51
|
Abstract
Exosomes are a kind of cell-released membrane-form structures which contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These vesicular organelles play a key role in intercellular communication. Numerous experiments demonstrated that tumor-related exosomes (TEXs) can induce immune surveillance in the microenvironment in vivo and in vitro. They can interfere with the maturation of DC cells, impair NK cell activation, induce myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and educate macrophages into protumor phenotype. They can also selectively induce effector T cell apoptosis via Fas/FasL interaction and enhance regulatory T cell proliferation and function by releasing TGF-β. In this review, we focus on the TEX-induced immunosuppression and microenvironment change. Based on the truth that TEXs play crucial roles in suppressing the immune system, studies on modification of exosomes as immunotherapy strategies will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Zhang T, Wu P, Huang J. Yin-yang effect of tumor infiltrating B cells in breast cancer: From mechanism to immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 393:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
53
|
Fuh FK, Looney C, Li D, Poon KA, Dere RC, Danilenko DM, McBride J, Reed C, Chung S, Zheng B, Mathews WR, Polson A, Prabhu S, Williams M. Anti-CD22 and anti-CD79b antibody-drug conjugates preferentially target proliferating B cells. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:628-640. [PMID: 28009435 PMCID: PMC5368047 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CD22 and CD79b are cell-surface receptors expressed on B-cell-derived malignancies such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). An anti-mitotic agent, monomethyl auristatin E, was conjugated to anti-CD22 and anti-CD79b antibodies to develop target-specific therapies for NHL. The mechanism of action (MOA) and pharmacological and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of these antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) were investigated in cynomolgus monkeys. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Animals were administered anti-CD22 or anti-CD79b ADCs, respective unconjugated antibodies or vehicle. Pharmacodynamic effects on total and proliferating B cells and serum PK were then assessed. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of the ADCs were evaluated in vitro. KEY RESULTS Depletion of B cells was observed after administration of either ADC or the respective unconjugated antibodies. An extended duration of depletion was observed in animals administered ADCs. Similarly, preferential depletion of proliferating B cells in blood and germinal centre B cells in spleen were only observed in animals administered ADCs. Serum PK profiles of ADCs and respective unconjugated antibodies were comparable. In vitro, anti-human CD22 and anti-human CD79b antibodies showed no or only moderate ADCC activity, respectively; neither antibody had CDC activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The findings support the proposed MOA: initial depletion of total B cells by antibody-mediated opsonization, followed by preferential, sustained depletion of proliferating B cells by the auristatin conjugate due to its anti-mitotic action. Delivering potent anti-mitotic agents to B cells via the specificity of monoclonal antibodies provides a means to eliminate pathogenic B cells in NHL with improved risk-benefit profiles over traditional chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin K Fuh
- Department of Pharmacodynamic BiomarkersGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Caroline Looney
- Department of Pharmacodynamic BiomarkersGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Dongwei Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic SciencesGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Kirsten A Poon
- Department of Safety and ToxicologyGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Randall C Dere
- Department of BioAnalytical Research and DevelopmentGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Jacqueline McBride
- Department of Pharmacodynamic BiomarkersGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Chae Reed
- Department of BioAnalytical Research and DevelopmentGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Research and DevelopmentGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Immunology ResearchGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Andrew Polson
- Department of Immunology ResearchGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic SciencesGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Marna Williams
- Department of Pharmacodynamic BiomarkersGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
- MedImmune, GaithersburgMDUSA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Ruffin N, Hani L, Seddiki N. From dendritic cells to B cells dysfunctions during HIV-1 infection: T follicular helper cells at the crossroads. Immunology 2017; 151:137-145. [PMID: 28231392 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for B-cell differentiation and the subsequent antibody responses. Their numbers and functions are altered during human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infections. In lymphoid tissues, Tfh cells are present in germinal centre, where they are the main source of replicative HIV-1 and represent a major reservoir. Paradoxically, Tfh cell numbers are increased in chronically infected individuals. Understanding the fate of Tfh cells in the course of HIV-1 infection is essential for the design of efficient strategies toward a protective HIV vaccine or a cure. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advance in our understanding of Tfh cell dynamics during HIV/SIV infection. In particular, to explore the possible causes of their expansion in lymphoid tissues by discussing the impact of HIV-1 infection on dendritic cells, to identify the molecular players rendering Tfh cells highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and to consider the contribution of regulatory follicular T cells in shaping Tfh cell functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Lylia Hani
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Lee SY, Moon SJ, Kim EK, Seo HB, Yang EJ, Son HJ, Kim JK, Min JK, Park SH, Cho ML. Metformin Suppresses Systemic Autoimmunity in Roquinsan/san Mice through Inhibiting B Cell Differentiation into Plasma Cells via Regulation of AMPK/mTOR/STAT3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2661-2670. [PMID: 28242651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Circulating autoantibodies and immune complex deposition are pathological hallmarks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). B cell differentiation into plasma cells (PCs) and some T cell subsets that function as B cell helpers can be therapeutic targets of SLE. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is implicated in the formation of B cells and germinal centers (GCs). We assessed the effect of metformin, which inhibits mTOR, on the development of autoimmunity using Roquinsan/san mice. Oral administration of metformin inhibited the formation of splenic follicles and inflammation in kidney and liver tissues. It also decreased serum levels of anti-dsDNA Abs without affecting serum glucose levels. Moreover, metformin inhibited CD21highCD23low marginal zone B cells, B220+GL7+ GC B cells, B220-CD138+ PCs, and GC formation. A significant reduction in ICOS+ follicular helper T cells was found in the spleens of the metformin-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. In addition, metformin inhibited Th17 cells and induced regulatory T cells. These alterations in B and T cell subsets by metformin were associated with enhanced AMPK expression and inhibition of mTOR-STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, metformin induced p53 and NF erythroid-2-related factor-2 activity in splenic CD4+ T cells. Taken together, metformin-induced alterations in AMPK-mTOR-STAT3 signaling may have therapeutic value in SLE by inhibiting B cell differentiation into PCs and GCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Yeong Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea.,Immune Network, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea; and
| | - Su-Jin Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Beom Seo
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Yang
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Son
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Kim
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Jun-Ki Min
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea; .,Immune Network, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea; and
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Merlo LMF, Grabler S, DuHadaway JB, Pigott E, Manley K, Prendergast GC, Laury-Kleintop LD, Mandik-Nayak L. Therapeutic antibody targeting of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO2) inhibits autoimmune arthritis. Clin Immunol 2017; 179:8-16. [PMID: 28223071 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating inflammatory autoimmune disease with no known cure. Recently, we identified the immunomodulatory enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) as an essential mediator of autoreactive B and T cell responses driving RA. However, therapeutically targeting IDO2 has been challenging given the lack of small molecules that specifically inhibit IDO2 without also affecting the closely related IDO1. In this study, we develop a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based approach to therapeutically target IDO2. Treatment with IDO2-specific mAb alleviated arthritis in two independent preclinical arthritis models, reducing autoreactive T and B cell activation and recapitulating the strong anti-arthritic effect of genetic IDO2 deficiency. Mechanistic investigations identified FcγRIIb as necessary for mAb internalization, allowing targeting of an intracellular antigen traditionally considered inaccessible to mAb therapy. Taken together, our results offer preclinical proof of concept for antibody-mediated targeting of IDO2 as a new therapeutic strategy to treat RA and other autoantibody-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M F Merlo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Samantha Grabler
