51
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Viewing the Eph receptors with a focus on breast cancer heterogeneity. Cancer Lett 2018; 434:160-171. [PMID: 30055288 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of different family members of the Eph/ephrin system, which comprises the Eph receptors (Ephs) and their ligands (ephrins), has been implicated in various malignancies including breast cancer. The latter presents as a heterogeneous disease with diverse molecular, morphologic and clinical behavior signatures. This review reflects the existing Eph/ephrin literature while focusing on breast cancer heterogeneity. Hormone positive, HER2 positive and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, xenografts/mutant animal models and patient samples are examined separately as, in humans, they represent entities with differences in prognosis and treatment. EphA2, EphB4 and EphB6 are the members most extensively studied in breast cancer. Existing research points to the potential use of various Eph/ephrin members as biomarkers for assessing prognosis and selecting the most suitable therapeutic strategies in variable clinical scenarios, also for overcoming drug resistance, in the era of breast cancer heterogeneity.
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52
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Worku T, Wang K, Ayers D, Wu D, Ur Rehman Z, Zhou H, Yang L. Regulatory roles of ephrinA5 and its novel signaling pathway in mouse primary granulosa cell apoptosis and proliferation. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:892-902. [PMID: 29619874 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1456297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that ephrinA5 (Efna5) has a novel role in female mouse fertility, in addition to its well-defined role as a neurogenesis factor. Nevertheless, its physiological roles in ovarian granulosa cells (GC) have not been determined. In this study, mouse GC were cultured and transfected with ephrin A5 siRNA and negative control to determine the effects of Efna5 on GC apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and related signaling pathways. To understand the mode signaling, the mRNA expression levels of Efna5 receptors (Eph receptor A5, Eph receptor A3, Eph receptor A8, and Eph receptor B2) were examined. Both mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related factors (Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase 8, Caspase 3, and Tnfα) and a proliferation marker, Pcna, were investigated. Additionally, the role of Efna5 on paracrine oocyte-secreted factors and steroidogenesis hormones were also explored. Efna5 silencing suppressed GC apoptosis by downregulating Bax and upregulating Bcl-2 in a Caspase 8-dependent manner. Efna5 knockdown promoted GC proliferation via p-Akt and p-ERK pathway activation. The inhibition of Efna5 enhanced BMH15 and estradiol expression, but suppressed GDF9, while progesterone level remained unaltered. These results demonstrated that Efna5 is a pro-apoptotic agent in GC and plays important role in folliculogenesis by mediating apoptosis, proliferation, and steroidogenesis in female mouse. Therefore Efna5 might be potential therapeutic target for female fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Worku
- a Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China.,b School of Veterinary Medicine , Wollega University , PO Box: 395, Nekemte , Ethiopia
| | - Kai Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Duncan Ayers
- c School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , The University of Manchester M13 9PL , UK
| | - Di Wu
- a Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Zia Ur Rehman
- a Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Hao Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Liguo Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
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53
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Kou CTJ, Kandpal RP. Differential Expression Patterns of Eph Receptors and Ephrin Ligands in Human Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7390104. [PMID: 29682554 PMCID: PMC5851329 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7390104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptors constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which are activated by ephrin ligands that either are anchored to the membrane or contain a transmembrane domain. These molecules play important roles in the development of multicellular organisms, and the physiological functions of these receptor-ligand pairs have been extensively documented in axon guidance, neuronal development, vascular patterning, and inflammation during tissue injury. The recognition that aberrant regulation and expression of these molecules lead to alterations in proliferative, migratory, and invasive potential of a variety of human cancers has made them potential targets for cancer therapeutics. We present here the involvement of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, glioblastoma, and medulloblastoma. The aberrations in their abundances are described in the context of multiple signaling pathways, and differential expression is suggested as the mechanism underlying tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ting Jimmy Kou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Raj P. Kandpal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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54
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Solanki HS, Raja R, Zhavoronkov A, Ozerov IV, Artemov AV, Advani J, Radhakrishnan A, Babu N, Puttamallesh VN, Syed N, Nanjappa V, Subbannayya T, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Patil AH, Prasad TSK, Gaykalova D, Chang X, Sathyendran R, Mathur PP, Rangarajan A, Sidransky D, Pandey A, Izumchenko E, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Targeting focal adhesion kinase overcomes erlotinib resistance in smoke induced lung cancer by altering phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Oncoscience 2018; 5:21-38. [PMID: 29556515 PMCID: PMC5854290 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR-based targeted therapies have shown limited success in smokers. Identification of alternate signaling mechanism(s) leading to TKI resistance in smokers is critically important. We observed increased resistance to erlotinib in H358 NSCLC (non-small cell lung carcinoma) cells chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (H358-S) compared to parental cells. SILAC-based mass-spectrometry approach was used to study altered signaling in H358-S cell line. Importantly, among the top phosphosites in H358-S cells we observed hyperphosphorylation of EGFR (Y1197) and non-receptor tyrosine kinase FAK (Y576/577). Supporting these observations, a transcriptomic-based pathway activation analysis of TCGA NSCLC datasets revealed that FAK and EGFR internalization pathways were significantly upregulated in smoking patients, compared to the never-smokers and were associated with elevated PI3K signaling and lower level of caspase cascade and E-cadherin pathways activation. We show that inhibition of FAK led to decreased cellular proliferation and invasive ability of the smoke-exposed cells, and restored their dependency on EGFR signaling. Our data suggests that activation of focal adhesion pathway significantly contributes to erlotinib resistance, and that FAK is a potential therapeutic target for management of erlotinib resistance in smoke-induced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S Solanki
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Remya Raja
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ivan V Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Artem V Artemov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | | | - Niraj Babu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Vinuth N Puttamallesh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690525, India
| | - Nazia Syed
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | | | | | | | - Arun H Patil
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India.,NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Daria Gaykalova
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Xiaofei Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rachana Sathyendran
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Premendu Prakash Mathur
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
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55
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Redundant angiogenic signaling and tumor drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 36:47-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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56
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Quinn BA, Wang S, Barile E, Das SK, Emdad L, Sarkar D, De SK, Morvaridi SK, Stebbins JL, Pandol SJ, Fisher PB, Pellecchia M. Therapy of pancreatic cancer via an EphA2 receptor-targeted delivery of gemcitabine. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17103-10. [PMID: 26959746 PMCID: PMC4941374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
First line treatment for pancreatic cancer consists of surgical resection, if possible, and a subsequent course of chemotherapy using the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine. In some patients, an active transport mechanism allows gemcitabine to enter efficiently into the tumor cells, resulting in a significant clinical benefit. However, in most patients, low expression of gemcitabine transporters limits the efficacy of the drug to marginal levels, and patients need frequent administration of the drug at high doses, significantly increasing systemic drug toxicity. In this article we focus on a novel targeted delivery approach for gemcitabine consisting of conjugating the drug with an EphA2 targeting agent. We show that the EphA2 receptor is highly expressed in pancreatic cancers, and accordingly, the drug-conjugate is more effective than gemcitabine alone in targeting pancreatic tumors. Our preliminary observations suggest that this approach may provide a general benefit to pancreatic cancer patients and offers a comprehensive strategy for enhancing delivery of diverse therapeutic agents to a wide range of cancers overexpressing EphA2, thereby potentially reducing toxicity while enhancing therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Quinn
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Si Wang
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elisa Barile
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Surya K De
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - John L Stebbins
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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57
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Gao M, Zhou J, Su Z, Huang Y. Bacterial cupredoxin azurin hijacks cellular signaling networks: Protein-protein interactions and cancer therapy. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2334-2341. [PMID: 28960574 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Azurin secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an anticancer bacteriocin, which preferentially enters human cancer cells and induces apoptosis or growth inhibition. It turns out that azurin is a multi-target anticancer agent interfering in the p53 signaling pathway and the non-receptor tyrosine kinases signaling pathway. This suggests that azurin exerts its anticancer activity by interacting with multiple targets and interfering in multiple steps in disease progression. Therefore, azurin could overcome resistance to therapy. Besides azurin, putative bacteriocins that possess functional properties similar to those of azurin have been identified in more bacteria species. A systematic investigation on the anticancer mechanisms of azurin and the azurin-like bacteriocins will provide more and better options in cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize how azurin and the derived peptides hijack key cellular regulators or cell surface receptors to remodel the cellular signaling networks. In particular, we highlight the necessity of determining the structure of azurin/p53 complex and investigating the influence of post-translational modifications on interactions between azurin and p53. Therapeutic applications of azurin and derived peptides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengding Su
