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Tsai YC, Jeng CR, Hsiao SH, Chang HW, Liu JJ, Chang CC, Lin CM, Chia MY, Pang VF. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) induces cell proliferation, fusion, and chemokine expression in swine monocytic cells in vitro. Vet Res 2010; 41:60. [PMID: 20492892 PMCID: PMC2889373 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous lymphadenitis is one of the pathognomonic lesions in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected pigs. This unique lesion has not been reported in direct association with viral infection in pigs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) alone is able to induce functional modulation in porcine monocytic cells in vitro to elucidate its possible role in the development of granulomatous inflammation. It was found that the proliferation activity of blood monocytes (Mo) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) was significantly enhanced by PCV2. During monocyte-macrophage differentiation, the PCV2 antigen-containing rate and formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGC) were significantly increased in MDM when compared to those in Mo. The MDM-derived MGC displayed a significantly higher PCV2 antigen-containing rate than did the mono-nucleated MDM. Supernatants from PCV2-inoculated MDM at 24 h post-inoculation induced an increased tendency of chemotactic activity for blood Mo. At the same inoculation time period, levels of mRNA expression of the monocytic chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1, also significantly increased in PCV2-inoculated MDM. The results suggest that PCV2 alone may induce cell proliferation, fusion, and chemokine expression in swine monocytic cells. Thus, PCV2 itself may play a significant role in the induction of granulomatous inflammation in PMWS-affected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The term mono-cyte suggests this population of cells consists of a single homogenous fraction. However, evidence from a number of laboratories indicates that monocytes are composed of several subsets, which differ in phenotype, size, nuclear morphology, granularity and gene profiles. Most importantly, recent data suggest that monocyte subsets are also functionally distinct. Here we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of monocyte subsets and their origins, fates and functions. RECENT FINDINGS The recent past has seen major progress in our understanding of myeloid differentiation. Specifically, the published literature now suggests a dichotomy that starts at the stage of a novel clonotypic bone marrow resident precursor, the macrophage dendritic cell progenitor (MDP). Insights into differential origins of macrophages and dendritic cells, linked with functional specifications, are likely to significantly change our current view of the mononuclear phagocyte system. SUMMARY Contemporary studies have demonstrated that two subsets of monocytes reside in the peripheral circulation. These subsets are surprisingly distinct; with regard to their functions and fates, for example, one subset might be dedicated to generate macrophages upon extravasation from the peripheral circulation, whereas, the other subset under inflammatory conditions may differentiate into inflammatory dendritic cells. The tissue response during pathogenesis seems to differentially mobilize these cells, thereby manipulating the local mononuclear phagocyte composition according to acute needs.
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Traits associated with innate and adaptive immunity in pigs: heritability and associations with performance under different health status conditions. Genet Sel Evol 2009; 41:54. [PMID: 20042096 PMCID: PMC2807426 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-41-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for genetic markers or biomarkers that can predict resistance towards a wide range of infectious diseases, especially within a health environment typical of commercial farms. Such markers also need to be heritable under these conditions and ideally correlate with commercial performance traits. In this study, we estimated the heritabilities of a wide range of immune traits, as potential biomarkers, and measured their relationship with performance within both specific pathogen-free (SPF) and non-SPF environments. Immune traits were measured in 674 SPF pigs and 606 non-SPF pigs, which were subsets of the populations for which we had performance measurements (average daily gain), viz. 1549 SPF pigs and 1093 non-SPF pigs. Immune traits measured included total and differential white blood cell counts, peripheral blood mononuclear leucocyte (PBML) subsets (CD4+ cells, total CD8α+ cells, classical CD8αβ+ cells, CD11R1+ cells (CD8α+ and CD8α-), B cells, monocytes and CD16+ cells) and acute phase proteins (alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), haptoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and transthyretin). Nearly all traits tested were heritable regardless of health status, although the heritability estimate for average daily gain was lower under non-SPF conditions. There were also negative genetic correlations between performance and the following immune traits: CD11R1+ cells, monocytes and the acute phase protein AGP. The strength of the association between performance and AGP was not affected by health status. However, negative genetic correlations were only apparent between performance and monocytes under SPF conditions and between performance and CD11R1+ cells under non-SPF conditions. Although we cannot infer causality in these relationships, these results suggest a role for using some immune traits, particularly CD11R1+ cells or AGP concentrations, as predictors of pig performance under the lower health status conditions associated with commercial farms.
