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Al-Qadi S, Grenha A, Remuñán-López C. Chitosan and its derivatives as nanocarriers for siRNA delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(12)50003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li L, Cao XH, Chen SR, Han HD, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK, Pan HL. Up-regulation of Cavβ3 subunit in primary sensory neurons increases voltage-activated Ca2+ channel activity and nociceptive input in neuropathic pain. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:6002-13. [PMID: 22187436 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.310110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High voltage-activated calcium channels (HVACCs) are essential for synaptic and nociceptive transmission. Although blocking HVACCs can effectively reduce pain, this treatment strategy is associated with intolerable adverse effects. Neuronal HVACCs are typically composed of α(1), β (Cavβ), and α(2)δ subunits. The Cavβ subunit plays a crucial role in the membrane expression and gating properties of the pore-forming α(1) subunit. However, little is known about how nerve injury affects the expression and function of Cavβ subunits in primary sensory neurons. In this study, we found that Cavβ(3) and Cavβ(4) are the most prominent subtypes expressed in the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal spinal cord. Spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of the Cavβ(3), but not Cavβ(4), subunit in the DRG. SNL also significantly increased HVACC currents in small DRG neurons and monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents of spinal dorsal horn neurons evoked from the dorsal root. Intrathecal injection of Cavβ(3)-specific siRNA significantly reduced HVACC currents in small DRG neurons and the amplitude of monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents of dorsal horn neurons in SNL rats. Furthermore, intrathecal treatment with Cavβ(3)-specific siRNA normalized mechanical hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia caused by SNL but had no significant effect on the normal nociceptive threshold. Our findings provide novel evidence that increased expression of the Cavβ(3) subunit augments HVACC activity in primary sensory neurons and nociceptive input to dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic pain. Targeting the Cavβ(3) subunit at the spinal level represents an effective strategy for treating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Sase A, Khan D, Höger H, Lubec G. Intraperitoneal injection of saline modulates hippocampal brain receptor complex levels but does not impair performance in the Morris Water Maze. Amino Acids 2011; 43:783-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cao XH, Byun HS, Chen SR, Pan HL. Diabetic neuropathy enhances voltage-activated Ca2+ channel activity and its control by M4 muscarinic receptors in primary sensory neurons. J Neurochem 2011; 119:594-603. [PMID: 21883220 PMCID: PMC3192928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Painful neuropathy is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and remains difficult to treat. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonists have a profound analgesic effect on painful diabetic neuropathy. Here we determined changes in T-type and high voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels (HVACCs) and their regulation by mAChRs in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in a rat model of diabetic neuropathy. The HVACC currents in large neurons, T-type currents in medium and large neurons, the percentage of small DRG neurons with T-type currents, and the Cav3.2 mRNA level were significantly increased in diabetic rats compared with those in control rats. The mAChR agonist oxotremorine-M significantly inhibited HVACCs in a greater proportion of DRG neurons with and without T-type currents in diabetic than in control rats. In contrast, oxotremorine-M had no effect on HVACCs in small and large neurons with T-type currents and in most medium neurons with T-type currents from control rats. The M(2) and M(4) antagonist himbacine abolished the effect of oxotremorine-M on HVACCs in both groups. The selective M(4) antagonist muscarinic toxin-3 caused a greater attenuation of the effect of oxotremorine-M on HVACCs in small and medium DRG neurons in diabetic than in control rats. Additionally, the mRNA and protein levels of M(4), but not M(2), in the DRG were significantly greater in diabetic than in control rats. Our findings suggest that diabetic neuropathy potentiates the activity of T-type and HVACCs in primary sensory neurons. M(4) mAChRs are up-regulated in DRG neurons and probably account for increased muscarinic analgesic effects in diabetic neuropathic pain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/biosynthesis
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/physiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetic Neuropathies/genetics
- Diabetic Neuropathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Neuropathies/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Male
- Neuralgia/etiology
- Neuralgia/pathology
- Neuralgia/prevention & control
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Muscarinic M4/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Muscarinic M4/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M4/physiology
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/pathology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hong Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Nimesh S, Gupta N, Chandra R. Strategies and advances in nanomedicine for targeted siRNA delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:729-46. [PMID: 21718181 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