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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58
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Cho HJ, Hwang YS, Yoon J, Lee M, Lee HG, Daar IO. EphrinB1 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion through the interaction with RhoGDI1. Oncogene 2017; 37:861-872. [PMID: 29059157 PMCID: PMC5814325 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptors and their corresponding ephrin ligands have been associated with regulating cell–cell adhesion and motility, and thus have a critical role in various biological processes including tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis, as well as pathogenesis of several diseases. Aberrant regulation of Eph/ephrin signaling pathways is implicated in tumor progression of various human cancers. Here, we show that a Rho family GTPase regulator, Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor 1 (RhoGDI1), can interact with ephrinB1, and this interaction is enhanced upon binding the extracellular domain of the cognate EphB2 receptor. Deletion mutagenesis revealed that amino acids 327–334 of the ephrinB1 intracellular domain are critical for the interaction with RhoGDI1. Stimulation with an EphB2 extracellular domain-Fc fusion protein (EphB2-Fc) induces RhoA activation and enhances the motility as well as invasiveness of wild-type ephrinB1-expressing cells. These Eph-Fc-induced effects were markedly diminished in cells expressing the mutant ephrinB1 construct (Δ327–334) that is ineffective at interacting with RhoGDI1. Furthermore, ephrinB1 depletion by siRNA suppresses EphB2-Fc-induced RhoA activation, and reduces motility and invasiveness of the SW480 and Hs578T human cancer cell lines. Our study connects the interaction between RhoGDI1 and ephrinB1 to the promotion of cancer cell behavior associated with tumor progression. This interaction may represent a therapeutic target in cancers that express ephrinB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Cho
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.,Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Y-S Hwang
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - J Yoon
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - M Lee
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - H G Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - I O Daar
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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59
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Li L, He Y, Liu D, Li L, Chen F, Ran J, Yang L, Zhang L. Prognostic values of EphB1/B2 and p-EphB1/B2 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:10092-10101. [PMID: 31966900 PMCID: PMC6965981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) Receptor, as a family member of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), plays a critical role in modulating different cell behaviors. It is also closely related to tumorigenesis. However, little has been known about its prognostic values in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus, we studied the expression levels of EphB1/2 and p-EphB1/2 in both NSCLC tissue and normal lung tissue, and analyzed their correlations with clinicopathological characteristics as well as NSCLC patients' survival. In the present study, 156 NSCLC tissue samples and 28 distal normal lung tissue samples were collected from 156 NSCLC patients. Afterwards, the protein levels of EphB1/2 and p-EphB1/2 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Their prognostic values were also evaluated using both univariate and multivariate survival analysis. According to the results, 44.87% (70/156) NSCLC samples were detected with positive EphB1/2 expression, significantly higher than that in distal normal lung tissue (16%, 4/25); but no difference was found regarding to p-EphB1/2 expression. With respect to the clinicopathological characteristics, there was no significant correlation between protein levels and age, gender, histological type, differentiation status as well as TNM stage. Intriguingly, it showed a clear trend of increased EphB1/2-positive rate when tumor differentiation grade developed. In the survival analysis, a positive correlation was found between positive p-EphB1/2 expression and poor survival in female (P=0.001). Then N stage (P=0.001) and TNM stage (P<0.001) were found significantly related to patients' survival in multivariate analysis. Therefore, p-EphB1/2 may serve as a prognostic predictor in female NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Ying He
- West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Lab of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Transplantation Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Lab of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Transplantation Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jing Ran
- Lab of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Transplantation Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Lab of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Transplantation Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
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60
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EPHB4 is a therapeutic target in AML and promotes leukemia cell survival via AKT. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1635-1644. [PMID: 29296810 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017005694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
EPHB4, an ephrin type B receptor, is implicated in the growth of several epithelial tumors and is a promising target in cancer therapy; however, little is known about its role in hematologic malignancies. In this article, we show that EPHB4 is highly expressed in ∼30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. In an unbiased RNA interference screen of primary leukemia samples, we found that EPHB4 drives survival in a subset of AML cases. Knockdown of EPHB4 inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling, and this is accompanied by a reduction in cell viability, which can be rescued by a constitutively active form of AKT. Finally, targeting EPHB4 with a highly specific monoclonal antibody (MAb131) is effective against AML in vitro and in vivo. EPHB4 is therefore a potential target in AML with high EPHB4 expression.
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61
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Jeng KS, Jeng CJ, Jeng WJ, Chang CF, Sheen IS. Role of C-X-C chemokine ligand 12/C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1905-1910. [PMID: 28789425 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the current non-surgical treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains limited and novel treatments are required to improve patient outcomes. The majority of HCCs develop from chronically damaged tissue that contains a high degree of inflammation and fibrosis, which promotes tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Understanding the interaction between stromal components and cancer cells (and the signaling pathways involved in this interaction) could aid the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Numerous studies have demonstrated a marked association between high C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression and the invasiveness, progression and metastasis of HCC. The present review will investigate the different roles of CXCR4 in the progression of HCC and discuss possible future treatments. Through the C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/CXCR4 signaling pathway, ephrin A1 activation enhances the migration of endothelial progenitor cells to HCC to enable the neovascularization of tumors. There is an association between nuclear CXCR4 expression and the lymph node metastasis of HCC to distant areas. CXCR4 enhances cell migration in vitro and cell homing in vivo. CXCR4 levels are concentrated at the border of a tumor and in perivascular areas, inducing invasive behavior. The binding of CXCL12 to CXCR4 activates intracellular signaling pathways and induces crosstalk with transforming growth factor-β signaling, which enhances the migration of cancer cells. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis also activates expression of matrix metalloproteinase 10, which further stimulates migration. CXCR4 is likely to crosstalk with the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway, contributing to tumor invasiveness and supporting the cancer stem-cell population; as a result, CXCR4 can be regarded as a cancer stem-cell marker. CXCR4 influences interstitial fluid flow-induced invasion. CXCR4 expression and HCC cell migration are promoted by α-fetoprotein, which activates AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling. CXCR4 also has the potential to affect sorafenib treatment for HCC. Targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway may, therefore, be a promising strategy in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shyang Jeng
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 220, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 220, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Juei Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Juei Jeng
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Lin Kau Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiung-Fang Chang
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 220, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 220, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Shyan Sheen
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Lin Kau Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Wu L, Zhang YS, Ye ML, Shen F, Liu W, Hu HS, Li SW, Wu HW, Chen QH, Zhou WB. Overexpression and correlation of HIF-2α, VEGFA and EphA2 in residual hepatocellular carcinoma following high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment: Implications for tumor recurrence and progression. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3529-3534. [PMID: 28587437 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid growth of residual tumors can occur as a result of their recurrence and progression. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-2 subunit α (HIF-2α), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular A2 (EphA2) and angiogenesis in residual hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), following treatment with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation, in order to investigate the association between protein expression and tumor recurrence and growth. Athymic BALB/c (nu/nu) mice were subcutaneously inoculated with the HCC cell line HepG2, in order to create xenograft tumors. Approximately 30 days post-inoculation, eight mice were treated with HIFU, whereas eight mice received no treatment and acted as the control group. Residual tumor tissues were obtained from the experimental groups after one month. Levels of HIF-2α, VEGFA, EphA2 and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) expression was measured by immunohistochemical staining. CD31-positive vascular endothelial cells were counted to calculate microvascular density (MVD), and western blot analysis was performed to determine levels of HIF-2α, VEGFA, and EphA2 protein. It was found that the expression levels of HIF-2α, VEGFA, EphA2, and MVD proteins in residual HCC tissues were significantly higher than in the control group tissues (P<0.05). Tumor MVD was strongly correlated with VEGFA (R=0.957, P<0.01) and EphA2 (R=0.993, P<0.01) protein expression levels. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between HIF-2α and EphA2 expression (R=0.991, P<0.01). The correlation between VEGFA and EphA2 expression was also positive (R=0.985, P<0.01). These data suggest that overexpression of HIF-2α, VEGFA and EphA2 is related to angiogenesis in residual HCC following HIFU ablation, potentially via their association with key mediators of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Wu
- Liver Surgery Institute of Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - You-Shun Zhang