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Ezquerra A, Revilla C, Alvarez B, Pérez C, Alonso F, Domínguez J. Porcine myelomonocytic markers and cell populations. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:284-298. [PMID: 18586052 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses in what is currently known about swine myeloid markers, the expression and function of these receptors in the biology of porcine myelomonocytic cells, the regulation of their expression along the different developmental stages of these cells and their utility to investigate the heterogeneity of monocyte and macrophage populations. Although the number of monoclonal antibodies recognizing surface antigens expressed on either swine granulocytes or monocytes is low compared with those available for human or mouse, they have contributed significantly to study the members of myeloid lineages in this species, allowing to discriminate different maturation stages of these cells in bone marrow and to reveal the heterogeneity of blood monocytes and tissue macrophages. Porcine myeloid cells share many similarities with humans, highlighting the relevance of the pig as a biomedical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ezquerra
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Summerfield A, McCullough KC. The porcine dendritic cell family. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:299-309. [PMID: 18582937 PMCID: PMC7103208 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering the pivotal roles played by dendritic cells (DCs) in both innate and adaptive immune responses, advances in the field of porcine immunology DC biology have recently progressed rapidly. As with the more extensively studied murine and human DCs, porcine DC can be generated from bone marrow haematopoietic cells or monocytes, and have been analysed in various immunological and non-immunological tissues. Both conventional DC (cDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) have been characterized. The function of porcine monocyte-derived DC has not only been characterized in terms of antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation, but also their response to various ligands of pattern recognition receptors. These have been characterized in terms of the induction of DC maturation and pro-inflammatory, Th1-like or Th2-like cytokines secretion. Porcine pDC most effectively sense virus infections and are characterized by their capacity to produce large quantities of IFN-alpha and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12. As such, the DC family as a whole is a powerful ally in the host battle against pathogen attack. Nevertheless, DC in particular tissue environments or under particular stimuli can down-regulate immune response development. This is not only important for preventing over-activation of the immune system and also for ensuring tolerance against self or "friendly" substances including food components, but may also be used as a mechanism of pathogens to evade immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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56
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Bures J, Kopácová M, Kvetina J, Osterreicher J, Sinkorová Z, Svoboda Z, Tachecí I, Filip S, Spelda S, Kunes M, Rejchrt S. Different solutions used for submucosal injection influenced early healing of gastric endoscopic mucosal resection in a preclinical study in experimental pigs. Surg Endosc 2008; 23:2094-101. [PMID: 19057952 PMCID: PMC2730453 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-008-0207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background We hypothesised that different solutions for submucosal injection may influence early healing of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). The aim of this study was to evaluate histological and immunological changes after EMR in experimental pigs. Materials and methods Two parallel EMRs on the anterior and posterior wall of the gastric body were performed by means of the cap technique in 21 female pigs. A glycerol-based solution (anterior EMR) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution (posterior EMR) were applied for submucosal injection. The animals were sacrificed 7 days later, and tissue sections of all EMRs were stained using combined trichrome. Computer image analysis was used for objective evaluation of elastic and collagen fibres content. Two-colour indirect immunophenotyping of blood and gastric samples were performed using mouse anti-pig monoclonal antibodies. Results The values of collagen fibre content 7 days after EMR were significantly higher in lesions after the use of solution A in comparison with solution B (2.10 ± 0.25% versus 1.57 ± 0.25%, p = 0.009). Concordant results were found in elastic fibres (3.23 ± 0.49% versus 2.93 ± 0.61%, p = 0.018). No systemic changes in major leukocyte subpopulations were found. In gastric tissue, lymphocyte subsets exhibited only minor changes. CD4+ T-lymphocytes were increased in the healing tissue after EMR using solution A (17.08 ± 9.24% versus 9.76 ± 7.97%, p = 0.011). Significant increase of SWC3+ leukocytes was observed after EMR using solution B (47.70 ± 25.41% versus 18.70 ± 12.16%, p = 0.001). Conclusions The use of glycerol-based solution for submucosal injection was associated with more pronounced histological signs of early healing of EMRs compared with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bures
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Charles University in Praha, Faculty of Medicine at Hradec Králové, University Teaching Hospital, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Varol C, Yona S, Jung S. Origins and tissue-context-dependent fates of blood monocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 87:30-8. [PMID: 19048016 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood monocytes play a central role in the mononuclear phagocyte system by providing a critical link between the bone marrow (BM), as major site of adult hematopoiesis, and peripheral, terminally differentiated mononuclear phagocyte populations, as represented macrophages and dendritic cells. Moreover, recent experimental evidence highlights the plasticity of these ephemeral mobile cells and their direct involvement in the establishment and resolution of inflammatory reactions. Here we summarize the recent advance in our understanding of monocyte origins, subset dynamics and monocyte fates. In particular, we will focus on emerging evidence for monocyte recirculation to the BM and discuss its potential implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Varol