siRNA are a rapidly emerging class of new therapeutic molecules for the treatment of inherited and acquired diseases. However, poor cellular uptake and instability in physiological conditions limits its therapeutic potential, hence a need to develop a delivery system that can protect and efficiently transport siRNA to the target cells has arisen. Nanoparticles have been proposed as suitable delivery vectors with reduced cytotoxicity and enhanced efficacy. These delivery vectors form condensed complexes with siRNA which, in turn, provides protection to siRNA against enzymatic degradation and further leads to tissue and cellular targeting. Nanoparticles derived from polymers, such as chitosan and polyethylenimine have found numerous applications owing to ease of manipulation, high stability, low cost and high gene carrying capability. This article focuses on various aspects of nanomedicine based siRNA delivery with emphasis on targeted delivery to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Nimesh
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Steg AD, Katre AA, Goodman B, Han HD, Nick AM, Stone RL, Coleman RL, Alvarez RD, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK, Landen CN. Targeting the notch ligand JAGGED1 in both tumor cells and stroma in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5674-85. [PMID: 21753153 PMCID: PMC3166981 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Jagged1, a Notch ligand, is expressed on both tumor epithelial and endothelial cells and therefore may be amenable to dual targeting of the tumor stroma and malignant cell compartments of the tumor microenvironment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We describe in vitro effects of targeting of Jagged1 on ovarian cancer cells and in vivo effects of independent targeting of stromal and malignant cell Jagged1 using species-specific human or murine siRNA constructs incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles and delivered intravenously in an orthotopic mouse model. RESULTS Jagged1 expression was prominent in SKOV3ip1 and IGROV-AF1, and significantly overexpressed in SKOV3TRip2, a taxane-resistant SKOV3 subclone. Jagged1 silencing with siRNA decreased cell viability and reversed taxane chemoresistance. In two different orthotopic ovarian cancer models, treatment with anti-human Jagged1 siRNA-CH reduced growth by 54.4% to 58.3% and with anti-murine Jagged1 siRNA-CH reduced growth by 41.7% to 48.8%. The combination of both species-specific constructs reduced tumor weight by 87.5% to 93.1% and sensitized SKOV3TRip2 tumors to docetaxel in vivo. Tumors showed reduced microvessel density with anti-murine Jagged1 constructs and decreased proliferation with anti-human Jagged1 siRNAs-CH. In addition, we show that Jagged1 downregulation does not sensitize cells to taxanes through a reduction in MDR1 expression, but at least in part by cross-talk with the GLI2 mediator of the Hedgehog pathway. CONCLUSIONS Jagged1 plays dual roles in cancer progression through an angiogenic function in tumor endothelial cells and through proliferation and chemoresistance in tumor cells. Dual inhibition represents an attractive therapeutic strategy for ovarian and potentially other malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Bridged-Ring Compounds/pharmacology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Docetaxel
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Jagged-1 Protein
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/blood supply
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Serrate-Jagged Proteins
- Stromal Cells
- Taxoids/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
- Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Steg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ashwini A. Katre
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Blake Goodman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Boulevard, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hee-Dong Han
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Boulevard, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Alpa M. Nick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Boulevard, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rebecca L. Stone
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Boulevard, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Robert L. Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Boulevard, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ronald D. Alvarez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Boulevard, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Cancer Biology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 173, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Charles N. Landen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of RNA interference technology has been researched extensively in recent years. However, the development of clinically suitable, safe and effective drug delivery vehicles is still required. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the recent advances of non-viral delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) by nanoparticles, including biodegradable nanoparticles, liposomes, polyplex, lipoplex and dendrimers. The characteristics, composition, preparation, applications and advantages of different nanoparticle delivery strategies are also discussed in detail, along with the recent progress of non-viral nanoparticle carrier systems for siRNA delivery in preclinical and clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Non-viral carrier systems, especially nanoparticles, have been investigated extensively for siRNA delivery, and may be utilized in clinical applications in the future. So far, a few preliminary clinical trials of nanoparticles have produced promising results. However, further research is still required to pave the way to successful clinical applications. The most important issues that need to be focused on include encapsulation efficiency, formulation stability of siRNA, degradation in circulation, endosomal escape and delivery efficiency, targeting, toxicity and off-target effects. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetic studies also present another great challenge for nanoparticle delivery systems, owing to the unique nature of siRNA oligonucleotides compared with small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yuan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201-5497, USA.
