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Alginate gels with a combination of calcium and chitosan oligomer mixtures as crosslinkers. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 156:490-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cao L, Wu J, Li X, Zheng L, Wu M, Liu P, Huang Q. Validated HPAEC-PAD Method for the Determination of Fully Deacetylated Chitooligosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101699. [PMID: 27735860 PMCID: PMC5085731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and sensitive analytical method based on high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) was established for the simultaneous separation and determination of glucosamine (GlcN)₁ and chitooligosaccharides (COS) ranging from (GlcN)₂ to (GlcN)₆ without prior derivatization. Detection limits were 0.003 to 0.016 mg/L (corresponding to 0.4-0.6 pmol), and the linear range was 0.2 to 10 mg/L. The optimized analysis was carried out on a CarboPac-PA100 analytical column (4 × 250 mm) using isocratic elution with 0.2 M aqueous sodium hydroxide-water mixture (10:90, v/v) as the mobile phase at a 0.4 mL/min flow rate. Regression equations revealed a good linear relationship (R² = 0.9979-0.9995, n = 7) within the test ranges. Quality parameters, including precision and accuracy, were fully validated and found to be satisfactory. The fully validated HPAEC-PAD method was readily applied for the quantification of (GlcN)1-6 in a commercial COS technical concentrate. The established method was also used to monitor the acid hydrolysis of a COS technical concentrate to ensure optimization of reaction conditions and minimization of (GlcN)₁ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jinlong Wu
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 22 Maizidian Street, Beijing 110000, China.
| | - Xiuhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Li Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Pingping Liu
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 22 Maizidian Street, Beijing 110000, China.
| | - Qiliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Gaber Y, Mekasha S, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VG, Fraaije MW. Characterization of a chitinase from the cellulolytic actinomycete Thermobifida fusca. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1253-1259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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54
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Mekasha S, Toupalová H, Linggadjaja E, Tolani HA, Anděra L, Arntzen MØ, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH, Agger JW. A novel analytical method for d-glucosamine quantification and its application in the analysis of chitosan degradation by a minimal enzyme cocktail. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:18-24. [PMID: 27423879 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan, a β-(1,4)-linked polycationic polysaccharide composed of d-glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) provides a possible route to the exploitation of chitin-rich biomass. Complete conversion of chitosan to mono-sugars requires the synergistic action of endo- and exo- chitosanases. In the present study we have developed an efficient and cost-effective chitosan-degrading enzyme cocktail containing only two enzymes, an endo-attacking bacterial chitosanase, ScCsn46A, from Streptomyces coelicolor, and an exo-attacking glucosamine specific β-glucosaminidase, Tk-Glm, from the archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. Moreover, we developed a fast, reliable quantitative method for analysis of GlcN using high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). The sensitivity of this method is high and less than 50 pmol was easily detected, which is about 1000-fold better than the sensitivity of more commonly used detection methods based on refractive index. We also obtained qualitative insight into product development during the enzymatic degradation reaction by means of ElectroSpray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophanit Mekasha
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hana Toupalová
- Apronex s.r.o., Nad Safinou II/365, Vestec, 252 42 Jesenice u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Eka Linggadjaja
- PT Biotech Surindo, Komp. Pelabuhan Perikanan Kejawanan Jl. Pelabuhan Perikanan No. 1, Cirebon, West Java 45113, Indonesia
| | - Harish A Tolani
- PT Biotech Surindo, Komp. Pelabuhan Perikanan Kejawanan Jl. Pelabuhan Perikanan No. 1, Cirebon, West Java 45113, Indonesia
| | - Ladislav Anděra
- Apronex s.r.o., Nad Safinou II/365, Vestec, 252 42 Jesenice u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jane W Agger
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Lv M, Hu Y, Gänzle MG, Lin J, Wang C, Cai J. Preparation of chitooligosaccharides from fungal waste mycelium by recombinant chitinase. Carbohydr Res 2016; 430:1-7. [PMID: 27153004 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an enzymatic method for conversion of chitin from fungal waste mycelia to chitooligosaccharides. The recombinant chitinase LlChi18A from Lactococcus lactis was over-expressed by Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified by affinity chromatography. The enzymatic properties of the purified enzyme were studied by chitin oligosaccharides. Waste mycelium was pre-treated by alkaline. The optimal conditions for hydrolysis of fungal chitin by recombinant chitinase were determined by Schales method. HPLC/ESI-MS was used to determine the content of N-acetylglucosamine and chitooligosaccharides after hydrolysis. The level of reducing sugar released from pretreated mycelium by chitinase increased with the reaction time during 6 days. The main product in the hydrolysates was N,N'-diacetylchitobiose. After hydrolysis by chitinase for 5 d, the yield of N,N'-diacetylchitobiose from waste mycelium was around 10% with estimated purity of around 70%. Combination of chitinase and snailase remarkably increased the yield to 24% with purity of 78%. Fungal mycelium which contains chitin is a new potential source for obtaining food grade chitooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Lv
- College of Bioengineering, Faculty of Light Industry, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Ying Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Faculty of Light Industry, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6E 2P5, Canada.
