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Schechter SP, Bruns TD. Serpentine and non-serpentine ecotypes of Collinsia sparsiflora associate with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal assemblages. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:3198-210. [PMID: 18611218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although plant adaptation to serpentine soils has been studied for several decades, the mechanisms of plant adaptation to edaphic extremes are still poorly understood. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are common root symbionts that can increase the plant hosts' establishment and growth in stressful environments. However, little is known about the role plant-AMF interactions play in plant adaptation to serpentine. As a first step towards understanding this role, we examined the AMF assemblages associated with field populations of serpentine and non-serpentine ecotypes of California native plant Collinsia sparsiflora. We sampled roots of C. sparsiflora from three serpentine and three non-serpentine sites in close proximity (110 m to 1.94 km between sites) and analysed the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene amplified from root DNA extracts using AMF-specific primers. A total of 1952 clones from 24 root samples (four from each site) were sequenced. We used sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis to determine operational taxonomic units (OTU) resulting in 19 OTUs representing taxa from six AMF genera, including one serpentine-specific OTU. We used Bray-Curtis similarity, multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity to compare root sample AMF assemblages. These analyses clearly showed that plant ecotypes associated with distinct AMF assemblages; an Acaulospora OTU-dominated serpentine, and a Glomus OTU-dominated non-serpentine assemblages. Species diversity and evenness were significantly higher in serpentine assemblages. Finally, relate analysis showed a relationship between ecotype AMF assemblages and soil nutrients. This study reveals a strong relationship between AMF associates and plant adaptation to edaphic extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Schechter
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 321 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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52
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Öpik M, Moora M, Zobel M, Saks Ü, Wheatley R, Wright F, Daniell T. High diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a boreal herb-rich coniferous forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:867-876. [PMID: 18537886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
* Here, the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was determined in a boreal herb-rich coniferous forest in relation to environmental variables. * Root samples of five plant species (Fragaria vesca, Galeobdolon luteum, Hepatica nobilis, Oxalis acetosella and Trifolium pratense) were analysed from stands differing in age and forest management intensity. * Thirty-four Glomeromycota taxa (small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequence groups) were detected from 90 root samples (911 clones), including eight new taxa. Sequence groups related to Glomus intraradices were most common (MO-G3 and MO-G13). Samples of H. nobilis were colonized by more AM fungal taxa (3.68 +/- 0.31) than those of O. acetosella (2.69 +/- 0.34), but did not differ significantly in this respect from those of F. vesca (3.15 +/- 0.38). Effects of forest management, host plant species (except above) or season on the number or composition of fungal taxa in root samples were not detected, and neither were they explained by environmental variables (vegetation, soil and light conditions). * This is the most taxon-rich habitat described to date in terms of root-colonizing Glomeromycota. The data demonstrate the importance of temperate coniferous forests as habitats for AM fungi and plants. Lack of obvious fungal community patterns suggests more complex effects of biotic and abiotic factors, and possibly no adverse effect of common forest management practices on AM fungal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarja Öpik
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St., 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St., 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St., 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülle Saks
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St., 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ron Wheatley
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Frank Wright
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, SCRI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Tim Daniell
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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Alguacil MM, Lumini E, Roldán A, Salinas-García JR, Bonfante P, Bianciotto V. The impact of tillage practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in subtropical crops. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008; 18:527-536. [PMID: 18488613 DOI: 10.1890/07-0521.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a main component of soil microbiota in most agrosystems. As obligately mutualistic symbionts, they colonize the roots of the majority of plants, including crop plants. We used molecular techniques to investigate how different tillage systems (moldboard, shred-bedding, subsoil-bedding, and no tillage) can influence the AM fungal community colonizing maize, bean, and sorghum roots in an experimental site located in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Roots from 36 plants were analyzed using AM fungal-specific primers to partially amplify the small subunit (SSU) of the ribosomal DNA genes. More than 880 clones were screened for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variation, and 173 of these were sequenced. Ten AM fungal types were identified and clustered into three AM fungal families: Gigasporaceae, Glomaceae, and Paraglomaceae. Glomus was the dominating taxon in all the samples. Four of the 10 identified types were distinct from any previously published sequences and could correspond to either known unsequenced species or unknown species. The fungal diversity was low in the four agriculture management systems, but the multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis and log-linear-saturated model indicated that the composition of the AMF community was significantly affected by the tillage system. In conclusion, since some fungal types were treatment specific, agricultural practices could directly or indirectly influence AM biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Alguacil
