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A standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba neutralizes cisplatin-mediated reproductive toxicity in rats. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:362049. [PMID: 22675250 PMCID: PMC3364708 DOI: 10.1155/2012/362049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba (GB) against testicular damage and oxidative stress as well as caudal sperm indices in a cisplatin- (CIS-) induced rodent model. Adult male Wistar rats were given vehicle, single i.p. dose of CIS alone (10 mg/kg), GB alone (200 mg g/kg every day for five days), or single dose of CIS followed by GB (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg every day for five days). On day 6, after the first drug treatment oxidative and apoptotic testicular toxicity was evaluated. CIS-treated rats displayed decreased weights of testes and epididymis as well as caudal sperm count and motility. This reproductive toxicity was accompanied with increased germ-cell degeneration in seminiferous tubules and increased germ-cell apoptosis, increased testicular MDA levels and MPO activity, and decreased SOD and CAT activities in testes. Intensive expressions of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB p65 in testicular tissues were detected in CIS-treated group. Oral GB administrations at all doses to CIS-treated rats effectively alleviated all of the CIS-induced toxicity in reproductive system. The present results provide further insights into the mechanisms of protection against CIS-induced reproductive toxicity and confirm the essential antioxidant potential of a GB extract.
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Feng H, Chen XM, Li CY, Zhu RM, Fang J, Wang TY. Combined common femoral artery endarterectomy with superficial femoral artery stenting plus Shuxuening Injection infusion for chronic lower extremity ischemia: 3-year results. Chin J Integr Med 2012; 18:417-22. [PMID: 22528759 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of combined common femoral artery (CFA) endarterectomy with superficial femoral artery (SFA) stenting plus Shuxuening Injection infusion in patients with complex multifocal arterial steno-obstructive lesions of the lower extremities. METHODS From March 2006 to March 2011, 104 lower limbs in 96 patients with multilevel peripheral arterial steno-occlusive disease, involving SFA as well as CFA and deep femoral artery (DFA) orifice, were treated by combined surgical with endovascular therapy, such as SFA stenting as an adjunct to CFA endarterectomy and patch angioplasty with the great saphenous vein. Before the end of the operation, 20 mL of Shuxuening Injection was infused through the catheter located in the treated artery. Technical and hemodynamic success, as well as primary and primary-assisted patency, was determined according to the Society for Vascular Surgery Guidelines. During follow-up, clinical status assessment, ankle-brachial index (ABI) test, and duplex Doppler ultrasound were administered every 6 months, and computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography was performed at 12, 24, and 36 months after discharge. RESULTS All patients underwent successful combined CFA endarterectomy with SFA stenting treatment. The average ABI after the combination treatment increased from pretreatment of 0.32±0.21 to 0.82±0.24 (P<0.01). No perioperative death and major limb amputations occurred. The mean duration of follow-up for 104 limbs from 96 patients was 1,180 days (range, 196-2,064 days). During follow-up, 5 patients died due to myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, or pneumonia, and 5 patients were lost to follow-up. There were 21 cases (21.4%) of restenosis, with 15 that occurred in-stent and 6 near the distal end of the stent. A total of 18 (18.3%) reinterventions were performed, including 6 balloon angioplasty, 8 restenting procedures, 2 bypass surgeries, and 2 major limb amputations. The primary patency rates were 92.2%, 76.8%, and 61.3% at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively, while the primary-assisted patency rates were 94.4%, 83.2%, and 75.6% at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. CONCLUSION The combined CFA endarterectomy with SFA stenting plus Shuxuening Injection infusion appears to offer a safe, less invasive, and effective treatment option to patients with chronic lower extremity ischemia due to complex multifocal peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Feng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (100050), China
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Amin A, Mahmoud-Ghoneim D, Syam MI, Daoud S. Neural network assessment of herbal protection against chemotherapeutic-induced reproductive toxicity. Theor Biol Med Model 2012; 9:1. [PMID: 22272939 PMCID: PMC3293062 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba's (GB) extract against chemotherapeutic-induced reproductive toxicity using a data mining tool, namely Neural Network Clustering (NNC) on two types of data: biochemical & fertility indicators and Texture Analysis (TA) parameters. GB extract (1 g/kg/day) was given orally to male albino rats for 26 days. This period began 21 days before a single cisplatin (CIS) intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg body weight). GB given orally significantly restored reproductive function. Tested extract also notably reduced the CIS-induced reproductive toxicity, as evidenced by restoring normal morphology of testes. In GB, the attenuation of CIS-induced damage was associated with less apoptotic cell death both in the testicular tissue and in the sperms. CIS-induced alterations of testicular lipid peroxidation were markedly improved by the examined plant extract. NNC has been used for classifying animal groups based on the quantified biochemical & fertility indicators and microscopic image texture parameters extracted by TA. NNC showed the separation of two clusters and the distribution of groups among them in a way that signifies the dose-dependent protective effect of GB. The present study introduces the neural network as a powerful tool to assess both biochemical and histopathological data. We also show here that herbal protection against CIS-induced reproductive toxicity utilizing classic methodologies is validated using neural network analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Amin
- Biology Department, UAE University, University St, Al-Ain 17551, UAE.