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6E 2P5, Canada; School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jianguo Lin
- College of Bioengineering, Faculty of Light Industry, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Changgao Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Faculty of Light Industry, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Jun Cai
- College of Bioengineering, Faculty of Light Industry, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
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57
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Nguyen-Thi N, Doucet N. Combining chitinase C and N-acetylhexosaminidase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) provides an efficient way to synthesize N-acetylglucosamine from crystalline chitin. J Biotechnol 2016; 220:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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58
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Eide KB, Stockinger LW, Lewin AS, Tøndervik A, Eijsink VG, Sørlie M. The role of active site aromatic residues in substrate degradation by the human chitotriosidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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59
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Characterization of a cold-adapted and salt-tolerant exo-chitinase (ChiC) from Pseudoalteromonas sp. DL-6. Extremophiles 2016; 20:167-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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60
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Hamre AG, Jana S, Reppert NK, Payne CM, Sørlie M. Processivity, Substrate Positioning, and Binding: The Role of Polar Residues in a Family 18 Glycoside Hydrolase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7292-306. [PMID: 26503416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as cellulose (β-1,4-linked glucose) and chitin (β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine) by glycoside hydrolases (GHs) is of significant biological and economical importance. In nature, depolymerization is primarily accomplished by processive GHs, which remain attached to the substrate between subsequent hydrolytic reactions. Recent computational efforts have suggested that the processive ability of a GH is directly linked to the ligand binding free energy. The contribution of individual aromatic residues in the active site of these enzymes has been extensively studied. In this study, we offer the first experimental evidence confirming correlation of binding free energy and degree of processivity and evidence that polar residues are essential for maintaining processive ability. Exchanging Thr(276) with Ala in substrate binding subsite -2 in the processive ChiA of Serratia marcescens results in a decrease in both the enthalpy (2.6 and 3.8 kcal/mol) and free energy (0.5 and 2.2 kcal/mol) for the binding to the substrate (GlcNAc)6 and the inhibitor allosamidin, respectively, compared to that of the wild type. Moreover, the initial apparent processivity as measured by [(GlcNAc)2]/[GlcNAc] ratios (17.1 ± 0.4) and chitin degradation efficiency (20%) are greatly reduced for ChiA-T276A versus those of the wild type (30.1 ± 1.5 and 75%, respectively). Mutation of Arg(172) to Ala reduces the level of recognition and positioning of the substrate into the active site. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate ChiA-R172A behaves like the wild type, but the dynamics of ChiA-T276A are greatly influenced by mutation, which is reflective of their influence on processivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grethe Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Suvamay Jana
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Nicole K Reppert
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Christina M Payne
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Naqvi S, Moerschbacher BM. The cell factory approach toward biotechnological production of high-value chitosan oligomers and their derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:11-25. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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62
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Stockinger LW, Eide KB, Dybvik AI, Sletta H, Vårum KM, Eijsink VG, Tøndervik A, Sørlie M. The effect of the carbohydrate binding module on substrate degradation by the human chitotriosidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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63
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Structural and biochemical insights into the degradation mechanism of chitosan by chitosanase OU01. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1953-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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64
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Modulation of the transglycosylation activity of plant family GH18 chitinase by removing or introducing a tryptophan side chain. FEBS Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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65
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Viens P, Dubeau MP, Kimura A, Desaki Y, Shinya T, Shibuya N, Saito A, Brzezinski R. Uptake of chitosan-derived D-glucosamine oligosaccharides in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv048. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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66
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Enzymatic production of defined chitosan oligomers with a specific pattern of acetylation using a combination of chitin oligosaccharide deacetylases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8716. [PMID: 25732514 PMCID: PMC4346795 DOI: 10.1038/srep08716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan oligomers have diverse biological activities with potentially valuable applications in fields like medicine, cosmetics, or agriculture. These properties may depend not only on the degrees of polymerization and acetylation, but also on a specific pattern of acetylation (PA) that cannot be controlled when the oligomers are produced by chemical hydrolysis. To determine the influence of the PA on the biological activities, defined chitosan oligomers in sufficient amounts are needed. Chitosan oligomers with specific PA can be produced by enzymatic deacetylation of chitin oligomers, but the diversity is limited by the low number of chitin deacetylases available. We have produced specific chitosan oligomers which are deacetylated at the first two units starting from the non-reducing end by the combined use of two different chitin deacetylases, namely NodB from Rhizobium sp. GRH2 that deacetylates the first unit and COD from Vibrio cholerae that deacetylates the second unit starting from the non-reducing end. Both chitin deacetylases accept the product of each other resulting in production of chitosan oligomers with a novel and defined PA. When extended to further chitin deacetylases, this approach has the potential to yield a large range of novel chitosan oligomers with a fully defined architecture.