- Liver Surgery Institute of Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Liang Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Feng Shen
- Liver Surgery Institute of Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Haikou Hospital of Maternal and Child Health, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Sheng Hu
- Liver Surgery Institute of Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Wu
- Liver Surgery Institute of Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Hua Chen
- Liver Surgery Institute of Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bo Zhou
- Liver Surgery Institute of Experiment Center of Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
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63
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Evaluation of EphA2 and EphB4 as Targets for Image-Guided Colorectal Cancer Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020307. [PMID: 28165374 PMCID: PMC5343843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted image-guided oncologic surgery (IGOS) relies on the recognition of cell surface-associated proteins, which should be abundantly present on tumor cells but preferably absent on cells in surrounding healthy tissue. The transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2, a member of the A class of the Eph receptor family, has been reported to be highly overexpressed in several tumor types including breast, lung, brain, prostate, and colon cancer and is considered amongst the most promising cell membrane-associated tumor antigens by the NIH. Another member of the Eph receptor family belonging to the B class, EphB4, has also been found to be upregulated in multiple cancer types. In this study, EphA2 and EphB4 are evaluated as targets for IGOS of colorectal cancer by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a tissue microarray (TMA) consisting of 168 pairs of tumor and normal tissue. The IHC sections were scored for staining intensity and percentage of cells stained. The results show a significantly enhanced staining intensity and more widespread distribution in tumor tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue for EphA2 as well as EphB4. Based on its more consistently higher score in colorectal tumor tissue compared to normal tissue, EphB4 appears to be a promising candidate for IGOS of colorectal cancer. In vitro experiments using antibodies on human colon cancer cells confirmed the possibility of EphB4 as target for imaging.
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64
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Mathot L, Kundu S, Ljungström V, Svedlund J, Moens L, Adlerteg T, Falk-Sörqvist E, Rendo V, Bellomo C, Mayrhofer M, Cortina C, Sundström M, Micke P, Botling J, Isaksson A, Moustakas A, Batlle E, Birgisson H, Glimelius B, Nilsson M, Sjöblom T. Somatic Ephrin Receptor Mutations Are Associated with Metastasis in Primary Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1730-1740. [PMID: 28108514 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of somatic mutations to metastasis of colorectal cancers is currently unknown. To find mutations involved in the colorectal cancer metastatic process, we performed deep mutational analysis of 676 genes in 107 stages II to IV primary colorectal cancer, of which half had metastasized. The mutation prevalence in the ephrin (EPH) family of tyrosine kinase receptors was 10-fold higher in primary tumors of metastatic colorectal than in nonmetastatic cases and preferentially occurred in stage III and IV tumors. Mutational analyses in situ confirmed expression of mutant EPH receptors. To enable functional studies of EPHB1 mutations, we demonstrated that DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells expressing EPHB1 form aggregates upon coculture with ephrin B1 expressing cells. When mutations in the fibronectin type III and kinase domains of EPHB1 were compared with wild-type EPHB1 in DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells, they decreased ephrin B1-induced compartmentalization. These observations provide a mechanistic link between EPHB receptor mutations and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1730-40. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Mathot
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Snehangshu Kundu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Viktor Ljungström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Jessica Svedlund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lotte Moens
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Tom Adlerteg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Elin Falk-Sörqvist
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Verónica Rendo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Claudia Bellomo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Markus Mayrhofer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Carme Cortina
- Oncology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magnus Sundström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Johan Botling
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anders Isaksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Eduard Batlle
- Oncology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helgi Birgisson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Colorectal Surgery, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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65
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Kung A, Chen YC, Schimpl M, Ni F, Zhu J, Turner M, Molina H, Overman R, Zhang C. Development of Specific, Irreversible Inhibitors for a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EphB3. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10554-60. [PMID: 27478969 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate a variety of dynamic cellular events, including cell protrusion, migration, proliferation, and cell-fate determination. Small-molecule inhibitors of Eph kinases are valuable tools for dissecting the physiological and pathological roles of Eph. However, there is a lack of small-molecule inhibitors that are selective for individual Eph isoforms due to the high homology within the family. Herein, we report the development of the first potent and specific inhibitors of a single Eph isoform, EphB3. Through structural bioinformatic analysis, we identified a cysteine in the hinge region of the EphB3 kinase domain, a feature that is not shared with any other human kinases. We synthesized and characterized a series of electrophilic quinazolines to target this unique, reactive feature in EphB3. Some of the electrophilic quinazolines selectively and potently inhibited EphB3 both in vitro and in cells. Cocrystal structures of EphB3 in complex with two quinazolines confirmed the covalent linkage between the protein and the inhibitors. A "clickable" version of an optimized inhibitor was created and employed to verify specific target engagement in the whole proteome and to probe the extent and kinetics of target engagement of existing EphB3 inhibitors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the autophosphorylation of EphB3 within the juxtamembrane region occurs in trans using a specific inhibitor. These exquisitely specific inhibitors will facilitate the dissection of EphB3's role in various biological processes and disease contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marianne Schimpl
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomic Resource Center, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ross Overman
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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66
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Patel K, Doddapaneni R, Sekar V, Chowdhury N, Singh M. Combination Approach of YSA Peptide Anchored Docetaxel Stealth Liposomes with Oral Antifibrotic Agent for the Treatment of Lung Cancer. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2049-58. [PMID: 27070720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic efficacy of nanocarriers can be amplified by active targeting and overcoming the extracellular matrix associated barriers of tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of oral antifibrotic agent (telmisartan) on tumor uptake and anticancer efficacy of EphA2 receptor targeted liposomes. Docetaxel loaded PEGylated liposomes (DPL) functionalized with nickel chelated phospholipid were prepared using a modified hydration method. DPL were incubated with various concentrations of histidine tagged EphA2 receptor specific peptide (YSA) to optimize particle size, zeta potential, and percentage YSA binding. Cellular uptake studies using various endocytosis blockers revealed that a caveolae dependent pathway was the major route for internalization of YSA anchored liposomes of docetaxel (YDPL) in A549 lung cancer cell line. Hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of optimized YDPL were 157.3 ± 11.8 nm and -3.64 mV, respectively. Orthotopic lung tumor xenograft (A549) bearing athymic nude mice treated with oral telmisartan (5 mg/kg) for 2 days showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher uptake of YDPL in tumor tissues compared to healthy tissue. Average lung tumor weight of the YDPL + telmisartan treated group was 4.8- and 3.8-fold lower than that of the DPL and YDPL treated groups (p < 0.05). Substantially lower expression (p < 0.05) of EphA2 receptor protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), MMP-9, and collagen 1A level with increased E-cadherin and TIMP-1 levels in immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis of lung tumor samples of the combination group confirmed antifibrotic effect with enhanced anticancer activity. Active targeting and ECM remodeling synergistically contributed to anticancer efficacy of YDPL in orthotopic lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University , Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Ravi Doddapaneni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University , Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Vasanthakumar Sekar
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University , Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Nusrat Chowdhury
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University , Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University , Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
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67
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Eph/ephrin signaling in the kidney and lower urinary tract. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:359-71. [PMID: 25903642 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development and homeostasis of the highly specialized cell types and tissues that constitute the organs of the urinary system, the kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra, require the tightly regulated exchange of signals in and between these tissues. Eph/ephrin signaling is a bidirectional signaling pathway that has been functionally implicated in many developmental and homeostatic contexts, most prominently in the vascular and neural system. Expression and knockout analyses have now provided evidence that Eph/ephrin signaling is of crucial relevance for cell and tissue interactions in the urinary system as well. A clear requirement has emerged in the formation of the vesicoureteric junction, in urorectal septation and glomerulogenesis during embryonic development, in maintenance of medullary tubular cells and podocytes in homeostasis, and in podocyte and glomerular injury responses. Deregulation of Eph/ephrin signaling may also contribute to the formation and progression of tumors in the urinary system, most prominently bladder and renal cell carcinoma. While in the embryonic contexts Eph/ephrin signaling regulates adhesion of epithelial cells, in the adult setting, cell-shape changes and cell survival seem to be the primary cellular processes mediated by this signaling module. With progression of the genetic analyses of mice conditionally mutant for compound alleles of Eph receptor and ephrin ligand genes, additional essential functions are likely to arise in the urinary system.
