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Leite ACE, Carneiro VMDA, Guimarães MDCM. Effects of periodontal therapy on C-reactive protein and HDL in serum of subjects with periodontitis. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 29:69-77. [PMID: 24896165 PMCID: PMC4389485 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20140013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on levels of
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the sera and its association with body mass
index and high density lipoprotein in subjects with severe periodontitis. Methods Sera from 28 subjects (mean age: 34.36±6.24; 32% men) with severe periodontitis
and 27 healthy controls (mean age: 33.18±6.42; 33% men) were collected prior to
periodontal therapy. Blood samples were obtained from 23 subjects who completed
therapy (9-12 months). Oral and systemic parameters such as the number of blood
cells, glucose examination, lipid profile, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
levels accessed by high-sensitivity immunonephelometry assay, were included. Results Before therapy, in the periodontitis group, the ratio of subjects with
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein <0.3 mg/dL was statistically lower than in
the control group (P<0.0216). After therapy, the ratio of
subjects with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein <0.3 mg/dL was significantly
higher (65.22%) (P<0.0339). The mean value for body mass index
was statistically lower in subjects with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
<0.3 mg/dL (24.63±4.19), compared with those with high-sensitivity C-reactive
protein >0.3 mg/dL (28.91±6.03) (P<0.0411). High density
lipoprotein presented a mean value statistically higher after therapy
(P<0.0027). Conclusion In systemically healthy subjects with periodontitis, periodontal therapy was
associated with decreased levels of circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive
protein and increase of high density lipoprotein in serum. The clinical trial was
registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.br/, No. RBR-24T799.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Carolina Eleutério Leite
- Correspondence address: Anne Carolina Eleutério Leite, Brasília
Shopping Torre Norte - Sala 825 - Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil - Zip code:
70715-000, E-mail:
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Palm E, Khalaf H, Bengtsson T. Suppression of inflammatory responses of human gingival fibroblasts by gingipains fromPorphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 30:74-85. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Palm
- Department of Biomedicine; School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - H. Khalaf
- Department of Biomedicine; School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - T. Bengtsson
- Department of Biomedicine; School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
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Cardaropoli D, Gaveglio L, Abou-Arraj RV. Orthodontic movement and periodontal bone defects: Rationale, timing, and clinical implications. Semin Orthod 2014. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Additional effects of homeopathy on chronic periodontitis: a 1-year follow-up randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2014; 20:141-6. [PMID: 25129881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was test the hypothesis that homeopathy (H) enhances the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). MATERIALS AND METHODS 50 patients with CP were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups: SRP (C-G) or SRP + H (H-G). Assessments were made at baseline and after 3 and 12 months of treatments. The local and systemic responses to the treatments were evaluated by clinical and serologic parameters, respectively. RESULTS Both groups displayed significant improvements, however, using clinical attachment gain and reductions in HDL, LDL and Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Glucose and Uric acid, from baseline to 1 year, as criteria for treatment success, H-G performed significantly better than C-G. CONCLUSION The findings of this 1-year follow-up randomized clinical trial suggest that homeopathic medicines, as an adjunctive to SRP, can provide significant local and systemic improvements for CP patients.