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universitá degli Studi di Torino and Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP) del CNR, Sezione di Micologia, V.le Mattioli 25, Torino 10125, Italy
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Yang R, Yu G, Tang J, Chen X. Effects of metal lead on growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive plant species (Solidago canadensis L.). J Environ Sci (China) 2008; 20:739-744. [PMID: 18763570 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It is less known whether and how soil metal lead (Pb) impacts the invasion of exotic plants. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of lead on the growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive species (Solidago canadensis L.) in a microcosm system. Each microcosm unit was separated into HOST and TEST compartments by a replaceable mesh screen that allowed arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal hyphae rather than plant roots to grow into the TEST compartments. Three Pb levels (control, 300, and 600 mg/kg soil) were used in this study to simulate ambient soil and two pollution sites where S. canadensis grows. Mycorrhizal inoculum comprised five indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species (Glomus mosseae, Glomus versiform, Glomus diaphanum, Glomus geosporum, and Glomus etunicatum). The 15N isotope tracer was used to quantify the mycorrhizally mediated nitrogen acquisition of plants. The results showed that S. canadensis was highly dependent on mycorrhizae. The Pb additions significantly decreased biomass and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization (root length colonized, RLC%) but did not affect spore numbers, N (including total N and 15N) and P uptake. The facilitating efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient acquisition was promoted by Pb treatments. The Pb was mostly sequestered in belowground of plant (root and rhizome). The results suggest that the high efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient uptake might give S. canadensis a great advantage over native species in Pb polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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55
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Wu FY, Ye ZH, Wu SC, Wong MH. Metal accumulation and arbuscular mycorrhizal status in metallicolous and nonmetallicolous populations of Pteris vittata L. and Sedum alfredii Hance. PLANTA 2007; 226:1363-78. [PMID: 17624548 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although Pteris vittata L. and Sedum alfredii Hance have been identified as an As hyperaccumulator and a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator, respectively, for a few years, variations in metal accumulation among populations and their arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status have not been fully explored. Six populations of P. vittata and four populations of S. alfredii from southeast China were investigated. Up to 1,373 As, 680 Pb, 376 Zn, 4.8 Cd, 169 Cu mg kg(-1) in fronds of P. vittata and 358 As, 2,290 Pb, 23,403 Zn, 708 Cd, 342 Cu mg kg(-1 )in shoots of S. alfredii were detected. Constitutive properties of As and Zn hyperaccumulation in metallicolous populations of P. vittata and S. alfredii, respectively, were confirmed. However, Cd hyperaccumulation in S. alfredii varied among populations. The two hyperaccumulators varied in efficiency in taking up other heavy metals. Different metal tolerance strategies adopted by the two hyperaccumulators varied among plant species and metal species. Low to moderate levels of AM colonization in P. vittata (4.2-12.8%) and S. alfredii (8.5-45.8%) were observed at uncontaminated and metal-contaminated sites. The relationship between metal concentrations and AM colonization in the two hyperacumulators was also examined. The abundance of AM fungal spores ranged from 16 to 190 spores per 25 g soil. Glomus microaggregatum, Glomus mosseae, Glomus brohultii and Glomus geosporum were the most common species associated with both P. vittata and S. alfredii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AM fungal status in rhizosphere of P. vittata and S. alfredii.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Wu
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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56
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Kovács GM, Balázs T, Pénzes Z. Molecular study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing the sporophyte of the eusporangiate rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum, Ophioglossaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:597-605. [PMID: 17566790 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing the sporophytes of the eusporangiate rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum, Ophioglossaceae) in its Hungarian population were investigated in the present study. Different regions of the nrRNA gene complex were analyzed using two different primer sets. These produced similar results for the detected AM fungi phylotypes. Several AM fungal lineages were associated with sporophytes of B. virginianum. Phylogenetic analyses of different partial small subunit datasets grouped one lineage into the Gigasporaceae, showing similarities with Scutellospora sequences. In addition to unidentified Scutellospora phylotypes, it is possible that S. gregaria also colonized the fern. Several AM fungal phylotypes colonizing the sporophytes grouped into Glomus group A. They did not form distinct clades but grouped with sequences of AM fungi with different geographic and host origins. One main lineage clustered into the widespread G. fasciculatum/G. intraradices group and one into the subgroup GlGrAc, while others had no affinity to the subgroups of Glomus group A. As AM fungal phylotypes associated with B. virginianum seem to belong to widespread AM fungal taxa and show no specificity to this fern, we suppose that the previously described special anatomy of AM of B. virginianum is determined by the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor M Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117,, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tímea Balázs
