51
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Divergence, Convergence and Phenotypic Diversity of Neotropical Frugivorous Bats. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowing how adaptation shapes morphological evolution is fundamental to understanding the processes that promote biological diversity. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the effects of adaptive radiations on phenotypic diversity, which is related to processes that promote phenotypic divergence and convergence. We applied comparative methods to identify shifts in adaptive peaks and to detect divergence and convergence in skull morphology of frugivorous bats (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae and Carollinae), an ecologically diverse group with strong association between skull morphology, feeding performance and diet that suggests adaptive diversification through morphological innovation. We found divergence and convergence for skull morphology. Fifteen peak shifts were found for jaws, which result in four convergent and four divergent regimes. For skull, nine peak shifts were detected that result in three convergent and three divergent regimes. Furthermore, convergence was significant and strong for skull morphology since distantly related organisms converged to the same adaptive optima. Results suggest that convergence indicates the effect of restriction on phenotypes to keep the advantages provided by the skull phenotype that played a central role in the evolution of strict frugivory in phyllostomids. We conclude that convergence has limited phenotypic diversity of functional traits related to feeding in phyllostomid frugivores.
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52
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Hedrick BP, Dumont ER. Putting the leaf-nosed bats in context: a geometric morphometric analysis of three of the largest families of bats. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Hedrick
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Dumont
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California–Merced, Merced, CA, USA
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53
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Usui K, Tokita M. Creating diversity in mammalian facial morphology: a review of potential developmental mechanisms. EvoDevo 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29946416 PMCID: PMC6003202 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals (class Mammalia) have evolved diverse craniofacial morphology to adapt to a wide range of ecological niches. However, the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying the diversification of mammalian craniofacial morphology remain largely unknown. In this paper, we focus on the facial length and orofacial clefts of mammals and deduce potential mechanisms that produced diversity in mammalian facial morphology. Small-scale changes in facial morphology from the common ancestor, such as slight changes in facial length and the evolution of the midline cleft in some lineages of bats, could be attributed to heterochrony in facial bone ossification. In contrast, large-scale changes of facial morphology from the common ancestor, such as a truncated, widened face as well as the evolution of the bilateral cleft possessed by some bat species, could be brought about by changes in growth and patterning of the facial primordium (the facial processes) at the early stages of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Usui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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54
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Ferraz T, Rossoni DM, Althoff SL, Pissinatti A, Paixão-Cortês VR, Bortolini MC, González-José R, Marroig G, Salzano FM, Gonçalves GL, Hünemeier T. Contrasting patterns of RUNX2 repeat variations are associated with palate shape in phyllostomid bats and New World primates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7867. [PMID: 29777172 PMCID: PMC5959863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing the genetic basis that underlies craniofacial variability in natural populations is one of the main topics of evolutionary and developmental studies. One of the genes associated with mammal craniofacial variability is RUNX2, and in the present study we investigated the association between craniofacial length and width and RUNX2 across New World bats (Phyllostomidae) and primates (Catarrhini and Platyrrhini). Our results showed contrasting patterns of association between the glutamate/alanine ratios (Q/A ratio) and palate shape in these highly diverse groups. In phyllostomid bats, we found an association between shorter/broader faces and increase of the Q/A ratio. In New World monkeys (NWM) there was a positive correlation of increasing Q/A ratios to more elongated faces. Our findings reinforced the role of the Q/A ratio as a flexible genetic mechanism that would rapidly change the time of skull ossification throughout development. However, we propose a scenario in which the influence of this genetic adjustment system is indirect. The Q/A ratio would not lead to a specific phenotype, but throughout the history of a lineage, would act along with evolutionary constraints, as well as other genes, as a facilitator for adaptive morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferraz
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Rossoni
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rolando González-José
- Patagonian Institute of Social and Human Sciences, National Council for Scientific and Technological Research-CONICET, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Marroig
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gislene L Gonçalves
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Environmental Resources, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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55
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Kelly RM, Friedman R, Santana SE. Primary productivity explains size variation across the Pallid bat's western geographic range. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle M. Kelly
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Rachel Friedman
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of Washington Seattle WA USA
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56
