51
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Baldal EA, van der Linde K, van Alphen JJM, Brakefield PM, Zwaan BJ. The effects of larval density on adult life-history traits in three species of Drosophila. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:407-16. [PMID: 15664627 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that longevity and starvation resistance are determined by a common genetic mechanism. Starvation resistance in Drosophila strongly correlates with both fat content and longevity, and is affected by density during rearing. In this study, we examine how three species, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila ananassae and Drosophila willistoni, respond to three larval density treatments. Starvation resistance after adult eclosion, and after 2 days of feeding, and longevity were examined in each sex. D. willistoni reacted differently to larval density than the other two species. This species showed an effect of density on longevity whilst D. ananassae and D. melanogaster showed no such effects. The results also indicate that starvation resistance is not solely determined by fat content. Resistance to starvation at two time points after eclosion differed among species. This may reflect differences in resource acquisition and allocation, and we discuss our findings in relation to how selection may operate in the different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Baldal
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9516 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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52
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Abstract
The timing and duration of reproductive activities are highly variable both at the individual and population level. Understanding how this variation evolved by natural selection is fundamental to understanding many important aspects of an organism's life history, ecology and behaviour. Here, we combine game theoretic principles governing reproductive timing and the evolutionary theory of senescence to study the interaction between protandry (the earlier arrival or emergence of males to breeding areas than females) and senescence in seasonal breeders. Our general model applies to males who are seeking to mate as frequently as possible over a relatively short period, and so is relevant to many organisms including annual insects and semelparous vertebrates. The model predicts that protandry and maximum reproductive lifespans should increase in environments characterized by high survival and by a low competitive cost of maintaining the somatic machinery necessary for survival. In relatively short seasons under these same conditions, seasonal declines in the reproductive lifespans of males of equivalent quality will be evolutionarily stable. However, over a broad range of potential values for daily survival and maintenance cost, reproductive lifespan is expected to be relatively short and constant throughout a large fraction of the season. We applied the model to sockeye (or kokanee) salmon Oncorhynchus nerka and show that pronounced seasonal declines in reproductive lifespan, a distinctive feature of semelparous Oncorhynchus spp., is likely part of a male mating strategy to maximize mating opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Morbey
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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53
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Prasad NG, Joshi A. What have two decades of laboratory life-history evolution studies on Drosophila melanogaster taught us? J Genet 2004; 82:45-76. [PMID: 14631102 DOI: 10.1007/bf02715881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of laboratory selection experiments on Drosophila melanogaster over the past two decades has provided insights into the specifics of life-history tradeoffs in the species and greatly refined our understanding of how ecology and genetics interact in life-history evolution. Much of what has been learnt from these studies about the subtlety of the microevolutionary process also has significant implications for experimental design and inference in organismal biology beyond life-history evolution, as well as for studies of evolution in the wild. Here we review work on the ecology and evolution of life-histories in laboratory populations of D. melanogaster, emphasizing how environmental effects on life-history-related traits can influence evolutionary change. We discuss life-history tradeoffs - many unexpected - revealed by selection experiments, and also highlight recent work that underscores the importance to life-history evolution of cross-generation and cross-life-stage effects and interactions, sexual antagonism and sexual dimorphism, population dynamics, and the possible role of biological clocks in timing life-history events. Finally, we discuss some of the limitations of typical selection experiments, and how these limitations might be transcended in the future by a combination of more elaborate and realistic selection experiments, developmental evolutionary biology, and the emerging discipline of phenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Prasad
- Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, P.O. Box 6436, Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, India
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54
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Ernande B, Clobert J, McCombie H, Boudry P. Genetic polymorphism and trade-offs in the early life-history strategy of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1795): a quantitative genetic study. J Evol Biol 2003; 16:399-414. [PMID: 14635840 DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated genetic variability and genetic correlations in early life-history traits of Crassostrea gigas. Larval survival, larval development rate, size at settlement and metamorphosis success were found to be substantially heritable, whereas larval growth rate and juvenile traits were not. We identified a strong positive genetic correlation between larval development rate and size at settlement, and argue that selection could optimize both age and size at settlement. However, trade-offs, resulting in costs of metamorphosing early and large, were suggested by negative genetic correlations or covariances between larval development rate/size at settlement and both metamorphosis success and juvenile survival. Moreover, size advantage at settlement disappeared with time during the juvenile stage. Finally, we observed no genetic correlations between larval and juvenile stages, implying genetic independence of life-history traits between life-stages. We suggest two possible scenarios for the maintenance of genetic polymorphism in the early life-history strategy of C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ernande
- Centre de Recherche en Ecologie Marine et Aquaculture, CNRS-IFREMER, L'Houmeau, France.