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68
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Feng Y, Tian J, Krylova I, Xu T, Xie HQ, Guo TL, Zhao B. Chronic TCDD exposure results in the dysregulation of gene expression in splenic B-lymphocytes and in the impairments in T-cell and B-cell differentiation in mouse model. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 39:218-227. [PMID: 26899660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in humans is associated with marked immune suppressions and increased incidence of lymphoblastic diseases. To elucidate mechanisms of impairments in humoral immune responses, we used a murine model. Following a 20-week administration of low doses of TCDD, we observed severely reduced antibody titers, dramatically decreased number of splenic Th1 and Th2 cells and an increase in CD19(+) B cells. Transcriptional profiling of CD19(+) B cells showed that markers of pre-B cells were significantly elevated, indicating delayed B cell maturation. These changes in B cells were accompanied by decreases of T helper cell numbers and reduced IgM and IgG titers. A transcriptome analysis of splenic B cells followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed a set of differentially expressed genes known to play roles in tumorigenesis, cell-proliferation and cell-migration. The most up-regulated transcript gene was Eph receptor A2 (EphA2), a known oncogene, and the most down-regulated transcript was ZBTB16 that codes for a negative transcriptional regulator important in epigenetic chromatin remodeling. IPA identified cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM) and cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) as top upstream regulators. Consistently, a MAPPER promoter database analysis showed that all top dysregulated genes had CREM and/or CREB1 binding sites in their promoter regions. In summary, our data showed that chronic TCDD exposure in mice caused suppressed humoral immunity accompanied with profound dysregulation of gene expression in splenic B-lymphocytes, likely through cAMP-dependent pathways. This dysregulation resulted in impairments in T-cell and B-cell differentiation and activation of the tumorigenic transcription program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jijing Tian
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | | | - Tuan Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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69
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Claudin 1 in Breast Cancer: New Insights. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1960-76. [PMID: 26633531 PMCID: PMC4693152 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin 1 is a small transmembrane protein responsible for maintaining the barrier function that exists between epithelial cells. A tight junction protein that regulates the paracellular transport of small ions across adjacent cells, claudin 1 maintains cellular polarity and plays a major role in cell-cell communication and epithelial cell homeostasis. Long considered to be a putative tumor suppressor in human breast cancer, new studies suggest a role much more complex. While most invasive breast cancers exhibit a down regulation or absence of claudin 1, some aggressive subtypes that exhibit high claudin 1 levels have now been described. Furthermore, a causal role for claudin 1 in breast cancer progression has recently been demonstrated in some breast cancer cell lines. In this review we highlight new insights into the role of claudin 1 in breast cancer, including its involvement in collective migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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70
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Zhu Y, Tchkonia T, Pirtskhalava T, Gower AC, Ding H, Giorgadze N, Palmer AK, Ikeno Y, Hubbard GB, Lenburg M, O'Hara SP, LaRusso NF, Miller JD, Roos CM, Verzosa GC, LeBrasseur NK, Wren JD, Farr JN, Khosla S, Stout MB, McGowan SJ, Fuhrmann‐Stroissnigg H, Gurkar AU, Zhao J, Colangelo D, Dorronsoro A, Ling YY, Barghouthy AS, Navarro DC, Sano T, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ, Kirkland JL. The Achilles' heel of senescent cells: from transcriptome to senolytic drugs. Aging Cell 2015; 14:644-58. [PMID: 25754370 PMCID: PMC4531078 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1441] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthspan of mice is enhanced by killing senescent cells using a transgenic suicide gene. Achieving the same using small molecules would have a tremendous impact on quality of life and the burden of age-related chronic diseases. Here, we describe the rationale for identification and validation of a new class of drugs termed senolytics, which selectively kill senescent cells. By transcript analysis, we discovered increased expression of pro-survival networks in senescent cells, consistent with their established resistance to apoptosis. Using siRNA to silence expression of key nodes of this network, including ephrins (EFNB1 or 3), PI3Kδ, p21, BCL-xL, or plasminogen-activated inhibitor-2, killed senescent cells, but not proliferating or quiescent, differentiated cells. Drugs targeting these same factors selectively killed senescent cells. Dasatinib eliminated senescent human fat cell progenitors, while quercetin was more effective against senescent human endothelial cells and mouse BM-MSCs. The combination of dasatinib and quercetin was effective in eliminating senescent MEFs. In vivo, this combination reduced senescent cell burden in chronologically aged, radiation-exposed, and progeroid Ercc1−/Δ mice. In old mice, cardiac function and carotid vascular reactivity were improved 5 days after a single dose. Following irradiation of one limb in mice, a single dose led to improved exercise capacity for at least 7 months following drug treatment. Periodic drug administration extended healthspan in Ercc1−/Δ mice, delaying age-related symptoms and pathology, osteoporosis, and loss of intervertebral disk proteoglycans. These results demonstrate the feasibility of selectively ablating senescent cells and the efficacy of senolytics for alleviating symptoms of frailty and extending healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Adam C. Gower
- Section of Computational Biomedicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Husheng Ding
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Nino Giorgadze
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Allyson K. Palmer
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Yuji Ikeno
- Departments of Pathology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio TX USA
- Research Service Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
| | - Gene B. Hubbard
- Departments of Pathology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio TX USA
- Research Service Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
| | - Marc Lenburg
- Section of Computational Biomedicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Steven P. O'Hara
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Jordan D. Miller
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Carolyn M. Roos
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Grace C. Verzosa
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Jonathan D. Wren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Joshua N. Farr
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Michael B. Stout
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Sara J. McGowan
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | | | - Aditi U. Gurkar
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | - Debora Colangelo
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | - Akaitz Dorronsoro
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | - Yuan Yuan Ling
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | - Amira S. Barghouthy
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | - Diana C. Navarro
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | - Tokio Sano
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Metabolism and Aging The Scripps Research Institute Jupiter FL USA
| | | | - James L. Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
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Abstract
Ephrin receptors (Ephs) are frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of human malignant tumors, being associated with tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of EphB4 and EphB6 protein expression in human malignant and benign thyroid lesions. EphB4 and EphB6 protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically on paraffin-embedded thyroid tissues obtained from 127 patients with benign (n = 71) and malignant (n = 56) thyroid lesions. Enhanced EphB4 and EphB6 expression was more frequently observed in malignant compared to benign thyroid lesions (p = 0.0508 and p = 0.0006, respectively). EphB4 and EphB6 expression also provided a distinct discrimination between papillary carcinoma and hyperplastic nodules (p = 0.0302 and p = 0.0013, respectively). In malignant thyroid lesions, enhanced EphB4 expression was significantly associated with larger tumor size (p = 0.0366). Enhanced EphB6 expression was significantly associated with larger tumor size (p = 0.0366), the presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.0023), the presence of capsular (p = 0.0038), lymphatic (p = 0.0053) and vascular invasion (p = 0.0018) and increased risk of recurrence rate (p = 0.0038). The present study supported evidence that EphB4 and mainly EphB6 may participate in the malignant thyroid transformation, reinforcing their utility as useful biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in this type of neoplasia.