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - James B DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pigott
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Kaylend Manley
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut St. #100, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th St. Suite 1050, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lisa D Laury-Kleintop
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Laura Mandik-Nayak
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Biragyn A, Aliseychik M, Rogaev E. Potential importance of B cells in aging and aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:283-294. [PMID: 28083646 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of B cells as merely antibody producers is slowly changing. Alone or in concert with antibody, they control outcomes of seemingly different diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. While their role in activation of effector immune cells is beneficial in cancer but bad in autoimmune diseases, their immunosuppressive and regulatory subsets (Bregs) inhibit autoimmune and anticancer responses. These pathogenic and suppressive functions are not static and appear to be regulated by the nature and strength of inflammation. Although aging increases inflammation and changes the composition and function of B cells, surprisingly, little is known whether the change affects aging-associated neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, by analyzing B cells in cancer and autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases, we elucidate their potential importance in AD and other aging-associated neuroinflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation section, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Maria Aliseychik
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Schröder B, Saftig P. Intramembrane proteolysis within lysosomes. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:51-64. [PMID: 27143694 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is of pivotal importance in a diverse set of developmental and physiological processes. Altered intramembrane substrate turnover may be associated with neurodegeneration, cancer and impaired immune function. In this review we will focus on the intramembrane proteases which have been localized in the lysosomal membrane. Members of the γ-secretase complex and γ-secretase activity are found in the lysosomal membrane and are discussed to contribute to intracellular amyloid β production. Mutant or deficient γ-secretase may cause disturbed lysosomal function. The signal peptide peptidase-like (SPPL) protease 2a is a lysosomal membrane component and cleaves CD74, the invariant chain of the MHC II complex, as well as FasL, TNF, ITM2B and TMEM106, type II transmembrane proteins involved in the regulation of immunity and neurodegeneration. Therefore, it can be concluded, that not only proteolysis within the lysosomal lumen but also within lysosomal membranes regulates important cellular functions and contributes essentially to proteostasis of membrane proteins what may become increasingly compromised in the aged individual.
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
Chronic urticaria (CU) is defined as wheals, angioedema, or both, that last more than 6 weeks. Second-generation antihistamines are considered the first-line therapy for CU. Unfortunately, many patients will fail antihistamines and require alternative therapy, including immune response modifiers or biologics. Multiple biological agents have been evaluated for use in antihistamine-refractory CU, including omalizumab, rituximab, and intravenous immunoglobulin; omalizumab is the most efficacious. Because of the success of omalizumab, multiple new biologics that are directed at the IgE pathway are under investigation. This review summarizes the relevant data regarding the efficacy of biologics in antihistamine-refractory CU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Bulkhi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew J Cooke
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas B Casale
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Geng X, Kong X, Hu H, Chen J, Yang F, Liang H, Chen X, Hu Y. Research and development of therapeutic mAbs: An analysis based on pipeline projects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016. [PMID: 26211701 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1074362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As the subject of active research and development (R&D) in recent decades, monoclonal antibodies have emerged among the major classes of therapeutic agents for treatment of many human diseases, especially cancers, infections, and immunological disorders. This article surveys the landscape of R&D projects of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are mostly used for disease immunotherapy, from a number of perspectives, including therapeutic indications, development phases, participants, and citation of related patents. The results of this research can be used as a reference resource for pharmaceutical researchers, investors, and policymakers in the field of therapeutic mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Geng
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Hao Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- b College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences; Chongqing University ; Chongqing , China.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Zunyi Medical College ; Zunyi , China
| | - Fengqing Yang
- d Department of Pharmaceutics ; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University ; Chongqing , China
| | - Hongyu Liang
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Xin Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Tay C, Liu YH, Hosseini H, Kanellakis P, Cao A, Peter K, Tipping P, Bobik A, Toh BH, Kyaw T. B-cell-specific depletion of tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibits atherosclerosis development and plaque vulnerability to rupture by reducing cell death and inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:385-97. [PMID: 27492217 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS B2 lymphocytes promote atherosclerosis development but their mechanisms of action are unknown. Here, we investigated the role of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) produced by B2 cells in atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that 50% of TNF-α-producing spleen lymphocytes were B2 cells and ∼20% of spleen and aortic B cells produced TNF-α in hyperlipidemic ApoE(-/-) mice. We generated mixed bone marrow (80% μMT/20% TNF-α(-/-)) chimeric LDLR(-/-) mice where only B cells did not express TNF-α. Atherosclerosis was reduced in chimeric LDLR(-/-) mice with TNF-α-deficient B cells. TNF-α expression in atherosclerotic lesions and in macrophages were also reduced accompanied by fewer apoptotic cells, reduced necrotic cores, and reduced lesion Fas, interleukin-1β and MCP-1 in mice with TNF-α-deficient B cells compared to mice with TNF-α-sufficient B cells. To confirm that the reduced atherosclerosis is attributable to B2 cells, we transferred wild-type and TNF-α-deficient B2 cells into ApoE(-/-) mice deficient in B cells or in lymphocytes. After 8 weeks of high fat diet, we found that atherosclerosis was increased by wild-type but not TNF-α-deficient B2 cells. Lesions of mice with wild-type B2 cells but not TNF-α-deficient B2 cells also had increased apoptotic cells and necrotic cores. Transferred B2 cells were found in lesions of recipient mice, suggesting that TNF-α-producing B2 cells promote atherosclerosis within lesions. CONCLUSION We conclude that TNF-α produced by B2 cells is a key mechanism by which B2 cells promote atherogenesis through augmenting macrophage TNF-α production to induce cell death and inflammation that promote plaque vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tay
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yu-Han Liu
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Hamid Hosseini
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Peter Kanellakis
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Anh Cao
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Peter Tipping
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Tin Kyaw
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
BAFF upregulates CD28/B7 and CD40/CD154 expression and promotes mouse T and B cell interaction in vitro via BAFF receptor. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1101-9. [PMID: 27180986 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) is a member of TNF family and required for peripheral B cell survival and homeostasis. BAFF has been shown to promote the proliferation of T and B cells. In this study we examined whether and how BAFF mediated the interaction between mouse T and B cells in vitro. METHODS BAFF-stimulated B or T cells were co-cultured with T or B cells. The interactions between T and B cells were analyzed by measuring the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD28/CD80 or CD40/CD154), the proliferation and secretion of T and B cells and other factors. Two siRNAs against the transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) were used to identify the receptors responsible for the actions of BAFF. RESULTS BAFF-stimulated B cells significantly promoted the proliferation and activity of co-cultured T cells, and increased the percentages of CD4(+)CD28(+) and CD4(+)CD154(+) T cells. Similarly, BAFF-stimulated T cells significantly promoted the proliferation and activity of co-cultured B cells, and increased CD19(+)CD80(+) and CD19(+)CD40(+)B cell subpopulations. BAFF-R siRNA-silenced B cells showed significantly lower expression of CD40 and CD80 than the control B cells. When the BAFF-R siRNA-silenced B cells were stimulated with BAFF, then co-cultured with T cells, the expression of CD28 and CD154 on T cells was not increased. TACI siRNA-silenced B cells exhibited higher expression of CD40 and CD80 than the control B cells. When the TACI siRNA-silenced B cells were stimulated with BAFF, then co-cultured with T cells, the expression of CD28 and CD154 on T cells was significantly increased. CONCLUSION BAFF upregulates CD28/B7 and CD40/CD154 expression, and promotes the interactions between T and B cells in a BAFF-R-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