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Rosier BT, De Jager M, Zaura E, Krom BP. Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: are we there yet? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:92. [PMID: 25077073 PMCID: PMC4100321 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that much like the rest of our microbiome has a role in health and disease. Specifically, it is the cause of very common oral diseases such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The ideas about oral disease development have evolved over time. In the nineteenth century, scientists could not identify bacteria related to disease due to the lack of technology. This led to the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" or the idea that the accumulation of dental plaque was responsible for oral disease without discriminating between the levels of virulence of bacteria. In the twentieth century this idea evolved with the techniques to analyze the changes from health to disease. The first common hypothesis was the "Specific Plaque Hypothesis" (1976) proposing that only a few species of the total microflora are actively involved in disease. Secondly, the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" was updated (1986) and the idea that the overall activity of the total microflora could lead to disease, was enriched by taking into account difference in virulence among bacteria. Then, a hypothesis was considered that combines key concepts of the earlier two hypotheses: the "Ecological Plaque Hypothesis" (1994), which proposes that disease is the result of an imbalance in the microflora by ecological stress resulting in an enrichment of certain disease-related micro-organisms. Finally, the recent "Keystone-Pathogen Hypothesis" (2012) proposes that certain low-abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodeling the microbiota. In this comprehensive review, we describe how these different hypotheses, and the ideas around them, arose and test their current applicability to the understanding of the development of oral disease. Finally, we conclude that an all-encompassing ecological hypothesis explaining the shifts from health to disease is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob T. Rosier
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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Biomechanical loading modulates proinflammatory and bone resorptive mediators in bacterial-stimulated PDL cells. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:425421. [PMID: 24976684 PMCID: PMC4058179 DOI: 10.1155/2014/425421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro whether biomechanical loading modulates proinflammatory and bone remodeling mediators production by periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in the presence of bacterial challenge. Cells were seeded on BioFlex culture plates and exposed to Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586 and/or cyclic tensile strain (CTS) of low (CTSL) and high (CTSH) magnitudes for 1 and 3 days. Synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was evaluated by ELISA. Gene expression and protein secretion of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. F. nucleatum increased the production of COX2 and PGE2, which was further increased by CTS. F. nucleatum-induced increase of PGE2 synthesis was significantly (P < 0.05) increased when CTSH was applied at 1 and 3 days. In addition, CTSH inhibited the F. nucleatum-induced upregulation of OPG at 1 and 3 days, thereby increasing the RANKL/OPG ratio. OPG and RANKL mRNA results correlated with the protein results. In summary, our findings provide original evidence that CTS can enhance bacterial-induced syntheses of molecules associated with inflammation and bone resorption by PDL cells. Therefore, biomechanical, such as orthodontic or occlusal, loading may enhance the bacterial-induced inflammation and destruction in periodontitis.
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de Araújo AA, Varela H, Brito GADC, de Medeiros CACX, Araújo LDS, do Nascimento JHO, de Araújo Júnior RF. Azilsartan increases levels of IL-10, down-regulates MMP-2, MMP-9, RANKL/RANK, Cathepsin K and up-regulates OPG in an experimental periodontitis model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96750. [PMID: 24819928 PMCID: PMC4018354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of azilsartan (AZT) on bone loss, inflammation, and the expression of matrix metallo proteinases (MMPs), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK), osteoprotegerin (OPG), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and cathepsin K in periodontal tissue in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis. Materials and Methods Male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 rats each: (1) nonligated, water; (2) ligated, water; (3) ligated, 1 mg/kg AZT; (4) ligated, 5 mg/kg AZT; and (5) ligated, 10 mg/kg AZT. All groups were treated with saline or AZT for 10 days. Periodontal tissues were analyzed by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, RANKL, RANK, OPG, and cathepsin K. Levels of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glutathione (GSH) were determined by ELISA. Results Treatment with 5 mg/kg AZT resulted in reduced MPO (p<0.05) and IL-1β (p<0.05), increased levels of IL-10 (p<0.05), and reduced expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, RANK, RANKL, cathepsin K, and increased expression of OPG. Conclusions These findings reveal that AZT increases anti-inflammatory cytokines and GSH and decreases bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurigena Antunes de Araújo
- Post Graduation Program Public Health/Post Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science/Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology,UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Hugo Varela
- Post Graduation Program Public Health/Department of Dentistry, UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo Júnior
- Post Graduation Program in Functional and Structural Biology/Post Graduation Program Health Science/Department of Morphology, UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Han DH, Lee SM, Lee JG, Kim YJ, Kim JB. Association between viral hepatitis B infection and halitosis. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:274-82. [PMID: 24053367 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.823645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral malodor can be increased in breath of liver patients. However, no study has been performed for the association between volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and viral hepatitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between viral hepatitis and VSCs. METHODS This study analyzed 182 subjects and measured hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) and dimethyl sulfide [(CH3)2S] using the OralChroma(®). Hepatitis type B was evaluated. Periodontal health was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Tongue coating score (TCS) was evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship. RESULTS Viral hepatitis had an elevated odds of dimethyl sulfide defined halitosis (OR = 9.22, 95% CI = 2.08-40.95) after controlling for age, gender, alcohol consumption, current smoking, periodontitis, BOP, TCS and tongue brushing habit. The magnitude of the association between viral hepatitis and VSCs defined halitosis attenuated with adjustment of mediators (alcohol consumption, periodontitis, BOP, TCS and tongue brushing habit for hydrogen sulfide defined halitosis; periodontitis, TCS and tongue brushing habit for methyl mercaptan defined halitosis; tongue brushing habit for dimethyl sulfide defined halitosis). CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study suggest that viral hepatitis may be associated with methyl mercaptan defined halitosis.
