global assessment (IGA). After measuring indoor air pollution, a program to improve indoor air quality was conducted in 9 kindergartens. Seven months later, the prevalence and disease severity were evaluated. Results The initial prevalence of AD was 8% and the mean EASI score was 2.37. The levels of particulate material 10 (PM10) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were higher in some kindergartens compared to the normal values. Subsequent to the completion of the indoor air quality improvement program, the mean PM10 level was significantly decreased from 182.7 to 73.4 µg/m3. After the completion of the program, the prevalence of AD and the mean EASI were decreased, and the changes were both statistically significant. The mean number of hospital visits decreased from 1.3 per month during the first survey to 0.7 per month during the second survey, which was statistically significant. Conclusion Indoor air pollution could be related to AD. The reduction of PM10 through improving indoor air quality should be considered in kindergartens and schools in order to prevent and relieve AD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye One Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
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Yang GY, Chen X, Sun YC, Ma CL, Qian G. Chemokine-like factor 1 (CLFK1) is over-expressed in patients with atopic dermatitis. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:759-65. [PMID: 23983609 PMCID: PMC3753440 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1), a recently discovered chemokine, has a broad spectrum of biological functions in immune-mediated diseases. It is highly expressed on Th2 lymphocytes and is a functional ligand for human CCR4. CKLF1 has a major role in the recruitment and activation of leucocytes, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The present study was designed to determine the expression of CKLF1 in skin and serum in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: The CKLF1 protein expression in skin lesion was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The mRNA expression of CKLF1 in skin lesion was detected by Real-time PCR. The serum levels of CKLF1, IgE, eotaxin, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were measured by ELISA. Results: Histopathological changes in the skin of AD patients showed local inflammation with epidermal thickening and significant inflammatory cellular infiltration. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that CKLF1-staining positive cells were located in the epidermal and dermis, and that the CKLF1 expression in AD patients was significantly higher than that in normal control. The CKLF1 mRNA expression in AD patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. Serum CKLF1 and IgE levels were significantly increased in AD patients, as were the serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin. Conclusions: Both CKLF1 protien and mRNA levels are overexpressed in the skin lesion of AD patients, along with an increase in serum CKLF1 level, indicating that CKLF1 may play an important role in the development of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Yun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
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Renovation activities during pregnancy induce a Th2 shift in fetal but not in maternal immune system. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:309-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Park HC, Kim YH, Kim JE, Ko JY, Nam Goung SJ, Lee CM, Kim YS, Ro YS. Effect of air purifier on indoor air quality and atopic dermatitis. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2013.1.3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Chul Park
- Department of Dermatology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ju Nam Goung
- The Institute for Environmental and Industrial Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- The Institute for Environmental and Industrial Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Shin Kim
- The Institute for Environmental and Industrial Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Suck Ro
- Department of Dermatology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Yi O, Kwon HJ, Kim H, Ha M, Hong SJ, Hong YC, Leem JH, Sakong J, Lee CG, Kim SY, Kang D. Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on atopic dermatitis among children in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 113:40-45. [PMID: 22264877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is increasing in many countries. Several factors are known to be associated with childhood atopic dermatitis. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is one of the most common indoor pollutants, and children are more vulnerable to ETS exposure than adults are. In this study, the possible association of ETS with atopic dermatitis was evaluated in 7030 individuals aged 6-13 years who participated in the Children's Health and Environment Research study. In addition, predictive factors, such as the allergic history of the parents, children's immunoglobulin E levels and children's history of rhinitis and its association with dermatitis, were assessed. After adjustment for possible confounding variables, atopic dermatitis was found to be highly correlated with ETS, especially among children whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy and/or in the first year after birth (OR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.01-4.22). In conclusion, our results show that childhood exposure to ETS is a major risk factor for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okhee Yi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, San 29 Anseo-dong, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
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Demographic predictors of peanut, tree nut, fish, shellfish, and sesame allergy in Canada. J Allergy (Cairo) 2011; 2012:858306. [PMID: 22187574 PMCID: PMC3236463 DOI: 10.1155/2012/858306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Studies suggest that the rising prevalence of food allergy during recent decades may have stabilized. Although genetics undoubtedly contribute to the emergence of food allergy, it is likely that other factors play a crucial role in mediating such short-term changes.