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Sun X, Sun GB, Wang M, Xiao J, Sun XB. Protective effects of cynaroside against H2O2-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2019-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tsoupras A, Chini M, Tsogas N, Mangafas N, Demopoulos C, Lazanas M. In Vivo Effects of a Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Platelet Activating Factor Metabolism in Two Asymptomatic Hiv-Infected Patients. EUR J INFLAMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1100900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba products seem to protect from several pathological conditions, including HIV manifestations, where Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) is implicated. In the present study, we examined for the first time the in vivo effects of a standardized formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract (150 mg daily, per os) on PAF metabolism in blood cells and plasma of two male, asymptomatic HIV-infected patients, not receiving antiretroviral treatment, during a 9-month period. These patients differed at baseline in terms of duration of HIV infection, viral load levels, CD4 cell counts and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) experience. In the first patient with early HIV infection, after an initial transient increase, a return of both plasma viral load and PAF biosynthetic enzyme activities in leukocytes to their baseline levels was observed during Ginkgo biloba use. As a result PAF degradation also remained low in this patient. The second patient with late but not advanced HIV infection, had higher levels of viral load and a lower CD4 cell count at baseline. The use of 150 mg of a Ginkgo biloba extract was probably insufficient to induce PAF degradation and/or to suppress the induction of PAF biosynthesis observed. At the same time, the initial high levels of viral load were further increased and CD4 cell counts were finally decreased during the study. The observed differences in PAF metabolism during Ginkgo use seem to be related to the initial heterogeneity of these patients. It appears that in some HIV-infected patients inhibition of the PAF/PAF-receptor system, along with a decrease/down-regulation of PAF-biosynthesis, illustrates a new potential role for Ginkgo biloba compounds in the treatment of HIV infection and its manifestations. However, more tests on a larger number of patients are needed in order to support these preliminary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.B. Tsoupras
- Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - M. Chini
- 3rd Internal Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - N. Tsogas
- 3rd Internal Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - N. Mangafas
- 3rd Internal Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - C.A. Demopoulos
- Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - M.C. Lazanas
- 3rd Internal Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Exercise is making a resurgence in many countries, given its benefits for fitness as well as prevention of obesity. This trend has spawned many supplements that purport to aid performance, muscle growth, and recovery. Initially, sports drinks were developed to provide electrolyte and carbohydrate replacement. Subsequently, energy beverages (EBs) containing stimulants and additives have appeared in most gyms and grocery stores and are being used increasingly by "weekend warriors" and those seeking an edge in an endurance event. Long-term exposure to the various components of EBs may result in significant alterations in the cardiovascular system, and the safety of EBs has not been fully established. For this review, we searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1976 through May 2010, using the following keywords: energy beverage, energy drink, power drink, exercise, caffeine, red bull, bitter orange, glucose, ginseng, guarana, and taurine. Evidence regarding the effects of EBs is summarized, and practical recommendations are made to help in answering the patient who asks, "Is it safe for me to drink an energy beverage when I exercise?"