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Lakshmanan R, Jayakumar ND, Sankari M, Padmalatha O, Varghese S. Estimation of Pentraxin-3 Levels in the Gingival Tissues of Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis Participants: An In Vivo Study. J Periodontol 2014; 85:290-7. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Haas AN, Wagner MC, Oppermann RV, Rösing CK, Albandar JM, Susin C. Risk factors for the progression of periodontal attachment loss: a 5-year population-based study in South Brazil. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:215-23. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Nogueira Haas
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Marcius Comparsi Wagner
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Rui Vicente Oppermann
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Cassiano Kuchenbecker Rösing
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Jasim M. Albandar
- Periodontal Diagnostics Research Laboratory; Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology; Temple University School of Dentistry; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Cristiano Susin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology; College of Dental Medicine; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
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Leong XF, Ng CY, Badiah B, Das S. Association between hypertension and periodontitis: possible mechanisms. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:768237. [PMID: 24526921 PMCID: PMC3910336 DOI: 10.1155/2014/768237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is to examine the current literatures on the relationship between periodontitis and hypertension as well as to explore the possible biological pathways underlying the linkage between these health conditions. Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are among the critical components in the development of hypertension. Inflammation has received much attention recently and may contribute to a pivotal role in hypertension. Periodontitis, a chronic low-grade inflammation of gingival tissue, has been linked to endothelial dysfunction, with blood pressure elevation and increased mortality risk in hypertensive patients. Inflammatory biomarkers are increased in hypertensive patients with periodontitis. Over the years, various researches have been performed to evaluate the involvement of periodontitis in the initiation and progression of hypertension. Many cross-sectional studies documented an association between hypertension and periodontitis. However, more well-designed prospective population trials need to be carried out to ascertain the role of periodontitis in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Fang Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Yi Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Baharin Badiah
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Teughels W, Durukan A, Ozcelik O, Pauwels M, Quirynen M, Haytac MC. Clinical and microbiological effects of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotics in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:1025-35. [PMID: 24164569 PMCID: PMC3908359 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri-containing probiotic lozenges as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty chronic periodontitis patients were recruited and monitored clinically and microbiologically at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after therapy. All patients received one-stage full-mouth disinfection and randomly assigned over a test (SRP + probiotic, n = 15) or control (SRP + placebo, n = 15) group. The lozenges were used two times a day for 12 weeks. RESULTS At week 12, all clinical parameters were significantly reduced in both groups, while there was significantly more pocket depth reduction (p < 0.05) and attachment gain (p < 0.05) in moderate and deep pockets; more Porphyromonas gingivalis reduction was observed in the SRP + probiotic group. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that oral administration of L. reuteri lozenges could be a useful adjunct to SRP in chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Teughels
- Periodontology Section Department of Oral Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Periodontology Section Dentistry, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO)Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andaç Durukan
- Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova UniversityAdana, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozcelik
- Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova UniversityAdana, Turkey
| | - Martine Pauwels