Objective. To identify potential demographic predictors of food allergies. Methods. We performed a cross-Canada, random telephone survey. Criteria for food allergy were self-report of convincing symptoms and/or physician diagnosis of allergy. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess potential determinants. Results. Of 10,596 households surveyed in 2008/2009, 3666 responded, representing 9667 individuals. Peanut, tree nut, and sesame allergy were more common in children (odds ratio (OR) 2.24 (95% CI, 1.40, 3.59), 1.73 (95% CI, 1.11, 2.68), and 5.63 (95% CI, 1.39, 22.87), resp.) while fish and shellfish allergy were less common in children (OR 0.17 (95% CI, 0.04, 0.72) and 0.29 (95% CI, 0.14, 0.61)). Tree nut and shellfish allergy were less common in males (OR 0.55 (95% CI, 0.36, 0.83) and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.43, 0.91)). Shellfish allergy was more common in urban settings (OR 1.55 (95% CI, 1.04, 2.31)). There was a trend for most food allergies to be more prevalent in the more educated (tree nut OR 1.90 (95% CI, 1.18, 3.04)) and less prevalent in immigrants (shellfish OR 0.49 (95% CI, 0.26, 0.95)), but wide CIs preclude definitive conclusions for most foods. Conclusions. Our results reveal that in addition to age and sex, place of residence, socioeconomic status, and birth place may influence the development of food allergy.
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Wen HJ, Wang YJ, Lin YC, Chang CC, Shieh CC, Lung FW, Guo YL. Prediction of atopic dermatitis in 2-yr-old children by cord blood IgE, genetic polymorphisms in cytokine genes, and maternal mentality during pregnancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22:695-703. [PMID: 21539617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common skin disease in childhood and the first step of atopic march. This study aimed to investigate whether AD in children could be better predicted by biologic markers (cord blood IgE [cbIgE], LT-αNcoI alleles, and FcεRI-β E237G genotypes) and maternal mentality during pregnancy, taking into account gender, socio-demographic factors, and parental atopy. From 2001 to 2005, 1264 mother-infant pairs were recruited to participate in a birth cohort study. Prenatal questionnaire was used to collect family history, maternal gestational conditions and mentality, and environmental exposures. Cord blood was collected and assayed for genotypes and IgE levels. Phone interviews at 6 months and 2 yrs of age were conducted to inquire children's health status, including AD occurrence. In addition to the known risk factors such as gender, maternal education, and parental atopy, biomarkers and maternal mentality during pregnancy were screened by logistic regression as candidate predictors of AD. Area-under-curve (AUC) statistic from receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to compare two predicting models with and without biomarkers and maternal mentality. A total of 730 pairs completed the prenatal questionnaire and phone interview and were included in final analysis. The prevalence of ever having physician-diagnosed AD by 2-yr-olds was 5.9%. Elevated cbIgE levels (≥0.5 kU/l), LT-αNcoI alleles, FcεRI-β E237G genotype, and maternal psychologic stress during pregnancy were significantly associated with AD. Comparison with AUCs of the classic model (including gender, maternal education, and parental atopy), the model adding cbIgE levels, genotypes in cytokine genes, and maternal stress (model 2) showed higher ability to discriminate between children with and without AD (AUC statistics: 0.63 [95% CI = 0.60-0.67] vs. 0.73 [95% CI = 0.70-0.76], respectively; model comparison, p = 0.027). We conclude that elevated cbIgE, LT-α and FcεRI-β genotypes, and maternal stress during pregnancy were associated with ever having physician-diagnosed AD in 2-yr-old children and increased the predictive ability for AD after taking into account gender, maternal education, and parental atopic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Wen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
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Saunes M, Øien T, Storrø O, Johnsen R. Family eczema-history in 2-year-olds with eczema; a prospective, population-based study. The PACT-study, Norway. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2011; 11:11. [PMID: 21599876 PMCID: PMC3111594 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background A maternal line of inheritance regarding eczema has been described in several studies, whereas others find associations to both a maternal as well as a paternal line of inheritance. When studying family history of eczema symptoms, cohort studies including siblings are rare. Time point for assessing family eczema-history could be of importance when studying the associations between family eczema-history and children with eczema, as parents with unaffected children may not recall mild symptoms in other siblings or their own disease history. We therefore aimed to study the associations between reported eczema in mother, father and siblings and reported eczema in index child where information on family history was collected at two different ages of index child. Methods Parents/children participating in The Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim (PACT) study were given questionnaires on reported eczema symptoms in mother, father and siblings at 6 weeks and 1 year. When index child was 2 years of age, a detailed questionnaire on different health issues with emphasize on different allergy related disorders were filled in. Results Both maternal and paternal reports on eczema were significantly associated with eczema in index child. Reporting family eczema-history at 1 year (N = 3087), "eczema sibling only" [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.13 (2.27-4.33)] as well as all other family-groups containing siblings with eczema were strongly associated with eczema 2 years. When family eczema-history was reported at 6 weeks (N = 2657), reporting of "eczema sibling only" was not associated to reported eczema at 2 years in index child [aOR = 1.31 (0.77-2.23)]. Conclusions Having sibling(s) with eczema strengthened the associations between maternal and paternal reports on eczema with eczema in index child only when exposure was reported at 1 year. These findings indicate that results from questionnaires-based studies of family eczema-history depend on whether or not index child has yet developed eczema. Trial registration ISRCTN: ISRCTN28090297
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Saunes
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Research Snippets. J Invest Dermatol 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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