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Higgins
- Division of Cardiology, Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital, and Memorial Hermann Sports Medicine Institute, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77026-1967, USA.
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Ding XP, Wang XT, Xu T, Qi J, Wang H, Yu BY. Comparison of Two On-Line Analysis Techniques Used for the Screening of Antioxidants in EGb 761. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang Q, Wang GJ, A JY, Wu D, Zhu LL, Ma B, Du Y. Application of GC/MS-based metabonomic profiling in studying the lipid-regulating effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1674-87. [PMID: 19960012 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the lipid-regulating effects of extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGB) using pharmacological methods and metabonomic profiling in a rat model of diet-induced hyperlipidemia. METHODS EGB was orally administered at a dose level of 40 mg/kg in both the EGB-prevention and -treatment groups. All rat samples obtained were examined for known and potential biomarkers and enzyme activity using commercial assay kits and GC/MS-based metabonomic profiling coupled with principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS The data obtained from the assay kits indicated that EGB reduced total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in rat plasma obtained from both the EGB-prevention and -treatment groups compared with those of the diet-induced hyperlipidemia group. EGB also increased the activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase and excretion of fecal bile acid in rats from the EGB-prevention and-treatment groups. Using GC/MS-based metabonomic analysis, more than 40 endogenous metabolites were identified in rat plasma. PCA of rat plasma samples obtained using GC/MS produced a distinctive separation of the four treatment groups and sampling points within each group. Metabolic changes during hyperlipidemia formation and improvement resulting from EGB treatment were definitively monitored with PCA score plots. Furthermore, elevated levels of sorbitol, tyrosine, glutamine and glucose, and decreased levels of citric acid, galactose, palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, acetic acid, cholesterol, butyrate, creatinine, linoleate, ornithine and proline, were observed in the plasma of rats treated with EGB. CONCLUSION EGB exerts multi-directional lipid-lowering effects on the rat metabonome, including limitation of the absorption of cholesterol, inactivation of HMGCoA and favorable regulation of profiles of essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (EFA). Further experiments are warranted to explore the mechanisms of action underlying the lipid-regulating effects of EGB against hyperlipidemia.
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Kuller LH, Ives DG, Fitzpatrick AL, Carlson MC, Mercado C, Lopez OL, Burke GL, Furberg CD, DeKosky ST. Does Ginkgo biloba reduce the risk of cardiovascular events? Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2009; 3:41-7. [PMID: 20123670 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.109.871640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was a preplanned secondary outcome of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study. The trial previously reported that Ginkgo biloba had no effect on the primary outcome, incident dementia. METHODS AND RESULTS The double-blind trial randomly assigned 3069 participants over 75 years of age to 120 mg of G biloba EGb 761 twice daily or placebo. Mean follow-up was 6.1 years. The identification and classification of CVD was based on methods used in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Differences in time to event between G biloba and placebo were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age and sex. There were 355 deaths in the study, 87 due to coronary heart disease with no differences between G biloba and placebo. There were no differences in incident myocardial infarction (n=164), angina pectoris (n=207), or stroke (151) between G biloba and placebo. There were 24 hemorrhagic strokes, 16 on G biloba and 8 on placebo (not significant). There were only 35 peripheral vascular disease events, 12 (0.8%) on G biloba and 23 (1.5%) on placebo (P=0.04, exact test). Most of the peripheral vascular disease cases had either vascular surgery or amputation. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence that G biloba reduced total or CVD mortality or CVD events. There were more peripheral vascular disease events in the placebo arm. G biloba cannot be recommended for preventing CVD. Further clinical trials of peripheral vascular disease outcomes might be indicated. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00010803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N Bellefield Ave, Room 550, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Ou HC, Lee WJ, Lee IT, Chiu TH, Tsai KL, Lin CY, Sheu WHH. Ginkgo biloba extract attenuates oxLDL-induced oxidative functional damages in endothelial cells. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:1674-85. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91415.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process with increased oxidative stress in vascular endothelium. Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE), extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves, has commonly been used as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular and neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate how GbE protects vascular endothelial cells against the proatherosclerotic stressor oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in vitro. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with GbE (12.5–100 μg/ml) for 2 h and then incubated with oxLDL (150 μg/ml) for an additional 24 h. Subsequently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidant enzyme activities, adhesion to monocytes, cell morphology, viability, and several apoptotic indexes were assessed. Our data show that ROS generation is an upstream signal in oxLDL-treated HUVECs. Cu,Zn-SOD, but not Mn-SOD, was inactivated by oxLDL. In addition, oxLDL diminished expression of endothelial NO synthase and enhanced expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM, VCAM, and E-selectin) and the adherence of monocytic THP-1 cells to HUVECs. Furthermore, oxLDL increased intracellular calcium, disturbed the balance of Bcl-2 family proteins, destabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, and triggered subsequent cytochrome c release into the cytosol and activation of caspase-3. These detrimental effects were ameliorated dose dependently by GbE ( P < 0.05). Results from this study may provide insight into a possible molecular mechanism underlying GbE suppression of the oxLDL-mediated vascular endothelial dysfunction.
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Hsu CL, Wu YL, Tang GJ, Lee TS, Kou YR. Ginkgo biloba extract confers protection from cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis in human lung endothelial cells: Role of heme oxygenase-1. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:286-96. [PMID: 19254777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is associated with increased oxidative stress and numbers of apoptotic endothelial cells in the lungs. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) is a therapeutic agent for disorders such as vascular insufficiency and Alzheimer's disease. Although EGb is known to possess antioxidant functions, its ability to alleviate cigarette smoke-induced pathophysiological consequences has not been elucidated. We investigated the cytoprotective effects and therapeutic mechanisms of EGb against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs). Challenge with CSE (160 microg/ml) caused a reduction in cell viability, an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and an acceleration of caspase-dependent apoptosis in HPAECs, all of which were alleviated by pretreatment with EGb (100 microg/ml). N-acetylcysteine (an antioxidant) also reduced both the CSE-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, indicating that the former response triggered the latter. Additionally, EGb produced activation of ERK, JNK and p38 [three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)], an increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, a stress-responsive protein with antioxidant function). Pretreatment with inhibitors of MAPKs abolished both EGb-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 upregulation. Small interfering RNAs targeting HO-1 prevented EGb-induced HO-1 upregulation and also abolished the antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective effects of EGb in HPAECs insulted with CSE. We conclude that EGb confers protection from oxidative stress-related apoptosis induced by CSE in HPAECs and its therapeutic effects depend on transcriptional upregulation of HO-1 by EGb via the MAPKs/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Ling Hsu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Shih-Pai, Taipei, Taiwan
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Takuma K, Hoshina Y, Arai S, Himeno Y, Matsuo A, Funatsu Y, Kitahara Y, Ibi D, Hayase M, Kamei H, Mizoguchi H, Nagai T, Koike K, Inoue M, Yamada K. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 attenuates hippocampal neuronal loss and cognitive dysfunction resulting from chronic restraint stress in ovariectomized rats. Neuroscience 2007; 149:256-62. [PMID: 17869007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently found that a combination of ovariectomy (OVX) and chronic restraint stress causes cognitive dysfunction and reduces hippocampal CA3 neurons in female rats and that estrogen replacement suppresses the OVX/stress-induced behavioral and morphological changes. In this study, we examined the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), a popular herbal supplement, on the cognitive dysfunction and neuromorphological change in OVX/stress-subjected rats. Female Fisher 344 rats were randomly divided into three groups: vehicle-treated OVX, EGb 761 (50 mg/kg) -treated OVX and vehicle-treated sham-operated control groups. Two months after ovariectomy, all animals received restraint stress for 21 days (6 h/day), and were then subjected to a novel object recognition test followed by morphological examination by Nissl staining. EGb 761 was orally administered once daily until the behavioral analysis was done. Treatment with EGb 761 improved memory impairment and neuronal loss of hippocampus in the OVX/stress-subjected group in the same ways as 17beta-estradiol. On the other hand, EGb 761 did not affect the loss of bone mineral density and increase in body weight after OVX, although 17beta-estradiol attenuated them. These results have important implications for neuroprotective and cognition enhancing effects of EGb 761 in postmenopausal women and suggest that the effects are mediated by a different mechanism from estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takuma