- Periodontology Section Department of Oral Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Periodontology Section Department of Oral Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Periodontology Section Dentistry, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Mehmet Cenk Haytac
- Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova UniversityAdana, Turkey
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Chava VK, Vedula BD. Thermo-Reversible Green Tea Catechin Gel for Local Application in Chronic Periodontitis: A 4-Week Clinical Trial. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1290-6. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lappin DF, Apatzidou D, Quirke AM, Oliver-Bell J, Butcher JP, Kinane DF, Riggio MP, Venables P, McInnes IB, Culshaw S. Influence of periodontal disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis and cigarette smoking on systemic anti-citrullinated peptide antibody titres. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:907-15. [PMID: 23902301 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) responses may precede clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase can citrullinate proteins possibly inducing autoimmunity in susceptible individuals. AIM To determine whether periodontitis, carriage of P. gingivalis, smoking and periodontal therapy influence ACPA titres. METHODS Serum and plaque samples were collected from 39 periodontitis patients before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment, and from 36 healthy subjects. Carriage of P. gingivalis was determined by PCR of plaque DNA. ACPA was determined by anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-P. gingivalis titres were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Untreated periodontitis patients had higher anti-CCP antibody titres than healthy controls [three patients (8%) greater than manufacturer suggested assay diagnostic threshold (5 Assay Units/AU) versus none (0%); mean ± SEM: 1.37 ± 0.23 versus 0.40 ± 0.10 AU, p < 0.0001]. Periodontitis patients who smoked demonstrated lower anti-P. gingivalis (15956 ± 4385 versus 2512 ± 1290 Units/ml, p < 0.05), but similar anti-CCP than non-smoking periodontitis patients (smokers: 1.31 ± 0.35; non-smokers: 1.41 ± 0.32 AU). Healthy smokers demonstrated elevated anti-CCP titres (0.75 ± 0.19 AU), at levels between healthy non-smokers (0.15 ± 0.05 AU) and non-smoker periodontitis patients. Six months after periodontal treatment, there were significant reductions in anti-CCP (non-smokers p < 0.05) and anti-P. gingivalis (all participants p < 0.01). CONCLUSION In subjects with periodontitis, P. gingivalis infection may be responsible for inducing autoimmune responses that characterize rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Lappin
- Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Additional benefits of homeopathy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2013; 19:246-50. [PMID: 24199982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Homeopathic medicine (HM) in the treatment of Chronic Periodontitis (CP) aims to restore the vital energy balance of the patient allowing the body to heal itself. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the additional benefits of HM as an adjunctive to conventional periodontal treatment (CPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS After sample size calculation, sixty individuals of both genders, and ages varying between 35 and 70 years old, 40 with chronic periodontitis (CP group - CPG) and 20 without CP (Healthy Group - HG) participated in this "Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial". The CP patients were divided into two groups: one was submitted only to CPT (CP Control Group - CPT-C) and the other group was submitted to CPT and HM, according to the similia principle (CP Test Group - CPTT). Assessments were made at baseline and after 90 days of treatments. The local and systemic responses to the treatments were evaluated by clinical and laboratory parameters, respectively. Data were analyzed by parametric and nonparametric tests. The level of significance was 5%. RESULTS At baseline, CP patients presented higher values of LDL cholesterol and blood glucose than HG individuals. After the treatment, all the systemic parameters evaluated decreased in CP patients, except LDL and HDL Cholesterol in CPT-C, and HDL Cholesterol in CPT-T. There was a statistical gain in clinical attachment level only in CPT-T (+0.51 mm) after 90 days; however, there was a reduction in probing depth, in the level of visible plaque and in the bleeding on probing, in both CP groups (CPT-C and CPT-T) after 90 days. CONCLUSION The findings of this 3-month follow-up study concluded that H M, as an adjunctive to CPT, can provide additional benefits in the treatment of CP.