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55
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Chippindale AK, Ngo AL, Rose MR. The devil in the details of life-history evolution: Instability and reversal of genetic correlations during selection onDrosophila development. J Genet 2003; 82:133-45. [PMID: 15133191 DOI: 10.1007/bf02715814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary relationships between three major components of Darwinian fitness, development rate, growth rate and preadult survival, were estimated using a comparison of 55 distinct populations of Drosophila melanogaster variously selected for age-specific fertility, environmental-stress tolerance and accelerated development. Development rate displayed a strong net negative evolutionary correlation with weight at eclosion across all selection treatments, consistent with the existence of a size-versus-time tradeoff between these characters. However, within the data set, the magnitude of the evolutionary correlation depended upon the particular selection treatments contrasted. A previously proposed tradeoff between preadult viability and growth rate was apparent only under weak selection for juvenile fitness components. Direct selection for rapid development led to sharp reductions in both growth rates and viability. These data add to the mounting results from experimental evolution that illustrate the sensitivity of evolutionary correlations to (i) genotype-by-environment (G x E) interaction, (ii) complex functional-trait interactions, and (iii) character definition. Instability, disappearance and reversal of patterns of genetic covariation often occur over short evolutionary time frames and as the direct product of selection, rather than some stochastic process. We suggest that the functional architecture of fitness is a rapidly evolving matrix with reticulate properties, a matrix that we understand only poorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Chippindale
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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56
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Houle D, Rowe L. Natural selection in a bottle. Am Nat 2003; 161:50-67. [PMID: 12650462 DOI: 10.1086/345480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2001] [Accepted: 06/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The study of natural selection in laboratory systems undergoing experimental evolution can provide important insights into the relationship between natural selection and adaptation. We studied selection on the norm of reaction of age at first reproduction in a laboratory population of Drosophila melanogaster. This population had been selected on a discrete generation schedule in the laboratory for more than 600 generations. Using genetically marked strains, we studied development time, size, female fecundity, and viability of flies that began development at different times relative to the initiation of each bottle. Only flies that began development within 30 h of the initiation of the bottle were reliably able to eclose before the next transfer. Theory predicts that flies initiating development around this critical time should decrease size at maturity to ensure eclosion by the 14-d deadline, but late flies are not smaller. This result suggests an unknown constraint on response to selection on age at maturity in this population. Ultimately, laboratory systems provide the best opportunity for the study of natural selection, genetic variation, and evolutionary response in the same population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Houle
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
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57
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Norry FM, Loeschcke VR. Longevity and resistance to cold stress in cold‐stress selected lines and their controls inDrosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Norry
- *Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V. R. Loeschcke
- *Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
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58
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Chapuisat M, Keller L. Division of labour influences the rate of ageing in weaver ant workers. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:909-13. [PMID: 12028773 PMCID: PMC1690981 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary theory of ageing predicts that the timing of senescence has been primarily shaped by the extrinsic mortality rate, which causes selection intensity to decline over time. One difficulty in testing the evolutionary theory of ageing is that extrinsic mortality risk is often confounded with body size and fecundity, which may also directly affect lifespan. Social insects with a pronounced division of labour between worker castes provide a unique opportunity to study the direct effect of extrinsic mortality on the evolution of ageing rates independently of body size, reproductive effort and genetic configuration. In the weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, the major (large) workers perform the risky tasks outside the nest, while the minor (small) workers stay within the highly protected arboreal nest. Hence, this pronounced division of labour is associated with high differences in extrinsic mortality risks. The evolutionary theory of ageing predicts that the minor workers should have a longer intrinsic lifespan than the major workers. In line with this prediction, we found that in a protected environment the minor workers lived significantly longer than the major workers did. Hence, the ageing rate appears to have been moulded by variation in the extrinsic mortality rate independently of size, reproductive effort and genetic configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Chapuisat
- Institute of Ecology, Biology Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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59
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60
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Carlson KA, Nusbaum TJ, Rose MR, Harshman LG. Oocyte maturation and ovariole number in lines ofDrosophila melanogasterselected for postponed senescence. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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61
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Norry FM, Loeschcke V. TEMPERATURE-INDUCED SHIFTS IN ASSOCIATIONS OF LONGEVITY WITH BODY SIZE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0299:tisiao]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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62
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Cortese MD, Norry FM, Piccinali R, Hasson E. DIRECT AND CORRELATED RESPONSES TO ARTIFICIAL SELECTION ON DEVELOPMENTAL TIME AND WING LENGTH IN DROSOPHILA BUZZATII. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[2541:dacrta]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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63
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Woods RE, Sgro CM, Hercus MJ, Hoffmann AA. Fluctuating asymmetry, fecundity and development time in Drosophila: is there an association under optimal and stress conditions? J Evol Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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64