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Giménez AL, Giannini NP. The endemic Patagonian vespertilionid assemblage is a depauperate ecomorphological vicariant of species-rich neotropical assemblages. Curr Zool 2018; 63:495-505. [PMID: 29492009 PMCID: PMC5804208 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vespertilionidae is the most diverse chiropteran family, and its diversity is concentrated in warm regions of the World; however, due to physiological and behavioral adaptations, these bats also dominate bat faunas in temperate regions. Here we performed a comparative study of vespertilionid assemblages from two broad regions of the New World, the cold and harsh Patagonia, versus the remaining temperate-to-subtropical, extra-Patagonian eco-regions of the South American Southern Cone. We took an ecomorphological approach and analyzed the craniodental morphological structure of these assemblages within a phylogenetic framework. We measured 17 craniodental linear variables from 447 specimens of 22 currently recognized vespertilionid species of the study regions. We performed a multivariate analysis to define the morphofunctional space, and calculated the pattern and degree of species packing for each assemblage. We assessed the importance of phylogeny and biogeography, and their impact on depauperate (Patagonian) versus rich (extra-Patagonian) vespertilionid assemblages as determinants of morphospace structuring. We implemented a sensitivity analysis associated to small samples of rare species. The morphological patterns were determined chiefly by the evolutionary history of the family. The Patagonian assemblage can be described as a structurally similar but comparatively depauperate ecomorphological version of those assemblages from neighboring extra-Patagonian eco-regions. The Patagonian assemblage seems to have formed by successively adding populations from Northern regions that eventually speciated in the region, leaving corresponding sisters (vicariants) in extra-Patagonian eco-regions that continued to be characteristically richer. Despite being structurally akin, degree of species packing in Patagonia was comparatively very low, which may reflect the effect of limited dispersal success into a harsh region for bat survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía L Giménez
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónicas (CIEMEP, CONICET-UNPSJB), Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad (LIEB), Roca 780, Esquel, Chubut, CP 9200, Argentina
| | - Norberto P Giannini
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Fundación Miguel Lillo, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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57
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Santana SE. Comparative Anatomy of Bat Jaw Musculature via Diffusible Iodine‐Based Contrast‐Enhanced Computed Tomography. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:267-278. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington, 98125
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58
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Curtis AA, Santana SE. Jaw‐Dropping: Functional Variation in the Digastric Muscle in Bats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:279-290. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Curtis
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
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59
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Rossoni DM, Assis APA, Giannini NP, Marroig G. Intense natural selection preceded the invasion of new adaptive zones during the radiation of New World leaf-nosed bats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11076. [PMID: 28894101 PMCID: PMC5593990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The family Phyllostomidae, which evolved in the New World during the last 30 million years, represents one of the largest and most morphologically diverse mammal families. Due to its uniquely diverse functional morphology, the phyllostomid skull is presumed to have evolved under strong directional selection; however, quantitative estimation of the strength of selection in this extraordinary lineage has not been reported. Here, we used comparative quantitative genetics approaches to elucidate the processes that drove cranial evolution in phyllostomids. We also quantified the strength of selection and explored its association with dietary transitions and specialization along the phyllostomid phylogeny. Our results suggest that natural selection was the evolutionary process responsible for cranial diversification in phyllostomid bats. Remarkably, the strongest selection in the phyllostomid phylogeny was associated with dietary specialization and the origination of novel feeding habits, suggesting that the adaptive diversification of phyllostomid bats was triggered by ecological opportunities. These findings are consistent with Simpson’s quantum evolutionary model of transitions between adaptive zones. The multivariate analyses used in this study provides a powerful tool for understanding the role of evolutionary processes in shaping phenotypic diversity in any group on both micro- and macroevolutionary scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Rossoni
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula A Assis
- Department of Ecology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto P Giannini
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, 4000, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Marroig
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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60
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Manhães IA, Nogueira MR, Monteiro LR. Bite force and evolutionary studies in phyllostomid bats: a meta‐analysis and validation. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. A. Manhães
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais CBB Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
| | - M. R. Nogueira
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais CBB Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
| | - L. R. Monteiro
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais CBB Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
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61
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Villalobos-Chaves D, Spínola-Parallada M, Heer K, Kalko EKV, Rodríguez-Herrera B. Implications of a specialized diet for the foraging behavior of the Honduran white bat, Ectophylla alba (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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62