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72
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Ebert K, Wiemer J, Caballero J, Köckerling M, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J, Mamat C. Development of indazolylpyrimidine derivatives as high-affine EphB4 receptor ligands and potential PET radiotracers. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6025-35. [PMID: 26189032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to their essential role in the pathogenesis of cancer, members of the Eph (erythropoietin-producing hepatoma cell line-A2) receptor tyrosine kinase family represent promising candidates for molecular imaging. Thus, the development and preparation of novel radiotracers for the noninvasive imaging of the EphB4 receptor via positron emission tomography (PET) is described. First in silico investigations with the indazolylpyrimidine lead compound which is known to be highly affine to EphB4 were executed to identify favorable labeling positions for an introduction of fluorine-18 to retain the affinity. Based on this, reference compounds as well as precursors were developed and labeled with carbon-11 and fluorine-18, respectively. For this purpose, a protecting group strategy essentially had to be generated to prevent unwanted methylation and to enable the introduction of fluorine-18. Further, a convenient radiolabeling strategy using [(11)C]methyl iodide was established which afforded the isotopically labeled radiotracer in 30-35% RCY (d.c.) which is identical with the original inhibitor molecule. A spiro ammonium precursor was prepared for radiolabeling with fluorine-18. Unfortunately, the labeling did not lead to the desired (18)F-radiotracer under the chosen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Ebert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Wiemer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julio Caballero
- Universidad de Talca, Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, 2 Norte 685, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Martin Köckerling
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Anorganische Festkörperchemie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany; TU Dresden, Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany; TU Dresden, Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Constantin Mamat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany; TU Dresden, Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Puttick S, Stringer BW, Day BW, Bruce ZC, Ensbey KS, Mardon K, Cowin GJ, Thurecht KJ, Whittaker AK, Fay M, Boyd AW, Rose S. EphA2 as a Diagnostic Imaging Target in Glioblastoma: A Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Mol Imaging 2015. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Puttick
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Brett W. Stringer
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Bryan W. Day
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Zara C. Bruce
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Kathleen S. Ensbey
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Karine Mardon
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Gary J. Cowin
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Michael Fay
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Andrew W. Boyd
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
| | - Stephen Rose
- From the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Australian National Imaging Facility, Queensland Node, Brisbane; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, Brisbane; Queensland Health – Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland,
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Bai YQ, Zhang JY, Bai CY, Xu XE, Wu JY, Chen B, Wu ZY, Wang SH, Shen J, Shen JH, Yao XD, Gao LZ, Wu B, Gu HL, Liu XH, Li X, Li EM, Xu LY. Low EphA7 Expression Correlated with Lymph Node Metastasis and Poor Prognosis of Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:75-81. [PMID: 26160986 PMCID: PMC4491497 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, EphA7 plays an important role in cancer. However, the expression and significance of Eph receptors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unclear. Here, we detected the expression of EphA7 by immunohistochemistry in a sample of 352 patients with ESCC, and aimed to investigate the expression status of EphA7 in ESCC and its impact on prognosis. The results showed that low EphA7 expression significantly correlated with lymph node metastases (N0: 29%; N1: 64%. p<0.001), poor degree of tumor differentiation (G1: 31%; G2: 49%; G3: 58%. p=0.009) and pTNM staging (I+II: 33%; III+IV: 58%. p<0.001). Furthermore, in a combined analysis, patients with low EphA7-expressing tumors showed a shorter overall survival than those with high expression, resulting in a five-year overall survival rate of 47.4% vs. 52.6%, respectively (p=0.016). Consequently, patients with a low EphA7 expression have poorer prognosis in ESCC compared with those manifesting high expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Bai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
| | - Jun-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
| | - Chun-Ying Bai
- Research Centre of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Chifeng University
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Bo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
- Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jian Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Medical College of Shantou University
| | - Jin-Hui Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
- Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Lian-Zhu Gao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Chifeng City, Chifeng 024000, China
| | - Bao Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Chifeng University, Chifeng 024000, China
| | - Hong-Li Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng 024000, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Chifeng University
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College
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75
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Chen P, Rossi N, Priddy S, Pierson CR, Studebaker AW, Johnson RA. EphB2 activation is required for ependymoma development as well as inhibits differentiation and promotes proliferation of the transformed cell. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9248. [PMID: 25801123 PMCID: PMC4371088 DOI: 10.1038/srep09248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our intracranial implantation mouse model of ependymoma clearly demonstrates overexpression of the ephrin receptor EphB2 in Ink4a/Arf(−/−) supratentorial embryonic neural stem cells (STeNSCs) to be essential for transformation and disease development; however the requirement for and consequence of receptor activation on transformation and neural stem cell function were not examined. We definitively illustrate the necessity for receptor activation in cellular transformation and the importance of implantation site and microenvironment in directing ependymoma development. In vitro assays of EphB2 overexpressing Ink4a/Arf(−/−) STeNSCs showed no changes in their neural stem cell characteristics (stem cell marker expression and self-renewal) upon receptor activation, but EphB2 driven tumor cells were inhibited significantly in differentiation and exhibited increased tumorsphere formation and cellular proliferation in response to ephrin-B ligand mediated receptor activation. Additionally, we observed substantial differences in the phosphorylation state of several key proteins involved in Ras and p38 MAPK signaling when comparing EphB2 overexpressing Ink4a/Arf(−/−) STeNSCs and tumor cells with relatively little change in total protein levels. We propose that EphB2 mediated ependymoma development is a multifactorial process requiring microenvironment directed receptor activation, resulting in changes in the phosphorylation status of key regulatory proteins, maintenance of a stem-like state and cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phylip Chen
- Center For Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Nathan Rossi
- Center For Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Samuel Priddy
- Center For Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | - Adam W Studebaker
- Center For Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Robert A Johnson
- 1] Center For Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital [2] Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
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76
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Higuchi M, Chen M, Ueharu H, Nishimura N, Kato Y. Localization of juxtacrine factor ephrin-B2 in pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches throughout life. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:755-66. [PMID: 25480420 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported that Sox2-expressing pituitary stem/progenitor cells contact each other via a tight-junction protein CAR to form stem/progenitor cell niches in the marginal cell layer facing the lumen and in the clusters scattered in the parenchyma of the anterior lobe. However, the microenvironment of the niche for the maintenance of stem cell function in the pituitary remains obscure. In this study of pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches, we have attempted to identify the expression of juxtacrine factor ephrin and its receptor. We have found that ephrin-B2 is expressed in the pituitary throughout development but changes its localization pattern. Notably, in the adult pituitary, ephrin-B2 immuno-signals occur in SOX2-, E-cadherin-, and CAR-triple-positive stem/progenitor cells in the niches. Our data suggest that ephrin-B2 signaling has an important role in the formation of pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches and in pituitary organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
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Rhoda K, Choonara YE, Kumar P, Bijukumar D, du Toit LC, Pillay V. Potential nanotechnologies and molecular targets in the quest for efficient chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:613-34. [PMID: 25300775 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.970162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer, considered one of the most fatal gynecological cancers, goes largely undiagnosed until metastasis presents itself, usually once the patient is in the final stages and thus, too late for worthwhile therapy. Targeting this elusive disease in its early stages would improve the outcome for most patients, while the information generated thereof would increase the possibility of preventative mechanisms of therapy. AREAS COVERED This review discusses various molecular targets as possible moieties to be incorporated in a holistic drug delivery system or the more aptly termed 'theranostic' system. These molecular targets can be used for targeting, visualizing, diagnosing, and ultimately, treating ovarian cancer in its entirety. Currently implemented nanoframeworks, such as nanomicelles and nanoliposomes, are described and the effectiveness of nanostructures in tumor targeting, treatment functions, and overcoming the drug resistance challenge is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Novel nanotechnology strategies such as the development of nanoframeworks decorated with targeted ligands of a molecular nature may provide an efficient chemotherapy, especially when instituted in combination with imaging, diagnostic, and ultimately, therapeutic moieties. An imperative aspect of utilizing nanotechnology in the treatment of ovarian cancer is the flexibility of the drug delivery system and its ability to overcome standard obstacles such as: i) successfully treating the desired cells through direct targeting; ii) reducing toxicity levels of treatment by achieving direct targeting; and iii) delivery of targeted therapy using an efficient vehicle that is exceptionally degradable in response to a particular stimulus. The targeting of ovarian cancer in its early stages using imaging and diagnostic nanotechnology is an area that can be improved upon by combining therapeutic moieties with molecular biomarkers. The nanotechnology and molecular markers mentioned in this review have generally been used for either imaging or diagnostics, and have not yet been successfully implemented into bi-functional tools, which it is hoped, should eventually include a therapeutic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Rhoda