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Chen SR, Chen H, Yuan WX, Wess J, Pan HL. Dynamic control of glutamatergic synaptic input in the spinal cord by muscarinic receptor subtypes defined using knockout mice. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40427-37. [PMID: 20940295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.176966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the spinal cord inhibits pain transmission. At least three mAChR subtypes (M(2), M(3), and M(4)) are present in the spinal dorsal horn. However, it is not clear how each mAChR subtype contributes to the regulation of glutamatergic input to dorsal horn neurons. We recorded spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) from lamina II neurons in spinal cord slices from wild-type (WT) and mAChR subtype knock-out (KO) mice. The mAChR agonist oxotremorine-M increased the frequency of glutamatergic sEPSCs in 68.2% neurons from WT mice and decreased the sEPSC frequency in 21.2% neurons. Oxotremorine-M also increased the sEPSC frequency in ∼50% neurons from M(3)-single KO and M(1)/M(3) double-KO mice. In addition, the M(3) antagonist J104129 did not block the stimulatory effect of oxotremorine-M in the majority of neurons from WT mice. Strikingly, in M(5)-single KO mice, oxotremorine-M increased sEPSCs in only 26.3% neurons, and J104129 abolished this effect. In M(2)/M(4) double-KO mice, but not M(2)- or M(4)-single KO mice, oxotremorine-M inhibited sEPSCs in significantly fewer neurons compared with WT mice, and blocking group II/III metabotropic glutamate receptors abolished this effect. The M(2)/M(4) antagonist himbacine either attenuated the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine-M or potentiated the stimulatory effect of oxotremorine-M in WT mice. Our study demonstrates that activation of the M(2) and M(4) receptor subtypes inhibits synaptic glutamate release to dorsal horn neurons. M(5) is the predominant receptor subtype that potentiates glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Rui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Yu CG, Yezierski RP, Joshi A, Raza K, Li Y, Geddes JW. Involvement of ERK2 in traumatic spinal cord injury. J Neurochem 2010; 113:131-42. [PMID: 20067580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) are implicated in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the specific functions of individual ERK isoforms in neurodegeneration are largely unknown. We investigated the hypothesis that ERK2 activation may contribute to pathological and functional deficits following SCI and that ERK2 knockdown using RNA interference may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for SCI. Lentiviral ERK2 shRNA and siRNA were utilized to knockdown ERK2 expression in the spinal cord following SCI. Pre-injury intrathecal administration of ERK2 siRNA significantly reduced excitotoxic injury-induced activation of ERK2 (p < 0.001) and caspase 3 (p < 0.01) in spinal cord. Intraspinal administration of lentiviral ERK2 shRNA significantly reduced ERK2 expression in the spinal cord (p < 0.05), but did not alter ERK1 expression. Administration of the lentiviral ERK2 shRNA vector 1 week prior to severe spinal cord contusion injury resulted in a significant improvement in locomotor function (p < 0.05), total tissue sparing (p < 0.05), white matter sparing (p < 0.05), and gray matter sparing (p < 0.05) 6 weeks following severe contusive SCI. Our results suggest that ERK2 signaling is a novel target associated with the deleterious consequences of spinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Guang Yu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, USA.
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