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Holzman R, Hulsey CD. Mechanical Transgressive Segregation and the Rapid Origin of Trophic Novelty. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40306. [PMID: 28079133 PMCID: PMC5228120 DOI: 10.1038/srep40306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid phenotypes are often intermediate between those of parental species. However, hybridization can generate novel phenotypes when traits are complex. For instance, even when the morphologies of individual musculo-skeletal components do not segregate outside the parental range in hybrid offspring, complex functional systems can exhibit emergent phenotypes whose mechanics exceed the parental values. To determine if transgression in mechanics could facilitate divergence during an adaptive radiation, we examined three functional systems in the trophic apparatus of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. We conducted a simulation study of hybridization between species pairs whose morphology for three functional systems was empirically measured, to determine how the evolutionary divergence of parental species influences the frequency that hybridization could produce mechanics that transgress the parental range. Our simulations suggest that the complex mechanical systems of the cichlid trophic apparatus commonly exhibit greater transgression between more recently diverged cichlid species. Because (1) all three mechanical systems produce hybrids with transgressive mechanics in Lake Malawi cichlids, (2) hybridization is common, and (3) single hybrid crosses often recapitulate a substantial diversity of mechanics, we conclude that mechanical transgressive segregation could play an important role in the rapid accumulation of phenotypic variation in adaptive radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Holzman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - C. Darrin Hulsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
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63
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Santana SE, Miller KE. Extreme Postnatal Scaling in Bat Feeding Performance: A View of Ecomorphology from Ontogenetic and Macroevolutionary Perspectives. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:459-68. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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64
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Klaczko J, Sherratt E, Setz EZF. Are Diet Preferences Associated to Skulls Shape Diversification in Xenodontine Snakes? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148375. [PMID: 26886549 PMCID: PMC4757418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakes are a highly successful group of vertebrates, within great diversity in habitat, diet, and morphology. The unique adaptations for the snake skull for ingesting large prey in more primitive macrostomatan snakes have been well documented. However, subsequent diversification in snake cranial shape in relation to dietary specializations has rarely been studied (e.g. piscivory in natricine snakes). Here we examine a large clade of snakes with a broad spectrum of diet preferences to test if diet preferences are correlated to shape variation in snake skulls. Specifically, we studied the Xenodontinae snakes, a speciose clade of South American snakes, which show a broad range of diets including invertebrates, amphibians, snakes, lizards, and small mammals. We characterized the skull morphology of 19 species of xenodontine snakes using geometric morphometric techniques, and used phylogenetic comparative methods to test the association between diet and skull morphology. Using phylogenetic partial least squares analysis (PPLS) we show that skull morphology is highly associated with diet preferences in xenodontine snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klaczko
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma Sherratt
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eleonore Z. F. Setz
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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65
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Berthaume MA. Food mechanical properties and dietary ecology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S79-104. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Berthaume
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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66
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Villalobos-Chaves D, Padilla-Alvárez S, Rodríguez-Herrera B. Seed predation by the wrinkle-faced batCenturio senex: a new case of this unusual feeding strategy in Chiroptera. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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67
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Santana SE. Quantifying the effect of gape and morphology on bite force: biomechanical modelling and
in vivo
measurements in bats. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Box 315800 Seattle WA 98195‐1800USA
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68
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López-Aguirre C, Pérez-Torres J, Wilson LAB. Cranial and mandibular shape variation in the genus Carollia (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Colombia: biogeographic patterns and morphological modularity. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1197. [PMID: 26413433 PMCID: PMC4581772 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neotropical bats of the genus Carollia are widely studied due to their abundance, distribution and relevance for ecosystems. However, the ecomorphological boundaries of these species are poorly differentiated, and consequently correspondence between their geographic distribution, ecological plasticity and morphological variation remains unclear. In this study, patterns of cranial and mandibular morphological variation were assessed for Carollia brevicauda, C. castanea and C. perspicillata from Colombia. Using geometric morphometrics, morphological variation was examined with respect to: differences in intraspecific variation, morphological modularity and integration, and biogeographic patterns. Patterns of intraspecific variation were different for each species in both cranial and mandibular morphology, with functional differences apparent according to diet. Cranial modularity varied between species whereas mandibular modularity did not. High cranial and mandibular correlation reflects Cranium-Mandible integration as a functional unit. Similarity between the biogeographic patterns in C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata indicates that the Andes do not act as a barrier but rather as an independent region, isolating the morphology of Andean populations of larger-bodied species. The biogeographic pattern for C. castanea was not associated with the physiography of the Andes, suggesting that large body size does not benefit C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata in maintaining homogeneous morphologies among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo López-Aguirre