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Efficacy of various side-to-side toothbrushes for noncontact biofilm removal. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:793-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Araújo AA, Lopes de Souza G, Souza TO, de Castro Brito GA, Sabóia Aragão K, Xavier de Medeiros CA, Lourenço Y, do Socorro Costa Feitosa Alves M, Fernandes de Araújo R. Olmesartan decreases IL-1β and TNF-α levels; downregulates MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, and RANKL; and upregulates OPG in experimental periodontitis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 386:875-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gonçalves LS, Gonçalves BML, Fontes TV. Periodontal disease in HIV-infected adults in the HAART era: Clinical, immunological, and microbiological aspects. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1385-96. [PMID: 23755999 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has decreased the incidence and prevalence of several oral manifestations such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-infected patients. Regarding periodontal disease the findings are not clear. This disease represents a group of chronic oral diseases characterized by infection and inflammation of the periodontal tissues. These tissues surround the teeth and provide periodontal protection (the gingival tissue) and periodontal support (periodontal ligament, root cementum, alveolar bone). Clinical, immunological, and microbiological aspects of these diseases, such as linear gingival erythema (LGE), necrotizing periodontal diseases (NPD) (necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis [NUG], necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis [NUP] and necrotizing stomatitis), and chronic periodontitis, have been widely studied in HIV-infected individuals, but without providing conclusive results. The purpose of this review was to contribute to a better overall understanding of the probable impact of HIV-infection on the characteristics of periodontal infections.
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Lönn J, Johansson CS, Nakka S, Palm E, Bengtsson T, Nayeri F, Ravald N. High concentration but low activity of hepatocyte growth factor in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2013; 85:113-22. [PMID: 23594192 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a healing factor with regenerative and cytoprotective effects, are associated with inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. HGF biologic activity requires binding to its receptors, the proto-oncogene c-Met and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). This study investigates HGF expression and its relationship to subgingival microbiota in medically healthy individuals with and without periodontitis. METHODS Saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and blood samples from 30 patients with severe periodontitis and 30 healthy controls were analyzed for HGF concentration using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and binding affinity for HSPG and c-Met using surface plasmon resonance. The regenerative effects of saliva from three patients and controls were analyzed in an in vitro model of cell injury. Subgingival plaques were analyzed for the presence of 18 bacterial species. RESULTS Patients with periodontitis showed higher HGF concentrations in saliva, GCF, and serum (P <0.001); however, the binding affinities for HSPG and c-Met were reduced in GCF and saliva (P <0.002). In contrast to the controls, saliva from patients showed no significant regenerative effect over time on gingival epithelial cells. Compared with controls, patients had a higher prevalence of periodontally related bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Higher circulatory HGF levels indicate a systemic effect of periodontitis. However, the HGF biologic activity at local inflammation sites was reduced, and this effect was associated with the amount of periodontal bacteria. Loss of function of healing factors may be an important mechanism in degenerative processes in periodontally susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lönn
- The Institution for Protein Environment Affinity Surveys (PEAS Institute), Linköping, Sweden
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70
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Yakob M, Meurman JH, Sorsa T, Söder B. Treponema denticola associates with increased levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in gingival crevicular fluid. Oral Dis 2013; 19:694-701. [PMID: 23294114 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to assess the association between the presence of site-specific subgingival micro-organisms and the levels of matrix metalloproteinases-8 and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-8 and MMP-9) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). MATERIALS AND METHODS The patient group consisted of 56 subjects with periodontitis and the control group of 43 subjects without periodontitis. GCF samples from four test sites for each subject were collected. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. MMP-8 concentrations were analyzed by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay, and MMP-9 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Student's unpaired t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact P-value were calculated. RESULTS The presence of T. denticola in the test sites was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. The presence of T. forsythia and T. denticola was associated with increased levels of MMP-8 in the test sites. Respectively, site-specific presence of T. denticola was associated with an increase in MMP-9 levels in three of the four test sites. CONCLUSIONS The presence of subgingival micro-organisms in GCF, particularly T. denticola, appeared to induce a host response with an increased release of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in the test sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yakob