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 , South Africa
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Gucciardo E, Sugiyama N, Lehti K. Eph- and ephrin-dependent mechanisms in tumor and stem cell dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3685-710. [PMID: 24794629 PMCID: PMC11113620 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptors comprise the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Initially regarded as axon-guidance and tissue-patterning molecules, Eph receptors have now been attributed with various functions during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. Their ligands, ephrins, are synthesized as membrane-associated molecules. At least two properties make this signaling system unique: (1) the signal can be simultaneously transduced in the receptor- and the ligand-expressing cell, (2) the signaling outcome through the same molecules can be opposite depending on cellular context. Moreover, shedding of Eph and ephrin ectodomains as well as ligand-dependent and -independent receptor crosstalk with other RTKs, proteases, and adhesion molecules broadens the repertoire of Eph/ephrin functions. These integrated pathways provide plasticity to cell-microenvironment communication in varying tissue contexts. The complex molecular networks and dynamic cellular outcomes connected to the Eph/ephrin signaling in tumor-host communication and stem cell niche are the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gucciardo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nami Sugiyama
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Dai D, Huang Q, Nussinov R, Ma B. Promiscuous and specific recognition among ephrins and Eph receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1844:1729-40. [PMID: 25017878 PMCID: PMC4157952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Eph-ephrin interactions control the signal transduction between cells and play an important role in carcinogenesis and other diseases. The interactions between Eph receptors and ephrins of the same subclass are promiscuous; there are cross-interactions between some subclasses, but not all. To understand how Eph-ephrin interactions can be both promiscuous and specific, we investigated sixteen energy landscapes of four Eph receptors (A2, A4, B2, and B4) interacting with four ephrin ligands (A1, A2, A5, and B2). We generated conformational ensembles and recognition energy landscapes starting from separated Eph and ephrin molecules and proceeding up to the formation of Eph-ephrin complexes. Analysis of the Eph-ephrin recognition trajectories and the co-evolution entropy of 400 ligand binding domains of Eph receptor and 241 ephrin ligands identified conserved residues during the recognition process. Our study correctly predicted the promiscuity and specificity of the interactions and provided insights into their recognition. The dynamic conformational changes during Eph-ephrin recognition can be described by progressive conformational selection and population shift events, with two dynamic salt bridges between EphB4 and ephrin-B2 contributing to the specific recognition. EphA3 cancer-related mutations lowered the binding energies. The specificity is not only controlled by the final stage of the interaction across the protein-protein interface, but also has large contributions from binding kinetics with the help of dynamic intermediates along the pathway from the separated Eph and ephrin to the Eph-ephrin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Hong H, Chen F, Zhang Y, Cai W. New radiotracers for imaging of vascular targets in angiogenesis-related diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:2-20. [PMID: 25086372 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous advances over the last several decades in positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allow for targeted imaging of molecular and cellular events in the living systems. Angiogenesis, a multistep process regulated by the network of different angiogenic factors, has attracted world-wide interests, due to its pivotal role in the formation and progression of different diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and inflammation. In this review article, we will summarize the recent progress in PET or SPECT imaging of a wide variety of vascular targets in three major angiogenesis-related diseases: cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. Faster drug development and patient stratification for a specific therapy will become possible with the facilitation of PET or SPECT imaging and it will be critical for the maximum benefit of patients.
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Pretze M, Mosch B, Bergmann R, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J, Mamat C. Radiofluorination and first radiopharmacological characterization of a SWLAY peptide-based ligand targeting EphA2. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:660-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pretze
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Birgit Mosch
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Constantin Mamat
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
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Allonby O, El Zawily AM, Freywald T, Mousseau DD, Chlan J, Anderson D, Benmerah A, Sidhu V, Babu M, DeCoteau J, Freywald A. Ligand stimulation induces clathrin- and Rab5-dependent downregulation of the kinase-dead EphB6 receptor preceded by the disruption of EphB6-Hsp90 interaction. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2645-57. [PMID: 25152371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-induced internalisation and subsequent downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) serve to determine biological outputs of their signalling. Intrinsically kinase-deficient RTKs control a variety of biological responses, however, the mechanism of their downregulation is not well understood and its analysis is focused exclusively on the ErbB3 receptor. The Eph group of RTKs is represented by the EphA and EphB subclasses. Each bears one kinase-inactive member, EphA10 and EphB6, respectively, suggesting an important role for these molecules in the Eph signalling network. While EphB6 effects on cell behaviour have been assessed, the mechanism of its downregulation remains elusive. Our work reveals that EphB6 and its kinase-active relative, and signalling partner, EphB4, are downregulated in a similar manner in response to their common ligand, ephrin-B2. Following stimulation, both receptors are internalised through clathrin-coated pits and are degraded in lysosomes. Their targeting for lysosomal degradation relies on the activity of an early endosome regulator, the Rab5 GTPase, as this process is inhibited in the presence of a Rab5 dominant-negative mutant. EphB6 also interacts with the Hsp90 chaperone and EphB6 downregulation is preceded by their rapid dissociation. Moreover, the inhibition of Hsp90 results in EphB6 degradation, mimicking its ligand-induced downregulation. These processes appear to rely on overlapping mechanisms, since Hsp90 inhibition does not significantly enhance ligand-induced EphB6 elimination. Taken together, our observations define a novel mechanism for intrinsically kinase-deficient RTK downregulation and support an intriguing model, where Hsp90 dissociation acts as a trigger for ligand-induced receptor removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odette Allonby
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Amr M El Zawily
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Tanya Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Chlan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Deborah Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Cancer Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Vishaldeep Sidhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, SK,S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, SK,S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - John DeCoteau
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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83
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Nagano K, Yamashita T, Inoue M, Higashisaka K, Yoshioka Y, Abe Y, Mukai Y, Kamada H, Tsutsumi Y, Tsunoda SI. Eph receptor A10 has a potential as a target for a prostate cancer therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:545-9. [PMID: 24924629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified Eph receptor A10 (EphA10) as a novel breast cancer-specific protein. Moreover, we also showed that an in-house developed anti-EphA10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly inhibited proliferation of breast cancer cells, suggesting EphA10 as a promising target for breast cancer therapy. However, the only other known report for EphA10 was its expression in the testis at the mRNA level. Therefore, the potency of EphA10 as a drug target against cancers other than the breast is not known. The expression of EphA10 in a wide variety of cancer cells was studied and the potential of EphA10 as a drug target was evaluated. Screening of EphA10 mRNA expression showed that EphA10 was overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines as well as in prostate and colon cancer cell lines. Thus, we focused on prostate cancers in which EphA10 expression was equivalent to that in breast cancers. As a result, EphA10 expression was clearly shown in clinical prostate tumor tissues as well as in cell lines at the mRNA and protein levels. In order to evaluate the potential of EphA10 as a drug target, we analyzed complement-dependent cytotoxicity effects of anti-EphA10 mAb and found that significant cytotoxicity was mediated by the expression of EphA10. Therefore, the idea was conceived that the overexpression of EphA10 in prostate cancers might have a potential as a target for prostate cancer therapy, and formed the basis for the studies reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Inoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; The Center of Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Abe
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, 2301 E. 60th Street N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Yohei Mukai
- Laboratory of Innovative Antibody Engineering and Design, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; The Center of Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; The Center of Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Innovative Antibody Engineering and Design, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; The Center of Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Innovative Antibody Engineering and Design, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.