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117,, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pénzes
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701,, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Egyetem utca 2, 6721,, Szeged, Hungary
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57
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Hempel S, Renker C, Buscot F. Differences in the species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in spore, root and soil communities in a grassland ecosystem. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:1930-8. [PMID: 17635540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most studies on the species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have solely analysed mycorrhizal roots or AM spores collected from soil samples. However, the spore production rate and proportions of AMF mycelium in roots and soils have all been shown to vary substantially in a taxon-specific manner. Therefore, in the study presented here we used a molecular approach to analyse the species composition of AMF in spores, intra-radical and extra-radical mycelium in an intensively farmed meadow in central Germany. By polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the ITS region members of seven different families and species groups within Glomeromycota were identified. The data revealed remarkable differences in the composition of AMF taxa both between the spores and the mycelia, and between the two types of mycelia. Glomus group Ab was dominant in roots and spores, in accordance with previous research. However, members of this group were rarely detected as extra-radical mycelium, in which Paraglomeraceae were dominant, although we found no evidence for the presence of Paraglomeraceae in roots or spores, even when a specific primer set was used. These results may be interpreted as a further indication that AMF are not necessarily obligate symbionts of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hempel
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Biology I, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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58
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Pivato B, Mazurier S, Lemanceau P, Siblot S, Berta G, Mougel C, Van Tuinen D. Medicago species affect the community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:197-210. [PMID: 17803650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing of the 5' end of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU rDNA) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were combined to assess the impact of four annual Medicago species (Medicago laciniata, Medicago murex, Medicago polymorpha and Medicago truncatula) on the genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and on the relative abundance of representative AM fungal genotypes, in a silty-thin clay soil (Mas d'Imbert, France). Two hundred and forty-six Glomeromycete LSU rDNA sequences from the four plant species and the bulk soil were analysed. The high bootstrap values of the phylogenetic tree obtained allowed the delineation of 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), all belonging to Glomus. Specific primers targeting Glomeromycetes and major OTUs were applied to quantify their abundance by qPCR. Glomeromycetes and targeted OTUs were significantly more abundant in the root tissues than in the bulk soil, and the frequencies of three of them differed significantly in the root tissues of the different plant species. These differences indicate that, despite the absence of strict host specificity in mycorrhizal symbiosis, there was a preferential association between some AM fungal and plant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pivato
- INRA, Université de Bourgogne, UMR1229 Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement, CMSE, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon cedex, France
- Università del Piemonte Orientale 'Amedeo Avogadro', Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita, via Bellini 25/G, 15100 Alessandria, Italy
| | - S Mazurier
- INRA, Université de Bourgogne, UMR1229 Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement, CMSE, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - P Lemanceau
- INRA, Université de Bourgogne, UMR1229 Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement, CMSE, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - S Siblot
- INRA, Université de Bourgogne, UMR1229 Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement, CMSE, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - G Berta
- Università del Piemonte Orientale 'Amedeo Avogadro', Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita, via Bellini 25/G, 15100 Alessandria, Italy
| | - C Mougel
- INRA, Université de Bourgogne, UMR1229 Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement, CMSE, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - D Van Tuinen
- INRA, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, UMR Plante-Microbe-Environnement, CMSE, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon cedex, France
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