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Gotthard K. Increased risk of predation as a cost of high growth rate: an experimental test in a butterfly. J Anim Ecol 2001; 69:896-902. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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65
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Land JV‘, Putten PV, Zwaan, Kamping, Delden WV. Latitudinal variation in wild populations ofDrosophila melanogaster: heritabilities and reaction norms. J Evol Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Van ‘t Land
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
| | - P. Van Putten
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
| | - Zwaan
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
| | - Kamping
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
| | - W. Van Delden
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9700 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- University College London, Department of Biology, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
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66
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Ackermann M, Bijlsma R, James AC, Partridge L, Zwaan BJ, Stearns SC. Effects of assay conditions in life history experiments with Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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67
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Joshi A, Prasad NG, Shakarad M. K-selection, alpha-selection, effectiveness, and tolerance in competition: density-dependent selection revisited. J Genet 2001; 80:63-75. [PMID: 11910126 DOI: 10.1007/bf02728332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the Drosophila literature, selection for faster development and selection for adapting to high density are often confounded, leading, for example, to the expectation that selection for faster development should also lead to higher competitive ability. At the same time, results from experimental studies on evolution at high density do not agree with many of the predictions from classical density-dependent selection theory. We put together a number of theoretical and empirical results from the literature, and some new experimental results on Drosophila populations successfully subjected to selection for faster development, to argue for a broader interpretation of density-dependent selection. We show that incorporating notions of alpha-selection, and the division of competitive ability into effectiveness and tolerance components, into the concept of density-dependent selection yields a formulation that allows for a better understanding of the empirical results. We also use this broader formulation to predict that selection for faster development in Drosophila should, in fact, lead to the correlated evolution of decreased competitive ability, even though it does lead to the evolution of greater efficiency and higher population growth rates at high density when in monotypic culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joshi
- Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, P.O. Box No. 6436, Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, India.
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68
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Miller GT, Starmer WT, Pitnick S. Quantitative genetics of seminal receptacle length in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2001; 87:25-32. [PMID: 11678984 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The length of the female's primary sperm-storage organ, the seminal receptacle, has undergone rapid divergence within the Drosophila genus. Quantitative genetic analysis of seminal receptacle length was carried out on two laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster that had undergone artificial selection for both increased and decreased organ length. Realized heritabilities were 0.176 and 0.270 for the two experiments. Parental strains, F1, F1r (reciprocal), F2, backcross, and backcross reciprocal generations were used in a line-cross (generation means) analysis. This analysis revealed that additive, dominance, and additive-by-dominance epistasis contributed significantly to the means. No significant maternal effects were found. Variance analysis indicated that a completely additive model was adequate to explain the variances observed in these lines. Castle-Wright minimal estimates of 5.25 and 1.91, segregating loci responsible for mean differences, were found for the two respective experiments. There were significant positive correlations between additive effects of seminal receptacle length and thorax length in both experiments. The correlated evolution of sperm and seminal receptacle length is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Miller
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 108 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
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69
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Prasad NG, Shakarad M, Anitha D, Rajamani M, Joshi A. CORRELATED RESPONSES TO SELECTION FOR FASTER DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY REPRODUCTION IN DROSOPHILA: THE EVOLUTION OF LARVAL TRAITS. Evolution 2001. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1363:crtsff]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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70
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Foley PA, Luckinbill LS. THE EFFECTS OF SELECTION FOR LARVAL BEHAVIOR ON ADULT LIFE-HISTORY FEATURES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2001. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[2493:teosfl]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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71
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Promislow DEL, Bugbee M. Direct and correlated responses to selection on age at physiological maturity in Drosophila simulans. J Evol Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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72
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73
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Stearns SC, Ackermann M, Doebeli M, Kaiser M. Experimental evolution of aging, growth, and reproduction in fruitflies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3309-13. [PMID: 10716732 PMCID: PMC16235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report in this paper an evolutionary experiment on Drosophila that tested life-history theory and the evolutionary theory of aging. As theory predicts, higher extrinsic mortality rates did lead to the evolution of higher intrinsic mortality rates, to shorter lifespans, and to decreased age and size at eclosion; peak fecundity also shifted earlier in life. These results confirm the key role of extrinsic mortality rates in the evolution of growth, maturation, reproduction, and aging, and they do so with a selection regime that maintained selection on fertility throughout life while holding population densities constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Stearns
- Zoology Institute, University of Basel, Rheinsprung 9, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.