63
|
Tanaka Y, Takeuchi T, Akashi N, Takita Y, Kovacs B, Kariyasu S. Efficacy and safety of tabalumab plus standard of care in Japanese patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: Subgroup analyses of the ILLUMINATE-1 study. Mod Rheumatol 2016; 27:284-291. [DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2016.1206260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan,
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Batu ED. Biologic therapies in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2016.1177511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Deniz Batu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases; Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases; Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Floudas A, Amu S, Fallon PG. New Insights into IL-10 Dependent and IL-10 Independent Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cell Immune Suppression. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36 Suppl 1:25-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
67
|
Rituximab in lupus nephritis: A non-systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:210-5. [PMID: 26906063 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and severe complication in patients with lupus. Current therapy is based on immunosuppressive drugs and glucocorticoids. Recently, rituximab has been proposed as an alternative treatment for LN. Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen receptor on B cells. The aim of this review is to summarize all the available information about rituximab in LN. Eleven studies were found; three of them were observational studies (2 prospective and 1 retrospective) and eight were clinical trials (7 open-label studies and only 1 randomized controlled trial [RCT]). The evidence is insufficient to establish the role of rituximab in the treatment of LN. Results from the only RCT, which were negative, suggest a clinical benefit in black people. Further studies must confirm this hypothesis. Controlled clinical trials involving adaptive randomization are required to establish the real benefit of rituximab in LN.
Collapse
|
68
|
Vazquez-Mellado A, Pequeño-Luévano M, Cantu-Rodriguez OG, Villarreal-Martínez L, Jaime-Pérez JC, Gomez-De-Leon A, De La Garza-Salazar F, Gonzalez-Llano O, Colunga-Pedraza P, Sotomayor-Duque G, Gomez-Almaguer D. More about low-dose rituximab and plasma exchange as front-line therapy for patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:311-6. [PMID: 26907228 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2015.1133008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is characterized by a reduction in the von Willebrand cleavage protein ADAMTS-13, mainly as a consequence of autoimmunity. Plasma exchange (PEx) is standard, achieving complete remission (CR) in 77-83% of cases, but rates are variable depending on ADAMTS-13 activity and relapse is frequent in patients with <10%. Thus, an effective front-line immunosuppressive treatment is needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS We administered PEx daily until CR and rituximab 100 mg/dose/week for 4 consecutive weeks to 10 patients with a first TTP episode and 1 relapsed patient (8 females (72%) and 3 males (28%)). Median age was 34 years (15-46) and laboratory parameters at diagnosis were as follows: platelets 11 × 10(9)/l (range 7-27.4 × 10(9)/l), lactate dehydrogenase 1822 U/l (range 705-8220 U/l, normal 70-180 U/l), and haemoglobin 6 g/dl (range 4.2-11.8 g/dl). ADAMTS-13 activity was determined in eight patients and was <10% in all. ADAMTS-13 autoantibody titre was determined in seven patients and was >15 units/ml in all (ref: negative <12, undetermined 12-15, positive >15 units/ml); Shiga toxin was negative in all patients. The median number of PEx until CR was 7 (range 4-12); prednisone 1 mg/kg was administered to six patients. RESULTS The median follow-up was 22 months (range 4-49) and the estimated 2-year relapse-free survival was 89%; one HIV+ patient relapsed at 8 months follow-up. No complications related to PEx or rituximab were reported. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that low-dose rituximab and PEx are effective as front-line treatment for acute TTP; however, a prospective trial is needed to demonstrate whether low-dose rituximab is as effective as the conventional dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vazquez-Mellado
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Myrna Pequeño-Luévano
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Olga Graciela Cantu-Rodriguez
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Laura Villarreal-Martínez
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - José Carlos Jaime-Pérez
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Andres Gomez-De-Leon
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Fernando De La Garza-Salazar
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Llano
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Perla Colunga-Pedraza
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Guillermo Sotomayor-Duque
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - David Gomez-Almaguer
- a Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez , Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
[Basophilic granulocytes and autoimmune diseases. Can basophilic granulocytes modulate B-cell functions in systemic lupus erythematosus?]. Z Rheumatol 2016; 75:245-52. [PMID: 26820721 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-015-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, many other cell types are also involved in disease development. In a murine lupus model it was demonstrated that basophils are indispensable for the development of lupus symptoms. AIM This study investigated whether there is evidence for a relevant interaction between B-cells and basophils under physiological and pathological conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS A selective review of the literature was performed and some preliminary data about the interaction of basophils and B-cells are reported in this article. For the experiments, isolated B-cells were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of basophils and B-cell survival, proliferation, plasma cell development and antibody production were determined. RESULTS Data from the literature show that there is evidence for an interaction between basophils and B-cells in a murine model. Our investigations confirmed that human basophils also support the survival and proliferation of B-cells. Furthermore, plasma cell differentiation and antibody production, most importantly IgG secretion, are enhanced. First experimental ex vivo analyses of basophils from SLE patients demonstrate that these cells exhibit a higher activation level compared to basophils from healthy controls. DISCUSSION In summary, previously published data and our own data demonstrate that there is an interaction between human basophils and B-cells. A better understanding of the role of basophils in the pathogenesis of SLE could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
70
|
Abstract
The immune system is designed to execute rapid, specific, and protective responses against foreign pathogens. To protect against the potentially harmful effects of autoreactive escapees that might arise during the course of the immune response, multiple tolerance checkpoints exist in both the primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Regardless, autoantibodies targeting neural antigens exist in multiple neurologic diseases. The goal of this introductory chapter is to provide a foundation of the major principles and components of the immune system as a framework to understanding autoimmunity and autoimmune neurologic disorders. A broad overview of: (1) innate mechanisms of immunity and their contribution in demyelinating diseases; (2) B and T lymphocytes as effector arms of the adaptive immune response and their contribution to the pathophysiology of neurologic diseases; and (3) emerging therapeutic modalities for treatment of autoimmune disease is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay L Medina
- Department of Immunology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Froissart A, Veyradier A, Hié M, Benhamou Y, Coppo P. Rituximab in autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A success story. Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26:659-65. [PMID: 26293834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite a significant improvement of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) prognosis since the use of plasma exchange, morbidity and mortality remained significant because of poor response to standard treatment or exacerbations and relapses. Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the B-lymphocyte CD20 antigen, has shown a particular interest in this indication. Recent studies also reported strong evidence for its efficiency in the prevention of relapses. This review addresses these recent progresses and still opened questions in this topic: should rituximab be proposed in all patients at the acute phase? Should all patients benefit from a preemptive treatment? Is the infectious risk acceptable in this context?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Froissart