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia ; Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS), Departamento de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Jairo Pérez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS), Departamento de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Laura A B Wilson
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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69
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Runemark A, Sagonas K, Svensson EI. Ecological explanations to island gigantism: dietary niche divergence, predation, and size in an endemic lizard. Ecology 2015; 96:2077-92. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1996.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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70
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Shi JJ, Rabosky DL. Speciation dynamics during the global radiation of extant bats. Evolution 2015; 69:1528-1545. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff J. Shi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Daniel L. Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
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71
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Self CJ. Dental root size in bats with diets of different hardness. J Morphol 2015; 276:1065-74. [PMID: 26011087 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between tooth roots and diet is relatively unexplored, although a logical relationship between harder diets and increased root surface area (RSA) is suggested. This study addresses the interaction between tooth morphology, diet, and bite force in small mammals, phyllostomid bats. Using micro computed tomography (microCT), tooth root morphology of two fruit-eating species (Carollia perspicillata and Chiroderma villosum) and two insect-eating species (Mimon bennettii and Macrotus californicus) was compared. These species did not differ in skull or estimated body size. Food hardness, rather than dietary classification, proved to be the strongest grouping factor, with the two insectivores and the seed-processing frugivore (C. villosum) having significantly larger RSAs. Bite force was estimated using skull measurements; bite force significantly correlated with tooth RSA but not with body size. Although the three durophagous species did exhibit larger crowns, the area of the occlusal surface did not vary among the four species. There was a linear relationship between root size and crown size, indicating that the roots were not expanded disproportionately; instead the entire tooth was larger in the hard diet species. MicroCT allows the nondestructive quantification of previously difficult-to-access tooth morphology; this method shows the potential for tooth roots to provide valuable dietary, behavioral, and ecological information in small mammals. J. Morphol. 276:1065-1074, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Self
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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72
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D'Amore DC. Illustrating ontogenetic change in the dentition of the Nile monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus: a case study in the application of geometric morphometric methods for the quantification of shape-size heterodonty. J Anat 2015; 226:403-19. [PMID: 25939576 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many recent attempts have been made to quantify heterodonty in non-mammalian vertebrates, but the majority of these are limited to Euclidian measurements. One taxon frequently investigated is Varanus niloticus, the Nile monitor. Juveniles possess elongate, pointed teeth (caniniform) along the entirety of the dental arcade, whereas adults develop large, bulbous distal teeth (molariform). The purpose of this study was to present a geometric morphometric method to quantify V. niloticus heterodonty through ontogeny that may be applied to other non-mammalian taxa. Data were collected from the entire tooth row of 19 dry skull specimens. A semilandmark analysis was conducted on the outline of the photographed teeth, and size and shape were derived. Width was also measured with calipers. From these measures, sample ranges and allometric functions were created using multivariate statistical analyses for each tooth position separately, as well as overall measures of heterodonty for each specimen based on morphological disparity. The results confirm and expand upon previous studies, showing measurable shape-size heterodonty in the species with significant differences at each tooth position. Tooth size increases with body size at most positions, and the allometric coefficient increases at more distal positions. Width shows a dramatic increase at the distal positions with ontogeny, often displaying pronounced positive allometry. Dental shape varied in two noticeable ways, with the first composing the vast majority of shape variance: (i) caniniformy vs. molariformy and (ii) mesially leaning, 'rounded' apices vs. distally leaning, 'pointed' apices. The latter was twice as influential in the mandible, a consequence of host bone shape. Mesial teeth show no significant shape change with growth, whereas distal teeth change significantly due primarily to an increase in molariformy. Overall, heterodonty increases with body size concerning both tooth size and shape, but shape heterodonty changes in the mandible are much less pronounced. Although it is unclear to what degree V. niloticus specializes in hard prey items (durophagy), previous studies of varanid feeding behavior, along with research on analogous durophagous vertebrates, indicate a division of labor along the tooth row in adults, due to a possible transition to at least a partial durophagous niche. The geometric morphometric method proposed here, although not without its own limitations, may be ideal for use with a number of dental morphotypes in the future.