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74
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Abstract
We report in this paper an evolutionary experiment on Drosophila that tested life-history theory and the evolutionary theory of aging. As theory predicts, higher extrinsic mortality rates did lead to the evolution of higher intrinsic mortality rates, to shorter lifespans, and to decreased age and size at eclosion; peak fecundity also shifted earlier in life. These results confirm the key role of extrinsic mortality rates in the evolution of growth, maturation, reproduction, and aging, and they do so with a selection regime that maintained selection on fertility throughout life while holding population densities constant.
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75
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Gorlov IP, Tsurusaki N. Analysis of the phenotypic effects of B chromosomes in a natural population of Metagagrella tenuipes (Arachnida: Opiliones). Heredity (Edinb) 2000; 84 ( Pt 2):209-17. [PMID: 10762391 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic effects of B chromosomes in a natural population of Metagagrella tenuipes (Arachnida: Opiliones) were studied. Mean number of Bs per individual in the population studied was 6.0, and remained stable during two successive summers of 1997 and 1998. In contrast to the number of B chromosomes, ratios between individuals possessing odd and those possessing even numbers of Bs changed during both collection seasons: the proportion of harvestmen with an even number of Bs decreased from June-July to October-November. A possible reason for this may be a difference in susceptibility to parasites between B-odd and B-even harvestmen. In the group of B-even individuals the percentage of infected harvestmen in the June-July samples was much higher compared to the B-odd group. In addition, the infection rate in the B-even group decreased more sharply than among B-odd harvestmen. In the group of B-even harvestmen infection was associated with reduced body size, whereas no such association was found among B-odd harvestmen. In the group of B-even individuals there was a U-shaped relationship between number of Bs and the probability of being infected by parasites, and an inverted-U-shaped relationship between body size and number of Bs. No such associations were found in the group of B-odd harvestmen. Seasonal selection is suggested to be a main factor contributing to the B-chromosome polymorphism in M. tenuipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Gorlov
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Education and Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551 Japan
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76
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Robinson SJW, Zwaan B, Partridge L. STARVATION RESISTANCE AND ADULT BODY COMPOSITION IN A LATITUDINAL CLINE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2000. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[1819:sraabc]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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77
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Gasser M, Kaiser M, Berrigan D, Stearns SC. LIFE-HISTORY CORRELATES OF EVOLUTION UNDER HIGH AND LOW ADULT MORTALITY. Evolution 2000. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[1260:lhcoeu]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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78
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Minois N, Le Bourg E. Resistance to stress as a function of age in Drosophila melanogaster living in hypergravity. Mech Ageing Dev 1999; 109:53-64. [PMID: 10405989 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Male and female fruitflies (Drosophila melanogaster) living at different gravity levels [1g: terrestrial gravity; 3 and 5g: hypergravity (HG)] were used to investigate the age-specific (young: 7 days; middle-aged: 28 days; and old: 49 days) resistance to various stresses (starvation, desiccation, and cold). The experiment showed that the resistance of the flies to the studied stresses decreased with age, except in the case of females submitted to starvation which was increased. These variations were explained by the amount of lipid. Variation in desiccation resistance was not explained by the amount of water. As a function of gravity, no or slight differences were observed for the studied stresses. The resistance to heat of young flies increased with the gravity level. This resistance was not explained by a decreased locomotor activity of HG-living flies during heat stress, nor by the water and lipid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Minois
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA.
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79
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Abstract
Evolutionary theories of ageing are based on the observation that the efficacy of natural selection decreases with age. This is because, even without ageing, individuals will die of environmental causes, such as predation, disease and accidents. Ageing is thought to have evolved as the result of optimising fitness early in life. A second process, namely the progressive accumulation of mutations with effects late in life, will reinforce this result. Longevity of a species is therefore determined by the amount of environmental mortality caused by the ecology of a species. The experimental data concerning the relative roles of both processes are reviewed here. Recent discoveries of the levelling of mortality curves, and of age specific mutations in mutation accumulation lines of Drosophila melanogaster, require adjustments to the original models of the evolution of ageing and species longevity. These adjustments do not invalidate the underlying rationale of evolutionary theories of ageing. With current developments in QTL mapping and genetic association studies, the unravelling of the ageing process has the potential to progress rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Zwaan
- Institute for Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, Leiden University, Kaiserstraat 63, 2311 GP Leiden, The Netherlands.