- Service de médecine interne, CHI, Créteil, France; Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Veyradier
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, AP-HP, Paris, France; Service d'hématologie biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Miguel Hié
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Ygal Benhamou
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, AP-HP, Paris, France; Service de médecine interne, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Paul Coppo
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, AP-HP, Paris, France; Service d'hématologie, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France; Inserm U1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Nilsson J, Lichtman A, Tedgui A. Atheroprotective immunity and cardiovascular disease: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. J Intern Med 2015; 278:507-19. [PMID: 25659809 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Emerging knowledge of the role of atheroprotective immune responses in modulating inflammation and tissue repair in atherosclerotic lesions has provided promising opportunities to develop novel therapies directly targeting the disease process in the artery wall. Regulatory T (Treg) cells have a protective role through release of anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of autoreactive effector T cells. Studies in experimental animals have shown that blocking the generation or action of Treg cells is associated with more aggressive development of atherosclerosis. Conversely, cell transfer and other approaches to expand Treg cell populations in vivo result in reduced atherosclerosis. There have been relatively few clinical studies of Treg cells and cardiovascular disease, but the available evidence also supports a protective function. These observations have raised hope that it may be possible to develop therapies that act by enforcing the suppressive activities of Treg cells in atherosclerotic lesions. One approach to achieve this goal has been through development of vaccines that stimulate immunological tolerance for plaque antigens. Several pilot vaccines based on LDL-derived antigens have demonstrated promising results in preclinical testing. If such therapies can be shown to be effective also in clinical trials, this could have an important impact on cardiovascular prevention and treatment. Here, we review the current knowledge of the mode of action of atheroprotective immunity and of the ways to stimulate such pathways in experimental settings. The challenges in translating this knowledge into the clinical setting are also discussed within the perspective of the experience of introducing immune-based therapies for other chronic noninfectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Tedgui
- INSERM U970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Spalinger MR, Scharl M. The role for protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 in regulating intestinal homeostasis. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 4:325-32. [PMID: 27403297 DOI: 10.1177/2050640615600115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease represents a chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent knowledge suggests a crucial role for genetic, immunological and bacterial factors in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Variations within the gene locus encoding PTPN22 have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. PTPN22 is critically involved in controlling immune cell activation and thereby plays an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Although in B and T cells the mechanism showing how PTPN22 affects cell signalling pathways is well studied, its role in myeloid cells remains less defined. Regulation of the innate immune system plays an essential role in the intestine, and levels of PTPN22 in myeloid cells are drastically reduced in the intestine of inflammatory bowel disease patients. Therefore, additional studies to define the role of PTPN22 in myeloid cells might clearly enhance our understanding of how PTPN22 contributes to intestinal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R Spalinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Morais SA, Vilas-Boas A, Isenberg DA. B-cell survival factors in autoimmune rheumatic disorders. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2015; 7:122-51. [PMID: 26288664 PMCID: PMC4530383 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x15586782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic disorders have complex etiopathogenetic mechanisms in which B cells play a central role. The importance of factors stimulating B cells, notably the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and A proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) axis is now recognized. BAFF and APRIL are cytokines essential for B-cell proliferation and survival from the immature stages to the development of plasma cells. Their levels are increased in some subsets of patients with autoimmune disorders. Several recent biologic drugs have been developed to block this axis, namely belimumab [already licensed for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatment], tabalumab, atacicept and blisibimod. Many clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these drugs in several autoimmune disorders are ongoing, or have been completed recently. This review updates the information on the use of biologic agents blocking BAFF/APRIL for patients with SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome and myositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Morais
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Andreia Vilas-Boas
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, Room 424, 4th Floor Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Bodogai M, Moritoh K, Lee-Chang C, Hollander CM, Sherman-Baust CA, Wersto RP, Araki Y, Miyoshi I, Yang L, Trinchieri G, Biragyn A. Immunosuppressive and Prometastatic Functions of Myeloid-Derived Suppressive Cells Rely upon Education from Tumor-Associated B Cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3456-65. [PMID: 26183924 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSC) have been reported to promote metastasis, but the loss of cancer-induced B cells/B regulatory cells (tBreg) can block metastasis despite MDSC expansion in cancer. Here, using multiple murine tumor models and human MDSC, we show that MDSC populations that expand in cancer have only partially primed regulatory function and limited prometastatic activity unless they are fully educated by tBregs. Cancer-induced tBregs directly activate the regulatory function of both the monocyte and granulocyte subpopulations of MDSC, relying, in part, on TgfβR1/TgfβR2 signaling. MDSC fully educated in this manner exhibit an increased production of reactive oxygen species and NO and more efficiently suppress CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, thereby promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, loss of tBregs or TgfβR deficiency in MDSC is sufficient to disable their suppressive function and to block metastasis. Overall, our data indicate that cancer-induced B cells/B regulatory cells are important regulators of the immunosuppressive and prometastatic functions of MDSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bodogai
- Immune Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kanako Moritoh
- Immune Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Immune Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine M Hollander
- Tumor Microenvironment Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cheryl A Sherman-Baust
- Immune Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert P Wersto
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yoshihiko Araki
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichiro Miyoshi
- Center for Experimental Animal Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Li Yang
- Tumor Microenvironment Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immune Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Boyman O, Kaegi C, Akdis M, Bavbek S, Bossios A, Chatzipetrou A, Eiwegger T, Firinu D, Harr T, Knol E, Matucci A, Palomares O, Schmidt-Weber C, Simon HU, Steiner UC, Vultaggio A, Akdis CA, Spertini F. EAACI IG Biologicals task force paper on the use of biologic agents in allergic disorders. Allergy 2015; 70:727-54. [PMID: 25819018 DOI: 10.1111/all.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biologic agents (also termed biologicals or biologics) are therapeutics that are synthesized by living organisms and directed against a specific determinant, for example, a cytokine or receptor. In inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, biologicals have revolutionized the treatment of several immune-mediated disorders. Biologicals have also been tested in allergic disorders. These include agents targeting IgE; T helper 2 (Th2)-type and Th2-promoting cytokines, including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-31, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP); pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF); chemokine receptor CCR4; and lymphocyte surface and adhesion molecules, including CD2, CD11a, CD20, CD25, CD52, and OX40 ligand. In this task force paper of the Interest Group on Biologicals of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, we review biologicals that are currently available or tested for the use in various allergic and urticarial pathologies, by providing an overview on their state of development, area of use, adverse events, and future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O. Boyman
- Department of Immunology; University Hospital Zurich; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - C. Kaegi
- Department of Immunology; University Hospital Zurich; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); Davos Switzerland
| | - S. Bavbek