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67
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Paspaliari DK, Loose JSM, Larsen MH, Vaaje-Kolstad G. Listeria monocytogeneshas a functional chitinolytic system and an active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. FEBS J 2015; 282:921-36. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dafni K. Paspaliari
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Jennifer S. M. Loose
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås Norway
| | - Marianne H. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås Norway
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68
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Zhang D, Bland JM, Xu D, Chung S. Degradation of Chitin and Chitosan by a Recombinant Chitinase Derived from a Virulent <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> Isolated from Diseased Channel Catfish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2015.59064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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69
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Jung WJ, Park RD. Bioproduction of chitooligosaccharides: present and perspectives. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5328-56. [PMID: 25353253 PMCID: PMC4245534 DOI: 10.3390/md12115328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been traditionally obtained by chemical digestion with strong acids. In light of the difficulties associated with these traditional production processes, environmentally compatible and reproducible production alternatives are desirable. Unlike chemical digestion, biodegradation of chitin and chitosan by enzymes or microorganisms does not require the use of toxic chemicals or excessive amounts of wastewater. Enzyme preparations with chitinase, chitosanase, and lysozymeare primarily used to hydrolyze chitin and chitosan. Commercial preparations of cellulase, protease, lipase, and pepsin provide another opportunity for oligosaccharide production. In addition to their hydrolytic activities, the transglycosylation activity of chitinolytic enzymes might be exploited for the synthesis of desired chitin oligomers and their derivatives. Chitin deacetylase is also potentially useful for the preparation of oligosaccharides. Recently, direct production of oligosaccharides from chitin and crab shells by a combination of mechanochemical grinding and enzymatic hydrolysis has been reported. Together with these, other emerging technologies such as direct degradation of chitin from crustacean shells and microbial cell walls, enzymatic synthesis of COS from small building blocks, and protein engineering technology for chitin-related enzymes have been discussed as the most significant challenge for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Jung
- Division of Applied Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Environment-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
| | - Ro-Dong Park
- Division of Applied Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Environment-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
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70
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Abstract
Chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been traditionally obtained by chemical digestion with strong acids. In light of the difficulties associated with these traditional production processes, environmentally compatible and reproducible production alternatives are desirable. Unlike chemical digestion, biodegradation of chitin and chitosan by enzymes or microorganisms does not require the use of toxic chemicals or excessive amounts of wastewater. Enzyme preparations with chitinase, chitosanase, and lysozymeare primarily used to hydrolyze chitin and chitosan. Commercial preparations of cellulase, protease, lipase, and pepsin provide another opportunity for oligosaccharide production. In addition to their hydrolytic activities, the transglycosylation activity of chitinolytic enzymes might be exploited for the synthesis of desired chitin oligomers and their derivatives. Chitin deacetylase is also potentially useful for the preparation of oligosaccharides. Recently, direct production of oligosaccharides from chitin and crab shells by a combination of mechanochemical grinding and enzymatic hydrolysis has been reported. Together with these, other emerging technologies such as direct degradation of chitin from crustacean shells and microbial cell walls, enzymatic synthesis of COS from small building blocks, and protein engineering technology for chitin-related enzymes have been discussed as the most significant challenge for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Jung
- Division of Applied Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Environment-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
| | - Ro-Dong Park
- Division of Applied Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Environment-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
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Abstract
We present the first chitosanase–substrate complex structure, and, in combination with a mutagenesis and thermal stability assay, we elucidate the chitosanase–substrate binding mechanism precisely for the first time. The structural basis for chitosanase cleavage specificity is analysed as well.