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Ebdrup L, Krog J, Granfeldt A, Tønnesen E, Hokland M. Dynamic Expression of the Signal Regulatory Protein α and CD18 on Porcine PBMC During Acute Endotoxaemia. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:430-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Piriou-Guzylack L, Salmon H. Membrane markers of the immune cells in swine: an update. Vet Res 2008; 39:54. [PMID: 18638439 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides their breeding value, swine are increasingly used as biomedical models. As reported in three international swine clusters of differentiation (CD) workshops and in the animal homologue section of the last workshop for the determination of human leukocyte differentiation antigens (HLDA 8), characterisation of leukocyte surface antigens by monoclonal antibodies and other molecular studies have determined the cell lineages and blood leukocyte subsets implicated in the immune response, including cell adhesion molecules involved in cell trafficking. This review focusses on the current state of knowledge of porcine leukocyte differentiation and major histocompatibility complex (SLA) molecules. Examples of porcine particularities such as the double-positive T lymphocytes with the phenotype CD(4+)CD8(low) and CD(4-)CD8(low) alphabeta T cell subsets and the persistence of SLA class II after T-lymphocyte activation are illustrated, as well as the shared characteristics of the Artiodactyla group, such as the high proportion of gammadelta TcR (T cell receptor) T cells in blood and other lymphoid tissues. Furthermore, discrepancies between swine and humans, such as CD16 expression on dendritic cells and CD11b (wCD11R1) tissue distribution are outlined. The rapidly growing information should facilitate manipulation of the swine immune system towards improving disease control, and open new avenues for biomedical research using the pig as a model.
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Zhang W, Wen K, Azevedo MSP, Gonzalez A, Saif LJ, Li G, Yousef AE, Yuan L. Lactic acid bacterial colonization and human rotavirus infection influence distribution and frequencies of monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 121:222-31. [PMID: 18006076 PMCID: PMC2268605 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite accumulating knowledge of porcine macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) from in vitro studies, information regarding monocytes/macrophages and DCs in lymphoid tissues of enteric pathogen-infected neonatal animals in vivo is limited. In this study we evaluated the influence of commensal bacterial [two strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. reuteri] colonization and rotavirus infection on distribution and frequencies of monocytes/macrophages and conventional DCs (cDCs) in ileum, spleen and blood. Gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated with LAB and virulent Wa strain human rotavirus (HRV) (LAB+HRV+), HRV only (LAB−HRV+), LAB only (LAB+HRV−) or mock (LAB−HRV−). The cDCs were characterized as SWC3+CD11R1+, whereas monocytes/macrophages were identified as SWC3+CD11R1− by flow cytometry in the gnotobiotic pigs at 10 days of age. Infection with HRV alone activated/recruited significantly more monocytes/macrophages to the intestine than LAB colonization and 56% versus 28% of these cells expressed CD14. Colonization with LAB alone also significantly increased the frequencies of monocytes/macrophages and cDCs and the CD14 expression on monocytes/macrophages in ileum and spleen compared to the controls. LAB colonization plus HRV infection significantly reduced macrophage and cDC frequencies in spleen compared to LAB colonization or HRV infection alone, suggesting that LAB colonization down-regulated HRV− infection-induced monocyte/macrophage activation/recruitment at the systemic lymphoid tissue. These results illustrated the distribution of porcine monocytes/macrophages and cDCs and the frequencies of CD14 expression on these cells in intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues in the early stage of immune responses to intestinal colonization by LAB versus infection by an enteric pathogen HRV and will facilitate further in vivo studies on functional characterization of these immune cells in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
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Haverson K, Rehakova Z, Sinkora J, Sver L, Bailey M. Immune development in jejunal mucosa after colonization with selected commensal gut bacteria: a study in germ-free pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:243-53. [PMID: 17643495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The immunological structure of the porcine jejunal lamina propria in germ-free piglets was compared with that of their counterparts associated with two strains of commensal Escherichia coli, A0 34/86 serotype O83:K24:H31 and the O86 E. coli strain, up to 20 days post-colonization. In the antigen-presenting compartment, both dendritic cells (DC) and cells expressing CD163, probably macrophages were investigated. In addition we also assessed the number of CD2+/CD3+ (T) cells. In contrast to some previous reports, we show a total lack of both DC and T cells for germ-free animals in the diffuse lymphoid tissue of villi and crypts of the jejunum. Association with either strain of commensal E. coli had a profound effect on the immune structure and resulted in extensive recruitment of DC to the lamina propria and of T cells to epithelium and lamina propria. The data suggest that the earliest immigrant cells were monocytes, which soon acquired the phenotype of mucosal DC. T cells migrated in at a slightly slower rate. Nevertheless, the response could be extremely rapid: within 3 days of colonization with O83, the magnitude of this response was comparable to that observed 20 days post-colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Haverson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK.