- Division of Immunology and Allergy; Department of Pulmonary Disease; School of Medicine; Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
| | - A. Bossios
- Krefting Research Centre; Department of Internal Medicine and Nutrition; Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - A. Chatzipetrou
- Allergy Unit ‘D. Kalogeromitros’; 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology; ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Medical School; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - T. Eiwegger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - D. Firinu
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Department of Medical Sciences ‘M. Aresu’; University of Cagliari; Monserrato Italy
| | - T. Harr
- Service d'Immunologie et d'Allergologie; Spécialités de Médecine; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève; Geneva Switzerland
| | - E. Knol
- Departments of Immunology and Dermatology/Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - A. Matucci
- Immunoallergology Unit; Department of Biomedicine; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - O. Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - C. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM); Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - H.-U. Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - U. C. Steiner
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology; Spitalnetz Bern Tiefenau Ziegler; Bern Switzerland
| | - A. Vultaggio
- Immunoallergology Unit; Department of Biomedicine; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - C. A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); Davos Switzerland
| | - F. Spertini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Liu F, Fan H, Ren D, Dong G, Hu E, Ji J, Hou Y. TLR9-induced miR-155 and Ets-1 decrease expression of CD1d on B cells in SLE. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1934-45. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Division of Immunology; Medical School, Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Hongye Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Deshan Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Division of Immunology; Medical School, Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Guanjun Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Division of Immunology; Medical School, Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Erling Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Division of Immunology; Medical School, Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jianjian Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Division of Immunology; Medical School, Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Division of Immunology; Medical School, Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desensitization, a term loosely referring to a collection of antibody reduction and B-cell depletional therapies aimed at improving rates of transplantation in highly HLA and ABO-incompatible transplant recipients, has seen significant growth in the last decade. Advancements relate to an increasing unmet medical need for FDA-approved therapies, advancements in antibody detection methodologies and improved renal pathological assessments of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). SOURCES OF DATA, AREAS OF AGREEMENT AND CONTROVERSY Data reviewed include collective summaries of experience with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), B-cell depletion with rituximab and the use of plasma exchange with low-dose IVIG. Consensus suggests that these protocols are the most commonly used while experiences with other agents (i.e. bortezomib) are evolving. Controversy exists as to the extent of resources required, expense and outcomes of desensitization protocols. GROWING POINTS OR AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Here we review and synthesize data from evolving protocols and summarize developments of novel biologics aimed at modification of B-cells, antibodies and complement activation which will likely improve desensitization and treatment of ABMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Jordan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program and Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jua Choi
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program and Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Vo
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program and Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Yoo TH, Fornoni A. Nonimmunologic targets of immunosuppressive agents in podocytes. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2015; 34:69-75. [PMID: 26484025 PMCID: PMC4570600 DOI: 10.1016/j.krcp.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria is a characteristic finding in glomerular diseases and is closely associated with renal outcomes. In addition, therapeutic interventions that reduce proteinuria improve renal prognosis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that podocytes act as key modulators of glomerular injury and proteinuria. The podocyte, or glomerular visceral epithelial cell, is a highly specialized and differentiated cell that forms interdigitated foot processes with neighboring podocytes, which are bridged together by an extracellular structure known as the "slit diaphragm" (SD). The SD acts as a size- and charge-selective barrier to plasma protein. Derangement of SD structure or loss of SD-associated protein results in podocyte injury and proteinuria. During the past decades, several immune-modulating agents have been used for the treatment of glomerular diseases and for the reduction of proteinuria. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated that immunosuppressive agents can have a direct effect on the SD-associated proteins and stabilize actin cytoskeleton in podocyte and have therefore introduced the concept of nonimmunologic mechanism of renoprotection by immunomodulators. This review focuses on the evidence that immuno-modulating agents directly target podocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Mentrup T, Häsler R, Fluhrer R, Saftig P, Schröder B. A Cell-Based Assay Reveals Nuclear Translocation of Intracellular Domains Released by SPPL Proteases. Traffic 2015; 16:871-92. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Mentrup
- Biochemical Institute; Christian Albrechts University of Kiel; Otto-Hahn-Platz 9 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology; Christian Albrechts University of Kiel; Schittenhelmstr. 12 D-24105 Kiel Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biomedizinisches Centrum (BMC); Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich; Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17 D-81377 Munich Germany
- DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute; Christian Albrechts University of Kiel; Otto-Hahn-Platz 9 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Biochemical Institute; Christian Albrechts University of Kiel; Otto-Hahn-Platz 9 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Jordan SC, Choi J, Vo A. Achieving incompatible transplantation through desensitization: current perspectives and future directions. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:377-98. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of life-saving transplantation is severely limited by the shortage of organs, and histoincompatibility. To increase transplant rates in sensitized patients, new protocols for HLA and blood type incompatible (ABOi) desensitization have emerged. These approaches require significant desensitization using intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab and plasma exchange. In addition, the development of donor-specific antibody responses post transplant is the major cause of allograft failure with return to dialysis. This increases patient morbidity/mortality and cost. Immunotherapeutic agents used for desensitization evolved from drug development in oncology and autoimmune diseases. Currently, there is a renaissance in development of novel drugs likely to improve antibody reduction in transplantation. These include agents that inactivate IgG molecules, anticytokine antibodies, costimulatory molecule blockade, anticomplement agents and therapies aimed at the plasma cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Jordan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program & Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8900 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Nephrology & Transplant Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jua Choi
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program & Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8900 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ashley Vo
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program & Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8900 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Lin W, Seshasayee D, Lee WP, Caplazi P, McVay S, Suto E, Nguyen A, Lin Z, Sun Y, DeForge L, Balazs M, Martin F, Zarrin AA. Dual B cell immunotherapy is superior to individual anti-CD20 depletion or BAFF blockade in murine models of spontaneous or accelerated lupus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:215-24. [PMID: 25303150 PMCID: PMC4312898 DOI: 10.1002/art.38907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether a combination of B cell depletion and BAFF blockade is more effective than monotherapy in treating models of spontaneous or accelerated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in (NZB × NZW)F1 mice. Methods Clinical parameters such as disease progression–free survival, proteinuria, and renal injury were assessed in models of spontaneous, interferon-α (IFNα)–accelerated, or pristane-accelerated lupus in (NZB × NZW)F1 mice. Treatment arms included anti-CD20 (B cell depletion), B lymphocyte stimulator receptor 3 fusion protein (BR-3-Fc) (BAFF blockade), the combination of anti-CD20 and BR-3-Fc, isotype control, or cyclophosphamide. In models of spontaneous, IFNα-accelerated, or pristane-accelerated lupus, mice were treated for 24 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks, respectively. Peripheral and resident B cell subsets and various autoantibodies were examined. Results Compared to B cell depletion or BAFF blockade alone, combined therapy significantly improved disease manifestations in all 3 lupus models. In addition, marginal zone B cells, plasmablasts, and circulating and tissue plasma cells were decreased more effectively. Dual B cell immunotherapy also reduced multiple classes of pathogenic autoantibodies, consistent with its observed effectiveness in reducing immune complex–mediated renal injury. Conclusion Dual immunotherapy via B cell depletion and BAFF blockade is more efficacious than single agent immunotherapy in murine SLE models, and this combination treatment is predicted to be an effective strategy for immunotherapy in human SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WeiYu Lin