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Chan PC, Xia Q, Fu PP. Ginkgo biloba leave extract: biological, medicinal, and toxicological effects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2007; 25:211-44. [PMID: 17763047 DOI: 10.1080/10590500701569414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leave extract is among the most widely sold herbal dietary supplements in the United States. Its purported biological effects include: scavenging free radical; lowering oxidative stress; reducing neural damages, reducing platelets aggregation; anti-inflammation; anti-tumor activities; and anti-aging. Clinically, it has been prescribed to treat CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and cognitive deficits. It exerts allergy and changes in bleeding time. While its mutagenicity or carcinogenic activity has not been reported, its components, quercetin, kaempferol and rutin have been shown to be genotoxic. There are no standards or guidelines regulating the constituent components of Ginkgo biloba leave extract nor are exposure limits imposed. Safety evaluation of Ginkgo biloba leave extract is being conducted by the U.S. National Toxicology Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chuen Chan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Sun BL, Yuan H, Yang MF, Xia ZL, Zhang SM, Wang LX. Effects of extract of ginkgo biloba on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral blood flow in a rat model of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Int J Neurosci 2007; 117:655-65. [PMID: 17464783 DOI: 10.1080/00207450600773871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate in effect of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) on cerebral blood perfusion in a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) rat model. SAH lead to an increase in intracranial pressure and decrease in cranial perfusion pressure and regional cerebral blood flow in all groups. However, the intracranial pressure increases in EGb groups were less than that of the vehicle group (p < .01), whereas the reduction in cranial perfusion pressure and regional cerebral blood flow in the EGb group was less than that of the vehicle and SAH groups (p < .01). It was concluded that EGb attenuates the increase in intracranial pressure and reduction in cerebral blood perfusion after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Microcirculation Affiliated Hospital, Taishan Medical College, Shandong, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Meletis
- Beaverton Naturopathic Medicine, an integrative medicine clinic in Portland, Oregon
- National College of Naturopathic Medicine, Portland
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67
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Ding J, Yu J, Wang C, Hu W, Li D, Luo Y, Luo H, Yu H. Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates liver fibrosis induced by CCl in rats. Liver Int 2005; 25:1224-32. [PMID: 16343076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats and expressions of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and collagen I during this period. METHODS The effect of GbE on liver fibrogenesis was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E staining), Masson's trichrome staining, and electron microscope study. Blood samples were collected for measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin. Malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissue was detected by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Immunohistochemistry assay and RT-PCR were used to examine the protein expressions and mRNA levels of TGF-beta1 and collagen I, respectively. RESULTS H&E, Masson's trichrome stainings and electron microscope study showed liver fibrosis in rats was greatly alleviated when treated with GbE. Additionally, there was a remarkable improvement of serum ALT, AST, albumin and MDA in the GbE-treated group. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR results showed GbE intervention significantly inhibited TGF-beta1 and collagen I expressions in rat liver. No side effects of GbE were found during these experiments. But GbE could not reverse the pathological changes of liver fibrosis completely when compared with normal control. CONCLUSION GbE can partially protect rat liver from the fibrogenesis induced by CCl4. The mechanism may lie in its effect of inhibiting oxidative stress caused by liver injury and expressions of signal molecules such as TGF-beta1. GbE may thus be of potential help as a medicament or food additive for alleviation of liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ding
- Digestive Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Palmer ME. Effect of dietary supplements on hemostasis: a case of bleeding in context of research and surveillance. Thromb Res 2005; 117:33-8; discussion 39-42. [PMID: 16182344 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Palmer
- George Washington University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical Faculty Associates, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 2B, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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