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Abstract
Feeding is the set of behaviors whereby organisms acquire and process the energy required for survival and reproduction. Thus, feeding system morphology is presumably subject to selection to maintain or improve feeding performance. Relationships among feeding system morphology, feeding behavior, and diet not only explain the morphological diversity of extant primates, but can also be used to reconstruct feeding behavior and diet in fossil taxa. Dental morphology has long been known to reflect aspects of feeding behavior and diet but strong relationships of craniomandibular morphology to feeding behavior and diet have yet to be defined.
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74
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Palate Variation and Evolution in New World Leaf-Nosed and Old World Fruit Bats (Order Chiroptera). Evol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-014-9291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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75
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Dávalos LM, Velazco PM, Warsi OM, Smits PD, Simmons NB. Integrating Incomplete Fossils by Isolating Conflicting Signal in Saturated and Non-Independent Morphological Characters. Syst Biol 2014; 63:582-600. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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76
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Dumont ER, Samadevam K, Grosse I, Warsi OM, Baird B, Davalos LM. SELECTION FOR MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE UNDERLIES MULTIPLE CRANIAL OPTIMA IN NEW WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS. Evolution 2014; 68:1436-49. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Dumont
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 221 Morrill Science Center; Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Krishna Samadevam
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 160 Governor's Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Ian Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 160 Governor's Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Omar M. Warsi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; 650 Life Sciences Building Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Brandon Baird
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; 650 Life Sciences Building Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Liliana M. Davalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; 650 Life Sciences Building Stony Brook New York 11794
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; Stony Brook University; 129 Dana Hall Stony Brook New York 11794
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77
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Hayden S, Bekaert M, Goodbla A, Murphy WJ, Dávalos LM, Teeling EC. A cluster of olfactory receptor genes linked to frugivory in bats. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:917-27. [PMID: 24441035 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity of the mammalian olfactory receptor (OR) repertoire has been globally reshaped by niche specialization. However, little is known about the variability of the OR repertoire at a shallower evolutionary timeframe. The vast bat radiation exhibits an extraordinary variety of trophic and sensory specializations. Unlike other mammals, bats possess a unique and diverse OR gene repertoire. We elucidated whether the evolution of the OR gene repertoire can be linked to ecological niche specializations, such as sensory modalities and diet. The OR gene repertoires of 27 bat species spanning the chiropteran radiation were amplified and sequenced. For each species, intact and nonfunctional genes were assessed, and the OR gene abundances in each gene family were analyzed and compared. We identified a unique OR pattern linked to the frugivorous diet of New World fruit-eating bats and a similar convergent pattern in the Old World fruit-eating bats. Our results show a strong association between niche specialization and OR repertoire diversity even at a shallow evolutionary timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hayden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington
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78
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Purnell MA, Crumpton N, Gill PG, Jones G, Rayfield EJ. Within-guild dietary discrimination from 3-D textural analysis of tooth microwear in insectivorous mammals. J Zool (1987) 2013; 291:249-257. [PMID: 25620853 PMCID: PMC4296236 DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resource exploitation and competition for food are important selective pressures in animal evolution. A number of recent investigations have focused on linkages between diversification, trophic morphology and diet in bats, partly because their roosting habits mean that for many bat species diet can be quantified relatively easily through faecal analysis. Dietary analysis in mammals is otherwise invasive, complicated, time consuming and expensive. Here we present evidence from insectivorous bats that analysis of three-dimensional (3-D) textures of tooth microwear using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) roughness parameters derived from sub-micron surface data provides an additional, powerful tool for investigation of trophic resource exploitation in