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84
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Loss of EphB6 protein expression in human colorectal cancer correlates with poor prognosis. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:555-63. [PMID: 24912672 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte (Eph) receptor family constitutes the largest family of tyrosine kinase receptors in the human genome. Loss of EphB6, a kinase-deficient receptor, correlated with a negative outcome in several carcinomas. This study aimed to investigate the expression of EphB6 protein and mRNA levels in colorectal cancers (CRCs) and possible correlations with clinicopathological variables and prognosis. To assess protein expression level, 124 CRCs and 57 colorectal adenomas samples were examined by immunostaining, the mRNA level of 43 paired CRC and the adjacent normal tissues were detected by using SYBR Green real-time PCR method. Decreased expression of EphB6 protein was found in CRC as compared with adenoma and normal tissues (χ(2) = 10.146, P = 0.001 and χ(2) = 45.333, P < 0.001, respectively). Low EphB6 mRNA expression was detected in 83.8% of cancers with negative or low EphB6 protein expression. The loss of EphB6 protein in CRC was positively associated with poorly differentiation (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006), Dukes stage (P = 0.002) and depth of invasion (P = 0.016). The patients with lymph node metastasis had a worse prognosis independently of gender, age, tumor site, stage and differentiation (RR = 0.404, CI 0.267-0.213, P < 0.001). Low levels of EphB6 protein expression are associated with a shorter mean duration of survival in colorectal cancer. Our results demonstrated that EphB6 may represent a novel, useful tissue biomarker for the prediction of survival rate in CRC.
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85
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Greene AC, Lord SJ, Tian A, Rhodes C, Kai H, Groves JT. Spatial organization of EphA2 at the cell-cell interface modulates trans-endocytosis of ephrinA1. Biophys J 2014; 106:2196-205. [PMID: 24853748 PMCID: PMC4052362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EphA2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is sensitive to spatial and mechanical aspects of the cell's microenvironment. Misregulation of EphA2 occurs in many aggressive cancers. Although its juxtacrine signaling geometry (EphA2's cognate ligand ephrinA1 is expressed on the surface of an apposing cell) provides a mechanism by which the receptor may experience extracellular forces, this also renders the system challenging to decode. By depositing living cells on synthetic supported lipid membranes displaying ephrinA1, we have reconstituted key features of the juxtacrine EphA2-ephrinA1 signaling system while maintaining the ability to perturb the spatial and mechanical properties of the membrane-cell interface with precision. In addition, we developed a trans-endocytosis assay to monitor internalization of ephrinA1 from a supported membrane into the apposing cell using a quantitative three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy assay. Using this experimental platform to mimic a cell-cell junction, we found that the signaling complex is not efficiently internalized when lateral reorganization at the membrane-cell contact sites is physically hindered. This suggests that EphA2-ephrinA1 trans-endocytosis is sensitive to the mechanical properties of a cell's microenvironment and may have implications in physical aspects of tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C Greene
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Samuel J Lord
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Aiwei Tian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Christopher Rhodes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Hiroyuki Kai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jay T Groves
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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86
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Fauvel B, Yasri A. Antibodies directed against receptor tyrosine kinases: current and future strategies to fight cancer. MAbs 2014; 6:838-51. [PMID: 24859229 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have already been approved for cancers and inflammatory diseases, and monoclonal antibodies continue to be one of the fastest growing classes of therapeutic molecules. Because aberrant signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a commonly observed factor in cancer, most of the subclasses of RTKs are being extensively studied as potential targets for treating malignancies. The first two RTKs that have been targeted by antibody therapy, with five currently marketed antibodies, are the growth factor receptors EGFR and HER2. However, due to systemic side effects, refractory patients and the development of drug resistance, these treatments are being challenged by emerging therapeutics. This review examines current monoclonal antibody therapies against RTKs. After an analysis of agents that have already been approved, we present an analysis of antibodies in clinical development that target RTKs. Finally, we highlight promising RTKs that are emerging as new oncological targets for antibody-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma; Cap Gamma; Parc Euromédecine; Montpellier, France
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87
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Giaginis C, Tsoukalas N, Bournakis E, Alexandrou P, Kavantzas N, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Ephrin (Eph) receptor A1, A4, A5 and A7 expression in human non-small cell lung carcinoma: associations with clinicopathological parameters, tumor proliferative capacity and patients' survival. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:8. [PMID: 24495444 PMCID: PMC4234387 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ephrin (Eph) receptors are frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of human malignant tumors, being associated with tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of EphA1, A4, A5 and A7 protein expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Methods EphA1, A4, A5 and A7 protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically in tissue microarrays of 88 surgically resected NSCLC and was analyzed in relation with clinicopathological characteristics and patients’ survival. Results Elevated EphA4 expression was significantly associated with low histopathological stage and presence of inflammation (p = 0.047 and p = 0.026, respectively). Elevated EphA7 expression was significantly associated with older patients’ age, presence of fibrosis and smaller tumor size (p = 0.036, p = 0.029 and p = 0.018, respectively). EphA1, A5 and A7 expression were positively associated with tumor proliferative capacity (p = 0.047, p = 0.002 and p = 0.046, respectively). Elevated EphA4, A5 and A7 expression were identified as predictors of favourable patients’ survival at both univariate (Log-rank test, 0 = 0.019, p = 0.006 and p = 0.012, respectively) and multivariate levels (Cox-regression analysis, p = 0.029, p = 0.068 and p = 0.044, respectively). Conclusions The present study supported evidence that Ephs may be involved in lung cancer progression, reinforcing their utility as clinical biomarkers for patients’ management and prognosis, as also as potential targets for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M, Asias str,, Goudi, Athens GR11527, Greece.