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Vilas-Boas A, Morais SA, Isenberg DA. Belimumab in systemic lupus erythematosus. RMD Open 2015; 1:e000011. [PMID: 26509047 PMCID: PMC4612697 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2014-000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the most challenging autoimmune disorders with a complex pathophysiology and diverse clinical presentation. Many drugs have been used to treat SLE with suboptimal results, especially in patients with moderate-to-severe disease. Belimumab is the first biological drug to be approved for the treatment of SLE in more than 50 years. This monoclonal antibody blocks B-cell activating factor, a cytokine important for B-cell differentiation and survival. In this review we focus on the activity of belimumab in patients with SLE and discuss the controversies of its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Vilas-Boas
- Internal Medicine Department , Hospital Pedro Hispano , Matosinhos , Portugal
| | - Sandra A Morais
- Internal Medicine Department , Hospital Pedro Hispano , Matosinhos , Portugal
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
High KH, Nathwani A, Spencer T, Lillicrap D. Current status of haemophilia gene therapy. Haemophilia 2014; 20 Suppl 4:43-9. [PMID: 24762274 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
After many reports of successful gene therapy studies in small and large animal models of haemophilia, we have, at last, seen the first signs of success in human patients. These very encouraging results have been achieved with the use of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors in patients with severe haemophilia B. Following on from these initial promising studies, there are now three ongoing trials of AAV-mediated gene transfer in haemophilia B all aiming to express the factor IX gene from the liver. Nevertheless, as discussed in the first section of this article, there are still a number of significant hurdles to overcome if haemophilia B gene therapy is to become more widely available. The second section of this article deals with the challenges relating to factor VIII gene transfer. While the recent results in haemophilia B are extremely encouraging, there is, as yet, no similar data for factor VIII gene therapy. It is widely accepted that this therapeutic target will be significantly more problematic for a variety of reasons including accommodating the larger factor VIII cDNA, achieving adequate levels of transgene expression and preventing the far more frequent complication of antifactor VIII immunity. In the final section of the article, the alternative approach of lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer is discussed. While AAV-mediated approaches to transgene delivery have led the way in clinical haemophilia gene therapy, there are still a number of potential advantages of using an alternative delivery vehicle including the fact that ex vivo host cell transduction will avoid the likelihood of immune responses to the vector. Overall, these are exciting times for haemophilia gene therapy with the likelihood of further clinical successes in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K H High
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Gümüş P, Özçaka Ö, Ceyhan-Öztürk B, Akcali A, Lappin DF, Buduneli N. Evaluation of biochemical parameters and local and systemic levels of osteoactive and B-cell stimulatory factors in gestational diabetes in the presence or absence of gingivitis. J Periodontol 2014; 86:387-97. [PMID: 25494659 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as varying glucose intolerance, with first onset or recognition in pregnancy. This study evaluates clinical and biochemical parameters in a possible association between GDM and gingivitis. METHODS A total of 167 pregnant females was included in the study. There were 101 females with GDM and 66 females without GDM. Subgroups were created according to the presence or absence of gingival inflammation. Plaque index, bleeding on probing, and probing depth were recorded at four sites per tooth. Serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (sRANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS Age and anthropometric indices were higher in the GDM than non-GDM group (P <0.0001). Clinical periodontal recordings, serum BAFF, IL-8, and saliva sRANKL levels were higher in the GDM group (P <0.05). Saliva IL-6 level was higher in the GDM with gingivitis group than non-GDM with gingivitis group (P = 0.044). Serum and GCF BAFF (P <0.0001), serum, saliva, and GCF APRIL (P <0.0001; P <0.0001; P = 0.032, respectively), GCF OPG (P = 0.036), and serum and saliva sRANKL (P <0.0001) were higher in the GDM with gingivitis group than GDM without gingivitis group. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory response seems to be more pronounced in females with GDM. The observed increase in both local and systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines may suggest an interaction between gingivitis and GDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Gümüş
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
León B, Ballesteros-Tato A, Lund FE. Dendritic cells and B cells: unexpected partners in Th2 development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1531-7. [PMID: 25086176 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although we have known for decades that B cells contribute to immune responses by secreting Ab, it is now clear that they are more than simply factories for Ig production, and they also play key roles as modulators of T cell-dependent immunity. Indeed, the evidence showing that Ag-presenting and cytokine-producing B cells can alter the magnitude and quality of CD4 T cell responses continues to grow. In this article, we review the data showing that B cells, working in partnership with dendritic cells, regulate the development of Th2 cells and the subsequent allergic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Achkar JM, Chan J, Casadevall A. Role of B cells and antibodies in acquired immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:a018432. [PMID: 25301934 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has documented a role for B cells and antibodies (Abs) in the immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Passive transfer studies with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against mycobacterial antigens have shown protection against the tubercle bacillus. B cells and Abs are believed to contribute to an enhanced immune response against Mtb by modulating various immunological components in the infected host including the T-cell compartment. Nevertheless, the extent and contribution of B cells and Abs to protection against Mtb remains uncertain. In this article we summarize the most relevant findings supporting the role of B cells and Abs in the defense against Mtb and discuss the potential mechanisms of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Yuen HK, Cunningham MA. Optimal management of fatigue in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:775-86. [PMID: 25328393 PMCID: PMC4199565 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s56063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the host of distressing pathophysiological and psychosocial symptoms, fatigue is the most prevalent complaint in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review is to update the current findings on non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and modality strategies to manage fatigue in patients with SLE and to provide some recommendations on optimal management of fatigue based on the best available evidence. We performed a systematic literature search of the PubMed and Scopus databases to identify publications on fatigue management in patients with SLE. Based on the studies reported in the literature, we identified nine intervention strategies that have the potential to alleviate fatigue in patients with SLE. Of the nine strategies, aerobic exercise and belimumab seem to have the strongest evidence of treatment efficacy. N-acetylcysteine and ultraviolet-A1 phototherapy demonstrated low-to-moderate levels of evidence. Psychosocial interventions, dietary manipulation (low calorie or glycemic index diet) aiming for weight loss, vitamin D supplementation, and acupuncture all had weak evidence. Dehydroepiandrosterone is not recommended due to a lack of evidence for its efficacy. In addition to taking treatment efficacy and side effects into consideration, clinicians should consider factors such as cost of treatment, commitments, and burden to the patient when selecting fatigue management strategies for patients with SLE. Any comorbidities, such as psychological distress, chronic pain, sleep disturbance, obesity, or hypovitaminosis D, associated with fatigue should be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hon K Yuen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Melissa A Cunningham