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80
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Partridge L, Prowse N, Pignatelli P. Another set of responses and correlated responses to selection on age at reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Biol Sci 1999; 266:255-61. [PMID: 10081162 PMCID: PMC1689678 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1999.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is the decline in survival probability and fertility later in adult life. It can evolve through mutation accumulation and pleiotropy. Artificial selection by age at reproduction is a useful method for detecting the effects of pleiotropy, and for producing lines that differ in their rate of ageing for further analysis. However, the approach has encountered difficulties from gene-environment interaction and inadvertent selection. We have produced a new set of selection lines in Drosophila melanogaster, breeding from either 'young' or 'old' adults, and avoiding some of the difficulties present in previous studies. Breeding from older adults resulted in an evolutionary increase in survival but, contrary to all previous studies using this method, in no increase in late-life fertility. The increase in survival was accompanied by an evolutionary decline in fertility early in adult life, confirming the importance of pleiotropy in the evolution of ageing. Contrary to previous studies, there were no correlated responses to selection in the pre-adult period; development time, larval competitive ability and adult size achieved did not differ between the lines from the two selection regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Partridge
- Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, UK
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81
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Tucić N, Stojković O, Gliksman I, Milanović A, Šešlija D. LABORATORY EVOLUTION OF LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS IN THE BEAN WEEVIL (ACANTHOSCELIDES OBTECTUS): THE EFFECTS OF DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND AGE-SPECIFIC SELECTION. Evolution 1997; 51:1896-1909. [PMID: 28565104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb05112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/1996] [Accepted: 06/23/1997] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Four types of laboratory populations of the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus) have been developed to study the effects of density-dependent and age-specific selection. These populations have been selected at high (K) and low larval densities (r) as well as for reproduction early (Y) and late (O) in life. The results presented here suggest that the r- and K-populations (density-dependent selection regimes) have differentiated from each other with respect to the following life-history traits: egg-to-adult viability at high larval density (K > r), preadult developmental time (r > K), body weight (r > K), late fecundity (K > r), total realized fecundity (r > K), and longevity of males (r > K). It was also found that the following traits responded in statistically significant manner in populations subjected to different age-specific selection regimes: egg-to-adult viability (O > Y), body weight (O > Y), early fecundity (Y > O), late fecundity (O > Y), and longevity of females and males (O > Y). Although several life-history traits (viability, body weight, late fecundity) responded in similar manner to both density-dependent and age-specific selection regimes, it appears that underlying genetic and physiological mechanisms responsible for differentiation of the r/K and Y/O populations are different. We have also tested quantitative genetic basis of the bean weevil life-history traits in the populations experiencing density-dependent and age-specific selection. Among the traits traded-off within age-specific selection regimes, only early fecundity showed directional dominance, whereas late fecundity and longevity data indicated additive inheritance. In contrast to age-specific selecton regimes, three life-history traits (developmental time, body size, total fecundity) in the density-sependent regimes exhibited significant dominance effects. Lastly, we have tested the congruence between short-term and long-term effects of larval densities. The comparisons of the outcomes of the r/K selection regimes and those obtained from the low- and high-larval densities revealed that there is no congruence between the selection results and phenotypic plasticity for the analyzed life-history traits in the bean weevil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Tucić
- Institute of Zoology,Faculty of Science, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia
| | - Oliver Stojković
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia
| | - Ivana Gliksman
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia
| | - Agana Milanović
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia
| | - Darka Šešlija
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia
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82
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Abstract
Models of life history evolution predict optimal traits of a simplified organism under various environmental conditions, but they at most acknowledge the existence of ageing. On the other hand, genetic models of ageing do not consider the effects of ageing on life histroy traits other than fecundity and longevity. This paper reports the results of a dynamic programming model which optimizes resource allocation to growth, reproduction and somatic repair. A low extrinsic (environmentally caused) mortality rate and high repair efficiency promote allocation to repair, especially early in life, resulting in delayed ageing and low growth rates, delayed maturity, large body size and dramatic enhancement of survival and maximum lifespan. The results are generally consistent with field, comprative and experimental data. They also suggest that the relationships between maximum lifespan and age at maturity and body size observed in nature may be by-products of optimal allocation strategies.
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83
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Martin GM, Austad SN, Johnson TE. Genetic analysis of ageing: role of oxidative damage and environmental stresses. Nat Genet 1996; 13:25-34. [PMID: 8673100 DOI: 10.1038/ng0596-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts substantial interspecific and intraspecific differences in the proximal mechanisms of ageing. Our goal here is to seek evidence for common ('public') mechanisms among diverse organisms amenable to genetic analysis. Oxidative damage is a candidate for such a public mechanism of ageing. Long-lived strains are relatively resistant to different environmental stresses. The extent to which these stresses produce oxidative damage remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Martin
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7470, USA
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