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Ziegler-Heitbrock L. The CD14+ CD16+ blood monocytes: their role in infection and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:584-92. [PMID: 17135573 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0806510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood monocyte subpopulations have been defined in man initially, and the two major types of monocytes are the CD14++ CD16- and the CD14+ CD16+ monocytes. These cells have been shown to exhibit distinct phenotype and function, and the CD14+ CD16+ were labeled proinflammatory based on higher expression of proinflammatory cytokines and higher potency in antigen presentation. The current review describes these properties, including the relationship to dendritic cells, and summarizes the host of publications about CD14+ CD16+ monocytes in inflammation and infectious disease in man, all of which suggest a crucial role of these cells in the disease processes. The review also covers the more recent description of homologues of these cells in other model species, which is expected to better define the role of monocyte subsets in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loems Ziegler-Heitbrock
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Medical Sciences Building, University Road, Leicester, UK.
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63
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Wang X, Deavers M, Patenia R, Bassett RL, Mueller P, Ma Q, Wang E, Freedman RS. Monocyte/macrophage and T-cell infiltrates in peritoneum of patients with ovarian cancer or benign pelvic disease. J Transl Med 2006; 4:30. [PMID: 16824216 PMCID: PMC1550428 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously showed that tumor-free peritoneum of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) exhibited enhanced expression of several inflammatory response genes compared to peritoneum of benign disease. Here, we examined peritoneal inflammatory cell patterns to determine their concordance with selected enhanced genes. Methods Expression patterns of selected inflammatory genes were mined from our previously published data base. Bilateral pelvic peritoneal and subjacent stromal specimens were obtained from 20 women with EOC and 7 women with benign pelvic conditions. Sections were first stained by indirect immunoperoxidase and numbers of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MA), T cells, B cells, and NK cells counted. Proportions of CD68+ cells and CD3+ cells that coexpressed MO/MA differentiation factors (CD163, CCR1, CXCR8, VCAM1, and phosphorylated cytosolic phospholipase A2 [pcPLA2]), which had demonstrated expression in EOC peritoneal samples, were determined by multicolor immunofluorescence. Results MO/MA were present on both sides of the pelvic peritoneum in EOC patients, with infiltration of the subjacent stroma and mesothelium. CD68+ MO/MA, the most commonly represented population, and CD3+ T cells were present more often in EOC than in benign pelvic tumors. NK cells, B cells, and granulocytes were rare. CXCL8 (IL-8) and the chemokine receptor CCR1 were coexpressed more frequently on MO/MA than on CD3+ cells contrasting with CD68+/CD163+ cells that coexpressed CXCL8 less often. An important activated enzyme in the eicosanoid pathway, pcPLA2, was highly expressed on both CD68+ and CD163+ cells. The adherence molecule Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM1) was expressed on CD31+ endothelial cells and on a proportion of CD68+ MO/MA but rarely on CD3+ cells. Conclusion The pelvic peritoneum in EOC exhibits a general pattern of chronic inflammation, represented primarily by differentiated MO/MA, and distinct from that in benign conditions concordant with previous profiling results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Tiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Deavers
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca Patenia
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roland L Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Mueller
- Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ralph S Freedman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Heterogeneity of the macrophage lineage has long been recognized and, in part, is a result of the specialization of tissue macrophages in particular microenvironments. Circulating monocytes give rise to mature macrophages and are also heterogeneous themselves, although the physiological relevance of this is not completely understood. However, as we discuss here, recent studies have shown that monocyte heterogeneity is conserved in humans and mice, allowing dissection of its functional relevance: the different monocyte subsets seem to reflect developmental stages with distinct physiological roles, such as recruitment to inflammatory lesions or entry to normal tissues. These advances in our understanding have implications for the development of therapeutic strategies that are targeted to modify particular subpopulations of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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