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72
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Towards a molecular-level theory of carbohydrate processivity in glycoside hydrolases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 27:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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73
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Takeuchi T, Morita K, Saito T, Kugimiya W, Fukamizo T. Chitosan-Soyprotein Interaction as Determined by Thermal Unfolding Experiments. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:1786-9. [PMID: 16861817 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan interaction with soybean beta-conglycinin beta(3) was investigated by thermal unfolding experiments using CD spectroscopy. The negative ellipticity of the protein was enhanced with rising solution temperature. The transition temperature of thermal unfolding of the protein (T(m)) was 63.4 degrees C at pH 3.0 (0.15 M KCl). When chitosan was added to the protein solution, the T(m) value was elevated by 7.7 degrees C, whereas the T(m) elevation upon addition of chitosan hexamer (GlcN)(6) was 2.2 degrees C. These carbohydrates appear to interact with the protein stabilizing the protein structure, and the interaction ability could be evaluated from the T(m) elevation. Similar experiments were conducted at various pHs from 2.0 to 3.5, and the T(m) elevation was found to be enhanced in the higher pH region. We conclude that chitosan interacts with beta-conglycinin through electrostatic interactions between the positive charges of the chitosan polysaccharide and the negative charges of the protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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74
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Inhibition of fungal plant pathogens by synergistic action of chito-oligosaccharides and commercially available fungicides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93192. [PMID: 24770723 PMCID: PMC4000203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a linear heteropolymer consisting of β 1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and D-glucosamine (GlcN). We have compared the antifungal activity of chitosan with DPn (average degree of polymerization) 206 and FA (fraction of acetylation) 0.15 and of enzymatically produced chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS) of different DPn alone and in combination with commercially available synthetic fungicides, against Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold in numerous fruit and vegetable crops. CHOS with DPn in the range of 15-40 had the greatest anti-fungal activity. The combination of CHOS and low dosages of synthetic fungicides showed synergistic effects on antifungal activity in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Our study shows that CHOS enhance the activity of commercially available fungicides. Thus, addition of CHOS, available as a nontoxic byproduct of the shellfish industry, may reduce the amounts of fungicides that are needed to control plant diseases.
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75
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Villa-Lerma G, González-Márquez H, Gimeno M, López-Luna A, Bárzana E, Shirai K. Ultrasonication and steam-explosion as chitin pretreatments for chitin oligosaccharide production by chitinases of Lecanicillium lecanii. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:794-798. [PMID: 23993287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, chitin oligosaccharides have been successfully produced using chitinases from submerged fermentation of Lecanicillium lecanii. The highest Hex, Chit and Prot production was 0.14, 0.26 and 2.05 U/mg of protein, respectively, which were attained varying pH from 5 to 8 after 96 h. Culture conditions conducted at constant pH of 6 resulted in significantly lower enzyme production. The crude enzyme was partially purified by salting out with (NH4)2SO4 followed by size exclusion chromatography to isolate the chitinase mixture for further chitin hydrolysis assays. In this regard, chitin substrates were pretreated with sonication and steam explosion prior to enzymatic reaction. Structural changes were observed with steam explosion with 11.28% reduction of the crystallinity index attained with the lowest chitin/water ratio (0.1g/mL). Pretreated chitins reached the highest production of reducing sugars (0.37 mg/mL) and GlcNAc (0.59 mg/mL) in 23.6% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Villa-Lerma
- Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Laboratorio de Biopolimeros, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Mexico City C.P. 09340, Mexico
| | - Humberto González-Márquez
- Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Laboratorio de Biopolimeros, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Mexico City C.P. 09340, Mexico
| | - Miquel Gimeno
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Quimica, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alberto López-Luna
- Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Laboratorio de Biopolimeros, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Mexico City C.P. 09340, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Bárzana
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Quimica, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Keiko Shirai
- Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Laboratorio de Biopolimeros, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Mexico City C.P. 09340, Mexico.