mammals. Our approach, like scale-sensitive fractal analysis, offers considerable advantages over two-dimensional (2-D) methods of microwear analysis, including improvements in robustness, repeatability and comparability of studies. Our results constitute the first analysis of microwear textures in carnivorous mammals based on ISO roughness parameters. They demonstrate that the method is capable of dietary discrimination, even between cryptic species with subtly different diets within trophic guilds, and even when sample sizes are small. We find significant differences in microwear textures between insectivore species whose diet contains different proportions of 'hard' prey (such as beetles) and 'soft' prey (such as moths), and multivariate analyses are able to distinguish between species with different diets based solely on their tooth microwear textures. Our results show that, compared with previous 2-D analyses of microwear in bats, ISO roughness parameters provide a much more sophisticated characterization of the nature of microwear surfaces and can yield more robust and subtle dietary discrimination. ISO-based textural analysis of tooth microwear thus has a useful role to play, complementing existing approaches, in trophic analysis of mammals, both extant and extinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Purnell
- Department of Geology, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| | - N Crumpton
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol Bristol, UK ; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - P G Gill
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - G Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - E J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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79
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Santana SE, Lofgren SE. Does nasal echolocation influence the modularity of the mammal skull? J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2520-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - S. E. Lofgren
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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80
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Alvarado-Serrano DF, Luna L, Knowles LL. Localized versus generalist phenotypes in a broadly distributed tropical mammal: how is intraspecific variation distributed across disparate environments? BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:160. [PMID: 23899319 PMCID: PMC3737017 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of phenotypic differentiation in response to local environmental conditions is a key component of species adaptation and persistence. Understanding the structuring of phenotypic diversity in response to local environmental pressures can provide important insights into species evolutionary dynamics and responses to environmental change. This work examines the influence of steep environmental gradients on intraspecific phenotypic variation and tests two hypotheses about how the tropical soft grass mouse, Akodon mollis (Cricetidae, Rodentia), contends with the disparate environmental conditions encompassed by its broad distribution. Specifically, we test if the species expresses a geographically unstructured, or generalist, phenotype throughout its range or if it shows geographically localized morphological differentiation across disparate environments. RESULTS Using geometric morphometric and ecomorphological analyses of skull shape variation we found that despite distinct environmental conditions, geographically structured morphological variation is limited, with the notable exception of a distinct morphological disjunction at the high-elevation forest-grassland transition in the southern portion of A. mollis distribution. Based on genetic analyses, geographic isolation alone does not explain this localized phenotype, given that similar levels of genetic differentiation were also observed among individuals inhabiting other ecosystems that are nonetheless not distinct morphologically. CONCLUSIONS Instead of phenotypic specialization across environments in these tropical mountains, there was limited differentiation of skull shape and size across the broad range of A. mollis, with the exception of individuals from the puna, the highest-elevation ecosystem. The high morphological variance among individuals, together with a weak association with local environmental conditions, not only highlights the flexibility of A. mollis' skull, but also highlights the need for further study to understand what maintains the observed morphological patterns. The work also indicates that mechanisms other than processes linked to local ecological specialization as a driver of diversification may contribute to the high diversity of this tropical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Alvarado-Serrano
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA
| | - Lucia Luna
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA
| | - L Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA
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81
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Sears KE. Differences in Growth Generate the Diverse Palate Shapes of New World Leaf-Nosed Bats (Order Chiroptera, Family Phyllostomidae). Evol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-013-9241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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