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88
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Ma B, Nussinov R. Druggable orthosteric and allosteric hot spots to target protein-protein interactions. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20:1293-301. [PMID: 23713780 PMCID: PMC6361532 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug designing targeting protein-protein interactions is challenging. Because structural elucidation and computational analysis have revealed the importance of hot spot residues in stabilizing these interactions, there have been on-going efforts to develop drugs which bind the hot spots and out-compete the native protein partners. The question arises as to what are the key 'druggable' properties of hot spots in protein-protein interactions and whether these mimic the general hot spot definition. Identification of orthosteric (at the protein- protein interaction site) and allosteric (elsewhere) druggable hot spots is expected to help in discovering compounds that can more effectively modulate protein-protein interactions. For example, are there any other significant features beyond their location in pockets in the interface? The interactions of protein-protein hot spots are coupled with conformational dynamics of protein complexes. Currently increasing efforts focus on the allosteric drug discovery. Allosteric drugs bind away from the native binding site and can modulate the native interactions. We propose that identification of allosteric hot spots could similarly help in more effective allosteric drug discovery. While detection of allosteric hot spots is challenging, targeting drugs to these residues has the potential of greatly increasing the hot spot and protein druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCIFrederick, Frederick, MD 21702.
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89
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Guo FY, Lesk AM. Sizes of interface residues account for cross-class binding affinity patterns in Eph receptor-ephrin families. Proteins 2013; 82:349-53. [PMID: 24105818 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eph receptors comprise the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases in mammals. They bind members of a second family, the ephrins. As both Eph receptors and ephrins are membrane bound, interactions permit unusual bidirectional cell-cell signaling. Eph receptors and ephrins each form two classes, A and B, based on sequences, structures, and patterns of affinity: Class A Eph receptors bind class A ephrins, and class B Eph receptors bind class B ephrins. The only known exceptions are the receptor EphA4, which can bind ephrinB2 and ephrinB3 in addition to the ephrin-As (Bowden et al., Structure 2009;17:1386-1397); and EphB2, which can bind ephrin-A5 in addition to the ephrin-Bs (Himanen et al., Nat Neurosci 2004;7:501-509). A crystal structure is available of the interacting domains of the EphA4-ephrin B2 complex (wwPDB entry 2WO2) (Bowden et al., Structure 2009;17:1386-1397). In this complex, the ligand-binding domain of EphA4 adopts an EphB-like conformation. To understand why other cross-class EphA receptor-ephrinB complexes do not form, we modeled hypothetical complexes between (1) EphA4-ephrinB1, (2) EphA4-ephrinB3, and (3) EphA2-ephrinB2. We identify particular residues in the interface region, the size variations of which cause steric clashes that prevent formation of the unobserved complexes. The sizes of the sidechains of residues at these positions correlate with the pattern of binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yi Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Huck Institute of Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802
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90
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Biochemical and biophysical characterization of four EphB kinase domains reveals contrasting thermodynamic, kinetic and inhibition profiles. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:BSR20130028. [PMID: 23627399 PMCID: PMC3673036 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eph (erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma) B receptors are important in a variety of cellular processes through their roles in cell-to-cell contact and signalling; their up-regulation and down-regulation has been shown to have implications in a variety of cancers. A greater understanding of the similarities and differences within this small, highly conserved family of tyrosine kinases will be essential to the identification of effective therapeutic opportunities for disease intervention. In this study, we have developed a route to production of multi-milligram quantities of highly purified, homogeneous, recombinant protein for the kinase domain of these human receptors in Escherichia coli. Analyses of these isolated catalytic fragments have revealed stark contrasts in their amenability to recombinant expression and their physical properties: e.g., a >16°C variance in thermal stability, a 3-fold difference in catalytic activity and disparities in their inhibitor binding profiles. We find EphB3 to be an outlier in terms of both its intrinsic stability, and more importantly its ligand-binding properties. Our findings have led us to speculate about both their biological significance and potential routes for generating EphB isozyme-selective small-molecule inhibitors. Our comprehensive methodologies provide a template for similar in-depth studies of other kinase superfamily members.
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91
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Ferluga S, Hantgan R, Goldgur Y, Himanen JP, Nikolov DB, Debinski W. Biological and structural characterization of glycosylation on ephrin-A1, a preferred ligand for EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18448-57. [PMID: 23661698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in a number of malignancies and is activated by ephrin ligands, most commonly by ephrin-A1. The crystal structure of the ligand-receptor complex revealed a glycosylation on the Asn-26 of ephrin-A1. Here we report for the first time the significance of the glycosylation in the biology of EphA2 and ephrin-A1. Ephrin-A1 was enzymatically deglycosylated, and its activity was evaluated in several assays using glioblastoma (GBM) cells and recombinant EphA2. We found that deglycosylated ephrin-A1 does not efficiently induce EphA2 receptor internalization and degradation, and does not activate the downstream signaling pathways involved in cell migration and proliferation. Data obtained by surface plasmon resonance confirms that deglycosylated ephrin-A1 does not bind EphA2 with high affinity. Mutations in the glycosylation site on ephrin-A1 result in protein aggregation and mislocalization. Analysis of Eph/ephrin crystal structures reveals an interaction between the ligand's carbohydrates and two residues of EphA2: Asp-78 and Lys-136. These findings suggest that the glycosylation on ephrin-A1 plays a critical role in the binding and activation of the EphA2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferluga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Yu Y, Dou KF, Wang JL, Li X, Wang JF, Han W, Zhang ZC, Ruan B, Wang DS. Clinical significance of expression of EphA3 in colon cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:835-839. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i9.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the significance of expression EphA3 protein in colon cancer and the correlation between EphA3 expression and tumor angiogenesis.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to examine EphA3 expression in 108 surgically resected colon cancer specimens and 15 normal colon mucosal tissue specimens. Microvessel density (MVD) in colon cancer was determined after immunostaining for CD31, and the correlation between EphA3 expression and MVD in colon cancer was assessed. The clinical and pathological significance and the prognosis of patients were analyzed using statistical methods.
RESULTS: Expression of EphA3 protein in cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in normal colon mucosa tissue. MVD was significantly correlated with overexpression of EpbA3, and high MVD was present in tumor areas that were strongly positive for EphA3. Overexpression of EphA3 protein was correlated with tumor size (71.8% vs 28.2%), TMN stages (Ⅰ: 25.0% vs 75.0%; Ⅱ: 67.9% vs 32.%; Ⅲ: 86.5% vs 13.5%; Ⅳ: 90.9% vs 9.1%), differentiation grade (low differentiation: 90.0% vs 10.0%; moderate differentiation: 62.5% vs 37.5%; high differentiation: 37.5% vs 62.5%), lymph node metastasis (94.1% vs 5.9%) and distant metastasis (75.0% vs 25.0%), but not with patient age or sex.
CONCLUSION: There is a correlation between EphA3 protein overexpression and tumor infiltration and poor prognosis of colon cancer.
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93
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Eph receptors and their ligands: promising molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1835:243-57. [PMID: 23396052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although at present, there is a high incidence of prostate cancer, particularly in the Western world, mortality from this disease is declining and occurs primarily only from clinically significant late stage tumors with a poor prognosis. A major current focus of this field is the identification of new biomarkers which can detect earlier, and more effectively, clinically significant tumors from those deemed "low risk", as well as predict the prognostic course of a particular cancer. This strategy can in turn offer novel avenues for targeted therapies. The large family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, the Ephs, and their binding partners, the ephrins, has been implicated in many cancers of epithelial origin through stimulation of oncogenic transformation, tumor angiogenesis, and promotion of increased cell survival, invasion and migration. They also show promise as both biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic value and as targeted therapies in cancer. This review will briefly discuss the complex roles and biological mechanisms of action of these receptors and ligands and, with regard to prostate cancer, highlight their potential as biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis, their application as imaging agents, and current approaches to assessing them as therapeutic targets. This review demonstrates the need for future studies into those particular family members that will prove helpful in understanding the biology and potential as targets for treatment of prostate cancer.
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