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Small-molecule inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase as therapeutic agents for immune disorders: will promise meet expectations? Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1811-27. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following on the heels of the US FDA approval of tofacitinib (Xeljanz, Pfizer, USA), an inhibitor of the JAK family members, and ibrutinib (Imbruvica, Janssen, Belgium), an inhibitor of BTK, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, respectively, there is now renewed interest in the biopharmaceutical industry in the development of orally active small-molecule agents targeting key protein kinases implicated in immune regulation. One such ‘immunokinase’ target is SYK, a non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase critical for transducing intracellular signaling cascades for various immune recognition receptors, such as the B-cell receptor and the Fc receptor. Here, we review and discuss the progress and challenges in the development of small-molecule inhibitors of SYK and their potential as a new class of disease-modifying immunosuppressive agents for certain inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
|
90
|
Majka DS, Chang RW. Is preclinical autoimmunity benign?: The case of cardiovascular disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:659-68. [PMID: 25437283 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there are many examples of autoantibodies in disease-free individuals, they can be a preclinical phenomenon heralding future autoimmune rheumatic disease. They may be a marker for autoreactive B-cell activation and other inflammatory autoimmune processes. The increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and the increased risk of CVD in patients with rheumatic disease with autoantibodies, suggest that CVD may have autoimmune features. Autoantibodies might be risk markers for subclinical and clinical CVD development not only in patients with rheumatic diseases but in the general population as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darcy S Majka
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron, M300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Rowland W Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron, M300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Accumulation of 4-1BBL+ B cells in the elderly induces the generation of granzyme-B+ CD8+ T cells with potential antitumor activity. Blood 2014; 124:1450-9. [PMID: 25037628 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-563940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the accumulation of highly-differentiated and granzyme B (GrB)-expressing CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells has been associated with aging, the mechanism for their enrichment and contribution to immune function remains poorly understood. Here we report a novel B-cell subset expressing 4-1BBL, which increases with age in humans, rhesus macaques, and mice, and with immune reconstitution after chemotherapy and autologous progenitor cell transplantation. These cells (termed 4BL cells) induce GrB(+)CD8(+) T cells by presenting endogenous antigens and using the 4-1BBL/4-1BB axis. We found that the 4BL cells increase antitumor responses in old mice, which may explain in part the paradox of retarded tumor growth in the elderly. 4BL cell accumulation and its capacity to evoke the generation of GrB(+)CD8(+) T cells can be eliminated by inducing reconstitution of B cells in old mice, suggesting that the age-associated skewed cellular immune responses are reversible. We propose that 4BL cells and the 4-1BBL signaling pathway are useful targets for improved effectiveness of natural antitumor defenses and therapeutic immune manipulations in the elderly.
Collapse
|
92
|
The roles of regulatory B cells in cancer. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:215471. [PMID: 24991577 PMCID: PMC4060293 DOI: 10.1155/2014/215471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs), a newly described subset of B cells, have been proved to play a suppressive role in immune system. Bregs can inhibit other immune cells through cytokines secretion and antigen presentation, which give them the role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and cancers. There are no clear criteria to identify Bregs; different markers were used in the different experimental conditions. Massive researches had described the functions of immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), dendritic cells (DCs), and B cells in the autoimmune disorder diseases and cancers. More and more researches focused on the roles of Bregs and the cytokines such as Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) secreted by Bregs. The aim of this review is to summarize the characteristics of Bregs and the roles of Bregs in cancer.
Collapse
|
93
|
Engineered Bovine Antibodies in the Development of Novel Therapeutics, Immunomodulators and Vaccines. Antibodies (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/antib3020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
94
|
Stoll ML, Cron RQ. Treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a revolution in care. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2014; 12:13. [PMID: 24782683 PMCID: PMC4003520 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-12-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A generation ago, children with arthritis faced a lifetime of pain and disability. Today, there are a multitude of treatment options, including a variety of biologics targeting key cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. While non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids were once the mainstay of therapy, they are now largely used as bridge or adjunctive therapies. Among the conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, methotrexate remains first-line therapy for most children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) due to its long track record of safety and effectiveness in the management of peripheral arthritis. Sulfasalazine and leflunomide may also have a secondary role. The tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) have shown tremendous benefit in children with polyarticular JIA and likely in enthesitis-related arthritis and psoriatic JIA as well. There may be additional benefit in combining TNFi with methotrexate. Abatacept and tocilizumab also appear to benefit polyarticular JIA; the role of rituximab remains unclear. For the treatment of systemic JIA, while the TNFi are of less benefit, blockade of interleukin-1 or interleukin-6 is highly effective. Additionally, interleukin-1 blockade appears to be effective treatment of macrophage activation syndrome, one of the most dangerous complications of JIA; specifically, anakinra in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids may obviate the need for cytotoxic approaches. In contrast, methotrexate along with the TNFi and abatacept are effective agents for the management of uveitis, another complication of JIA. Overall, the biologics have demonstrated an impressive safety record in children with JIA, although children do need to be monitored for rare but potentially dangerous adverse events, such as tuberculosis and other infections; paradoxical development of additional autoimmune diseases; and possibly an increased risk of malignancy. Finally, there may be a window of opportunity during which children with JIA will demonstrate most optimal responses to aggressive therapy, underscoring the need for rapid diagnosis and initiation of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Stoll
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, CPP N 210 M, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, USA
| | - Randy Q Cron
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, CPP N 210 M, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Streicher K, Morehouse CA, Groves CJ, Rajan B, Pilataxi F, Lehmann KP, Brohawn PZ, Higgs BW, McKeever K, Greenberg SA, Fiorentino D, Richman LK, Jallal B, Herbst R, Yao Y, Ranade K. The plasma cell signature in autoimmune disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:173-84. [PMID: 24431284 DOI: 10.1002/art.38194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Production of pathogenic autoantibodies by self-reactive plasma cells (PCs) is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. We undertook this study to investigate the prevalence of PCs and their relationship to known pathogenic pathways to increase our understanding of the role of PCs in disease progression and treatment response. METHODS We developed a sensitive gene expression-based method to overcome the challenges of measuring PCs using flow cytometry. Whole-genome microarray analysis of sorted cellular fractions identified a panel of genes, IGHA1, IGJ, IGKC, IGKV4-1, and TNFRSF17, expressed predominantly in PCs. The sensitivity of the PC signature score created from the combined expression levels of these genes was assessed through ex vivo experiments with sorted cells. This PC gene expression signature was used for monitoring changes in PC levels following anti-CD19 therapy, for evaluating the relationship between PCs and other autoimmune disease-related genes, and for estimating PC levels in affected blood and tissue from patients with multiple autoimmune diseases. RESULTS The PC signature was highly sensitive and capable of detecting a change in as few as 360 PCs. The PC signature was reduced more than 90% in scleroderma patients following anti-CD19 treatment, and this reduction was highly correlated (r = 0.80) with inhibition of collagen gene expression. Evaluation of multiple autoimmune diseases revealed that 30-35% of lupus and rheumatoid arthritis patients had increased levels of PCs. CONCLUSION This newly developed PC signature provides a robust and accurate method of measuring PC levels in the clinic. Our results highlight subsets of patients across multiple autoimmune diseases who may benefit from PC-depleting therapy.