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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71
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Calderini A, Pantaleo G, Rossi A, Gazzolo D, Polizzi E. Adjunctive effect of chlorhexidine antiseptics in mechanical periodontal treatment: first results of a preliminary case series. Int J Dent Hyg 2012; 11:180-5. [PMID: 23216882 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present case series was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of a single session of mechanical and manual scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with the use of two different chlorhexidine formulations in the treatment for generalized chronic periodontitis. METHODS Ten patients affected by chronic periodontal disease with periodontal probing depth (PPD) ≥ 5 mm were treated with SRP plus local chlorhexidine. In each patient, similar teeth, treated with SRP with the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine digluconate and dihydrochloride or chlorhexidine gluconate, respectively, were selected and assigned to a test and a control group. In both groups, PPD, bleeding on probing (BOP) parameters, total bacterial counts (TBC) and quality of periodontal bacteria at time 0 and 6 weeks after treatment were measured. RESULTS PPD significantly decreased over time both in the test and in the control group; however, no significant differences between the two groups were observed. BOP and TBC were significantly lower in the test than in the control group 6 weeks after treatment. In the post-treatment revaluation, a significant decrease both in the treatment and in the control group, for each of the single periodontal pathogens, was observed. CONCLUSION In this study--a preliminary case series with small sample size and short follow-up--the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine (CHX) to SRP resulted in clinical and microbiological benefits in the treatment for generalized chronic periodontitis. A CHX gel formulation consisting of CHX digluconate and CHX dihydrochloride seems to lead some additional benefits over SRP plus CHX gluconate in the short term. Additional investigations are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this antiseptic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calderini
- Department of Dentistry and School of Dental Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
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72
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Nguyen-Hieu T, Khelaifia S, Aboudharam G, Drancourt M. Methanogenic archaea in subgingival sites: a review. APMIS 2012; 121:467-77. [PMID: 23078250 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Archaea are non-bacterial prokaryotes associated with oral microbiota in humans, but their roles in oral pathologies remain controversial. Several studies reported the molecular detection of methanogenic archaea from periodontitis, but the significance of this association has not been confirmed yet. An electronic search was therefore conducted in MEDLINE-Pubmed to identify all papers published in English connecting archaea and periodontal infections. Data analysis of the selected studies showed that five genera of methanogenic archaea have been detected in the subgingival microbiota, Methanobrevibacter oralis being the most frequently detected species in 41% of periodontitis patients and 55% of periodontal pockets compared to 6% of healthy subjects and 5% of periodontally-healthy sites (p < 10(-5) , Chi-squared test). Based on the five determination-criteria proposed by Socransky (association with disease, elimination of the organism, host response, animal pathogenicity and mechanisms of pathogenicity), M. oralis is a periodontal pathogen. The methanogenic archaea load correlating with periodontitis severity further supports the pathogenic role of methanogenic archaea in periodontitis. Therefore, detection and quantification of M. oralis in periodontal pockets could help the laboratory diagnosis and follow-up of periodontitis. Determining the origin, diversity and pathogenesis of archaea in periodontal infections warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Hieu
- URMITE, UMR63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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73
