Guidelines for the management of squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients

Treatment recommendations in patients diagnosed with high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Non-melanoma cutaneous cancers occur at an epidemic rate in Australia. With an ageing population, more Australians will develop these cancers and at an increasing rate. In the majority of cases local treatment is highly curative. However, a subset of the population will be diagnosed with a high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. These can be defined as patients at risk of having subclinical metastases to regional lymph nodes based on unfavourable primary lesion features (including inadequately excised and recurrent lesions), patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to regional lymph nodes, and squamous cell carcinoma in immunosuppressed patients. The mortality and morbidity associated with high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is usually as a consequence of uncontrolled metastatic nodal disease and, to a lesser extent, distant metastases. Radiotherapy has an essential role in treating these patients and in many cases the addition of adjuvant radiotherapy may be life saving. It is therefore important that all clinicians treating skin cancers have an understanding and awareness of the optimal approach to these patients. The aim of this article is to present treatment recommendations based on an overview of the current published literature.

The relative effects of different systemic immunosuppressives on skin cancer development in organ transplant patients

The immunosuppressive medications used in organ transplant recipients (OTRs) to prevent allograft rejection are associated with an increased incidence of skin cancer in this population. Several classes of immunosuppressive agents exist, and the selection of which medication to use varies by organ type and with time. The tumorigenic potential and relative effects of different immunosuppressive medications on skin cancer risk have been studied. This article reviewed the history of the immunosuppressive agents and their mechanisms of action. A summary of the current literature on the relationship between skin cancer and the different immunosuppressives were included. Guidelines for management of OTRs in dermatologic practice were discussed.

Use of topical immunomodulators in organ transplant recipients

Solid organ transplant recipients are a growing population at increased risk for the development of cutaneous premalignant and malignant lesions, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Topical immunomodulators, in particular imiquimod, have shown efficacy in the management of multiple malignant, precancerous, and viral conditions. The ability to locally induce an immune response, presumably against tumor and viral antigens, and induce apoptosis makes topical immunomodulators a promising therapeutic option in organ transplant recipients. Although limited, data have begun to accumulate on the use of imiquimod in transplant patients for the management of superficial, nodular, and infiltrative basal cell carcinomas; in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas; condyloma acuminata; and common warts. As more experience is gathered, the role of imiquimod and other topical immunomodulators in the care of OTRs will be clarified. The authors reviewed the existing data on the use of topical imiquimod in OTRs with mention of its presumed mechanisms of action and other immunomodulators with potential efficacy against cancerous and precancerous lesions.

Practical retinoid chemoprophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients

Solid organ transplant recipients are at a significantly increased risk of developing skin cancer. Both systemic and topical retinoids are useful for chemosuppression of skin cancer in this patient population. These drugs can reduce both the present extent and the future development of premalignant and malignant skin lesions. This paper reviews the current data on the chemoprophylactic properties of topical and systemic retinoids. A practical guide for their use in organ transplant recipients is provided. Specific recommendations for implementing and maintaining therapy, as well as appropriate management and monitoring of adverse events, are presented.

Management of skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients

The incidence of catastrophic skin cancer in the solid organ transplant population continues to rise. As transplant patients are living longer, it is likely that dermatologists will be looking after an increasing number of organ transplant recipients. The key to managing this patient population lies in a multidisciplinary approach encompassing patient education, skin screening in the immediate post-transplant period, regular follow-up, and rapid referral to a dermatologist once skin lesions suspicious for skin cancer are diagnosed. Of paramount importance is discussion with transplant physicians to negotiate reduction of immunosuppression in the setting of catastrophic skin cancer. This article defines the scope of the problem of skin cancer in the solid organ transplant population, defines the nature of the lesions commonly presented, and reinforces the benefit of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of these patients.