Collapse
|
96
|
Misumi I, Whitmire JK. B cell depletion curtails CD4+ T cell memory and reduces protection against disseminating virus infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:1597-608. [PMID: 24453250 PMCID: PMC3925510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between CD4(+) T cells and B cells are needed for humoral immunity and CD4(+) T cell memory. It is not known whether B cells are needed early on to induce the formation of memory precursor cells or are needed later to sustain memory cells. In this study, primary and memory CD4(+) T cells responses were followed in wild-type mice that were depleted of mature B cells by anti-CD20 before or different times after acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. The Ab treatment led to a 1000-fold reduction in B cell number that lasted 6 wk. Primary virus-specific CD4(+) Th1 cells were generated in B cell-depleted mice; however, there was a decrease in the CD4(+)Ly6C(lo)Tbet(+) memory precursor population and a corresponding 4-fold reduction in CD4(+) memory cell number. Memory T cells showed impaired cytokine production when they formed without B cells. B cell depletion had no effect on established memory populations. During disseminating virus infection, B cell depletion led to sustained weight loss and functional exhaustion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and prevented mice from resolving the infection. Thus, B cells contribute to the establishment and survival of memory CD4(+) T cells post-acute infection and play an essential role in immune protection against disseminating virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Misumi
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jason K. Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Chung JY, Figgett W, Fairfax K, Bernard C, Chan J, Toh BH, Mackay F, Alderuccio F. Gene therapy delivery of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) via hematopoietic stem cell transfer induces MOG-specific B cell deletion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2593-601. [PMID: 24532581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The various mechanisms that have been described for immune tolerance govern our ability to control self-reactivity and minimize autoimmunity. However, the capacity to genetically manipulate the immune system provides a powerful avenue to supplement this natural tolerance in an Ag-specific manner. We have previously shown in the mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis that transfer of bone marrow (BM) transduced with retrovirus encoding myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) promotes disease resistance and CD4(+) T cell deletion within the thymus. However, the consequence of this strategy on B cell tolerance is not known. Using BM from IgH(MOG) mice that develop MOG-specific B cell receptors, we generated mixed chimeras together with BM-encoding MOG. In these animals, the development of MOG-specific B cells was abrogated, resulting in a lack of MOG-specific B cells in all B cell compartments examined. This finding adds a further dimension to our understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance that are associated with this gene therapy approach to treating autoimmunity and may have important implications for Ab-mediated autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yu Chung
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3181, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Stohl W. Therapeutic targeting of the BAFF/APRIL axis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:473-89. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.888415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
99
|
Merlo LMF, Pigott E, DuHadaway JB, Grabler S, Metz R, Prendergast GC, Mandik-Nayak L. IDO2 is a critical mediator of autoantibody production and inflammatory pathogenesis in a mouse model of autoimmune arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2082-2090. [PMID: 24489090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders are associated with altered activity of the immunomodulatory enzyme IDO. However, the precise contributions of IDO function to autoimmunity remain unclear. In this article, we examine the effect of two different IDO enzymes, IDO1 and IDO2, on the development of autoimmune arthritis in the KRN preclinical model of rheumatoid arthritis. We find that IDO2, not IDO1, is critical for arthritis development, providing direct evidence of separate in vivo functions for IDO1 and IDO2. Mice null for Ido2 display decreased joint inflammation relative to wild-type mice owing to a reduction in pathogenic autoantibodies and Ab-secreting cells. Notably, IDO2 appears to specifically mediate autoreactive responses, but not normal B cell responses, as total serum Ig levels are not altered and IDO2 knockout mice are able to mount productive Ab responses to model Ags in vitro and in vivo. Reciprocal adoptive transfer studies confirm that autoantibody production and arthritis are modulated by IDO2 expression in a cell type extrinsic to the T cell. Taken together, our results, provide important insights into IDO2 function by defining its pathogenic contributions to autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood PA USA.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA USA.,Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Laura Mandik-Nayak
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood PA USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Mitogen-induced B-cell proliferation activates Chk2-dependent G1/S cell cycle arrest. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87299. [PMID: 24498068 PMCID: PMC3907503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell activation and proliferation can be induced by a variety of extracellular stimuli. The fate of an activated B cell following mitogen stimulation can be dictated by the strength or duration of the signal, the expression of downstream signaling components necessary to promote proliferation, and the cell intrinsic sensors and regulators of the proliferative program. Previously we have identified the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathway as a cell intrinsic sensor that is activated upon latent infection of primary human B cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Here we have assessed the role of the DDR as a limiting factor in the proliferative response to non-viral B-cell mitogens. We report that TLR9 activation through CpG-rich oligonucleotides induced B-cell hyper-proliferation and an ATM/Chk2 downstream signaling pathway. However, B-cell activation through the CD40 pathway coupled with interleukin-4 (IL-4) promoted proliferation less robustly and only a modest DDR. These two mitogens, but not EBV, modestly induced intrinsic apoptosis that was independent from the DDR. However, all three mitogens triggered a DDR-dependent G1/S phase cell cycle arrest preventing B-cell proliferation. The extent of G1/S arrest, as evidenced by release through Chk2 inhibition, correlated with B-cell proliferation rates. These findings have implications for the regulation of extra-follicular B-cell activation as it may pertain to the development of auto-immune diseases or lymphoma.
Collapse
|