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Tobón-Arroyave SI, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Restrepo-Cadavid EM, Zapata-Molina SM, Martínez-Pabón MC. Association of salivary levels of the bone remodelling regulators sRANKL and OPG with periodontal clinical status. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:1132-40. [PMID: 23039038 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the variations in salivary concentrations of sRANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its ratio, regarding the periodontal status. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-seven chronic periodontitis (CP) subjects and 43 healthy controls were selected. Periodontal status was assessed based on full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements. sRANKL and OPG salivary levels were analysed by ELISA. The association between these analytes and its ratio with CP was analysed individually and adjusted for confounding using a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS sRANKL and sRANKL/OPG ratio were increased, whereas OPG was decreased in CP compared with healthy controls subjects. Although univariate analysis revealed a positive association of sRANKL salivary levels ≥6 pg/ml, OPG salivary levels ≤131 pg/ml and sRANKL/OPG ratio ≥0.062 with CP, after logistic regression analysis only the latter parameter was strongly and independently associated with disease status. Confounding and interaction effects of ageing and smoking habit on sRANKL and OPG levels could be noted. CONCLUSION Although salivary concentrations of sRANKL, OPG and its ratio may act as indicators of the amount/extent of periodontal breakdown, the mutual confounding and synergistic biological interactive effects related to ageing and smoking habit of the susceptible host may also promote the tissue destruction in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio I Tobón-Arroyave
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Tonetti MS, Lang NP, Cortellini P, Suvan JE, Eickholz P, Fourmousis I, Topoll H, Vangsted T, Wallkamm B. Effects of a single topical doxycycline administration adjunctive to mechanical debridement in patients with persistent/recurrent periodontitis but acceptable oral hygiene during supportive periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:475-82. [PMID: 22429128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of a slow release doxycycline gel (SRD) adjunctively administered to non-surgical therapy in subjects with recurrent or persistent periodontitis but acceptable oral hygiene during supportive periodontal care. MATERIAL & METHODS In this single blind, parallel group, multicentre study, 202 of 203 recruited periodontal maintenance subjects with recurrent or persistent periodontitis were randomly assigned to subgingival ultrasonic/sonic instrumentation (USI) with (test) or without (control) subsequent administration of SRD in all residual periodontal pockets ≥4 mm. Intergroup differences in probing depth, BOP reductions, treatment time, probing attachment levels were evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome was the inter-group difference in absolute change of probing pocket depth (PPD) 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention. RESULTS At baseline, the two groups were comparable. At 3 months, the test group showed a significantly higher decrease in mean probing depth than the control group at 3 months (mean difference = 0.11 mm, 95% CI 0.03-0.19 mm, p = 0.003). Administration of SRD resulted in significantly greater odds of transition of bleeding pockets ≥5 mm to a category of non bleeding sites with PPD ≤4 mm at 3 and 6 months (O.R. = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.8 at 3 months). At 6 months, SRD benefit was observed only in the deeper pockets. 7.5% of subjects (no significant difference between test and control) showed disease progression (attachment loss ≥2 mm) and were exited from the study. No difference in the incidence of adverse events was observed between groups. CONCLUSION The trial results show that topically administered SRD may provide short-term benefit in controlling inflammation and deep pockets in treated periodontal patients participating in a secondary prevention programme and able to maintain a satisfactory level of oral hygiene.
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Garlet GP, Trombone APF, Menezes R, Letra A, Repeke CE, Vieira AE, Martins W, Neves LTD, Campanelli AP, Santos CFD, Vieira AR. The use of chronic gingivitis as reference status increases the power and odds of periodontitis genetic studies: a proposal based in the exposure concept and clearer resistance and susceptibility phenotypes definition. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:323-32. [PMID: 22324464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Current literature on chronic periodontitis genetics encompasses numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms-focused case-control studies with inconsistent and controversial results, which typically disregards the exposure concept embraced by case-control definition. Herein, we propose a case-control design reappraisal by clear phenotype selection, where chronic gingivitis represents a genetically resistant phenotype/genotype opposing the susceptible cohort. MATERIAL AND METHODS The hypothesis was tested in healthy, chronic periodontitis and gingivitis groups through Real-time PCR-based allelic discrimination of classic variants IL1B-3954, IL6-174, TNFA-308, IL10-592 and TLR4-299. RESULTS Observed allele/genotype frequencies characterize the healthy group with an intermediate genetic profile between periodontitis and gingivitis cohorts. When comparing genotype/allele frequencies in periodontitis versus healthy and periodontitis versus gingivitis scenarios, the number of positive associations (2-4) and the degree of association (p and odds ratio values) were significantly increased by the new approach proposed (periodontitis versus gingivitis), suggesting the association of IL1B-3954, TNFA-308, IL10-592 and TLR4-299 with periodontitis risk. Power study was also significantly improved by the new study design proposed when compared to the traditional approach. CONCLUSIONS The data presented herein support the use of new case-control study design based on the case-control definition and clear resistance/susceptibility phenotypes selection, which can significantly impact the study power and odds of identification of genetic factors involved in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University (FOB/USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Haas AN, Gaio EJ, Oppermann RV, Rösing CK, Albandar JM, Susin C. Pattern and rate of progression of periodontal attachment loss in an urban population of South Brazil: a 5-years population-based prospective study. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 39:1-9. [PMID: 22093104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this 5-years longitudinal study was to investigate the pattern and rate of periodontal attachment loss (PAL) progression in an urban population in South Brazil. METHODS In 2001, a multistage probability sampling strategy was used to derive a representative sample of 1,465 dentate individuals from Porto Alegre, Brazil. Five years later, 697 dentate individuals (294M/403F, mean age: 37.9 ± 13.3) were available for follow-up. PAL was assessed by calibrated examiners using a full-mouth protocol. Estimates of proximal PAL progression and standard errors (SE) are reported. RESULTS Fifty-six per cent (SE: 1.9) and 36% (SE: 1.8) of subjects showed PAL progression ≥3 mm affecting ≥2 and ≥4 teeth respectively. PAL progression ≥3 mm was mostly localized affecting 3.8 (SE: 0.2) teeth and 5.7 (SE: 0.3) sites. Annual PAL progression was, on average, 0.3 mm (SE: 0.01). Significant differences in PAL progression were observed according to age, gender, race and socioeconomic status. PAL progression increased with age reaching the highest progression rate in the 40-49 years cohort, and then decreased in older age groups. PAL progression was consistently higher among males and non-Whites than females and whites. CONCLUSION A large proportion of this urban Brazilian sample was affected by PAL progression underscoring the need for health promotion initiatives aiming at preventing progression of destructive periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Nogueira Haas
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Carrillo-de-Albornoz A, Figuero E, Herrera D, Cuesta P, Bascones-Martínez A. Gingival changes during pregnancy: III. Impact of clinical, microbiological, immunological and socio-demographic factors on gingival inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 39:272-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Figuero
- Section of Periodontology; School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - David Herrera
- Section of Periodontology; School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - Pedro Cuesta
- Section of Statistics; Research Support Center. Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid; Spain
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78
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Lappin DF, Murad M, Sherrabeh S, Ramage G. Increased plasma levels epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78/CXCL5 in periodontitis patients undergoing supportive therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:887-93. [PMID: 21770992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of cigarette smoking on plasma epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (CXCL5/ENA-78) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in supportive therapy periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma concentrations of CXCL5/ENA-78 and IL-6 were evaluated in 167 systemically healthy subjects (54 smokers and 113 non-smokers) divided into four groups: non-smokers with periodontitis (n=90), smokers with periodontitis (n=49), healthy non smokers (n=23) and healthy smokers (n=5). RESULTS Clinical probing depth (CPD) of smokers with periodontitis were significantly greater than those of non-smoking patients (p<0.05). Although clinical attachment loss (CAL) and the number of deep sites affected were greater in the smokers with periodontitis, these differences were not significant. Periodontitis patients had significantly higher plasma IL-6 and ENA-78 than healthy subjects (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-6 between smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis but CXCL5/ENA-78 concentrations were significantly greater in smokers with periodontitis (p=0.006). Plasma CXCL5/ENA-78 correlated with CPD, CAL and tobacco consumption (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION Plasma CXCL5/ENA-78 concentrations are a good systemic indicator of the inflammatory process and disease severity in subjects with periodontitis and in addition are potential indicator of inflammatory effects of cigarette smoking. Further studies are required to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlining this increase in CXCL5/ENA-78.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Lappin
- Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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