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Lopez LM, Hill WD, Harris SE, Valdes Hernandez M, Munoz Maniega S, Bastin ME, Bailey E, Smith C, McBride M, McClure J, Graham D, Dominiczak A, Yang Q, Fornage M, Ikram MA, Debette S, Launer L, Bis JC, Schmidt R, Seshadri S, Porteous DJ, Starr J, Deary IJ, Wardlaw JM. Genes from a translational analysis support a multifactorial nature of white matter hyperintensities. Stroke 2015; 46:341-7. [PMID: 25586835 PMCID: PMC4306534 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background and Purpose— White matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin increase the risk of stroke and dementia. Despite strong WMH heritability, few gene associations have been identified. Relevant experimental models may be informative. Methods— We tested the associations between genes that were differentially expressed in brains of young spontaneously hypertensive stroke–prone rats and human WMH (using volume and visual score) in 621 subjects from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936). We then attempted replication in 9361 subjects from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE). We also tested the subjects from LBC1936 for previous genome-wide WMH associations found in subjects from CHARGE. Results— Of 126 spontaneously hypertensive stroke–prone rat genes, 10 were nominally associated with WMH volume or score in subjects from LBC1936, of which 5 (AFP, ALB, GNAI1, RBM8a, and MRPL18) were associated with both WMH volume and score (P<0.05); 2 of the 10 (XPNPEP1, P=6.7×10−5; FARP1, P=0.024) plus another spontaneously hypertensive stroke–prone rat gene (USMG5, P=0.00014), on chromosomes 10, 13, and 10 respectively, were associated with WMH in subjects from CHARGE. Gene set enrichment showed significant associations for downregulated spontaneously hypertensive stroke–prone rat genes with WMH in humans. In subjects from LBC1936, we replicated CHARGE’s genome-wide WMH associations on chromosomes 17 (TRIM65 and TRIM47) and, for the first time, 1 (PMF1). Conclusions— Despite not passing multiple testing thresholds individually, these genes collectively are relevant to known WMH associations, proposed WMH mechanisms, or dementia: associations with Alzheimer's disease, late-life depression, ATP production, osmotic regulation, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and cognitive impairment. If replicated further, they suggest a multifactorial nature for WMH and argue for more consideration of vascular contributions to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M Lopez
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - W David Hill
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Sarah E Harris
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Maria Valdes Hernandez
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Susana Munoz Maniega
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Mark E Bastin
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Emma Bailey
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Colin Smith
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Martin McBride
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - John McClure
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Delyth Graham
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Qiong Yang
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Myriam Fornage
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Stephanie Debette
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Lenore Launer
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Joshua C Bis
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - David J Porteous
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - John Starr
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Ian J Deary
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (L.M.L., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.S., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Brain Research Imaging Centre, (M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.) and Academic Neuropathology (C.S.), Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (W.D.H., S.E.H., D.J.P.); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (E.B.); BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (M.M., J.M., D.G., A.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y.); The Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA (Q.Y., S.S.); The Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (M.F.); Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.A.I.); 12 INSERM U740 (Paris 7 University) and U708 (Bordeaux University), Bordeaux, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, 7 University, DHU Neurovasc Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France (S.D.); University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France (S.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (S.D., S.S.); Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.L.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (J.C.B.); and Clinical Division of Neurogeri
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