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76
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Unexpected mode of action of sweet potato β-amylase on maltooligomer substrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1976-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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77
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Das SN, Madhuprakash J, Sarma PVSRN, Purushotham P, Suma K, Manjeet K, Rambabu S, Gueddari NEE, Moerschbacher BM, Podile AR. Biotechnological approaches for field applications of chitooligosaccharides (COS) to induce innate immunity in plants. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:29-43. [PMID: 24020506 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.798255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved mechanisms to recognize a wide range of pathogen-derived molecules and to express induced resistance against pathogen attack. Exploitation of induced resistance, by application of novel bioactive elicitors, is an attractive alternative for crop protection. Chitooligosaccharide (COS) elicitors, released during plant fungal interactions, induce plant defenses upon recognition. Detailed analyses of structure/function relationships of bioactive chitosans as well as recent progress towards understanding the mechanism of COS sensing in plants through the identification and characterization of their cognate receptors have generated fresh impetus for approaches that would induce innate immunity in plants. These progresses combined with the application of chitin/chitosan/COS in disease management are reviewed here. In considering the field application of COS, however, efficient and large-scale production of desired COS is a challenging task. The available methods, including chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis and chemical or biotechnological synthesis to produce COS, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Narayan Das
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India and
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78
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Pluvinage B, Hehemann JH, Boraston AB. Substrate recognition and hydrolysis by a family 50 exo-β-agarase, Aga50D, from the marine bacterium Saccharophagus degradans. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28078-88. [PMID: 23921382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria that metabolize agarose use multiple enzymes of complementary specificities to hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages in agarose, a linear polymer comprising the repeating disaccharide subunit of neoagarobiose (3,6-anhydro-l-galactose-α-(1,3)-d-galactose) that are β-(1,4)-linked. Here we present the crystal structure of a glycoside hydrolase family 50 exo-β-agarase, Aga50D, from the marine microbe Saccharophagus degradans. This enzyme catalyzes a critical step in the metabolism of agarose by S. degradans through cleaving agarose oligomers into neoagarobiose products that can be further processed into monomers. The crystal structure of Aga50D to 1.9 Å resolution reveals a (β/α)8-barrel fold that is elaborated with a β-sandwich domain and extensive loops. The structures of catalytically inactivated Aga50D in complex with non-hydrolyzed neoagarotetraose (2.05 Å resolution) and neoagarooctaose (2.30 Å resolution) provide views of Michaelis complexes for a β-agarase. In these structures, the d-galactose residue in the -1 subsite is distorted into a (1)S3 skew boat conformation. The relative positioning of the putative catalytic residues are most consistent with a retaining catalytic mechanism. Additionally, the neoagarooctaose complex showed that this extended substrate made substantial interactions with the β-sandwich domain, which resembles a carbohydrate-binding module, thus creating additional plus (+) subsites and funneling the polymeric substrate through the tunnel-shaped active site. A synthesis of these results in combination with an additional neoagarobiose product complex suggests a potential exo-processive mode of action of Aga50D on the agarose double helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pluvinage
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
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79
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Khong TT, Aarstad OA, Skjåk-Bræk G, Draget KI, Vårum KM. Gelling Concept Combining Chitosan and Alginate—Proof of Principle. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2765-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400610b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thang Trung Khong
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory
(NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Olav A. Aarstad
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory
(NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory
(NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kurt I. Draget
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory
(NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell M. Vårum
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory
(NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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80
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Potentiation of the synergistic activities of chitinases ChiA, ChiB and ChiC from Serratia marcescens CFFSUR-B2 by chitobiase (Chb) and chitin binding protein (CBP). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:33-42. [PMID: 23824666 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
With the goal of understanding the chitinolytic mechanism of the potential biological control strain Serratia marcescens CFFSUR-B2, genes encoding chitinases ChiA, ChiB and ChiC, chitobiase (Chb) and chitin binding protein (CBP) were cloned, the protein products overexpressed in Escherichia coli as 6His-Sumo fusion proteins and purified by affinity chromatography. Following affinity tag removal, the chitinolytic activity of the recombinant proteins was evaluated individually and in combination using colloidal chitin as substrate. ChiB and ChiC were highly active while ChiA was inactive. Reactions containing both ChiB and ChiC showed significantly increased N-acetylglucosamine trimer and dimer formation, but decreased monomer formation, compared to reactions with either enzyme alone. This suggests that while both ChiB and ChiC have a general affinity for the same substrate, they attack different sites and together degrade chitin more efficiently than either enzyme separately. Chb and CBP in combination with ChiB and ChiC (individually or together) increased their chitinase activity. We report for the first time the potentiating effect of Chb on the activity of the chitinases and the synergistic activity of a mixture of all five proteins (the three chitinases, Chb and CBP). These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of action of the chitinases produced by strain CFFSUR-B2 and provide a molecular basis for its high potential as a biocontrol agent against fungal pathogens.
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81
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Quintero-Villegas MI, Aam BB, Rupnow J, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH, Hutkins RW. Adherence inhibition of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by chitooligosaccharides with specific degrees of acetylation and polymerization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2748-2754. [PMID: 23428168 DOI: 10.1021/jf400103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Some oligosaccharides are known to act as molecular decoys by inhibiting pathogen adherence to epithelial cells. The present study was aimed at analyzing whether chitooligosaccharides (CHOS), that is, oligomers of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, have such antiadherence activity. CHOS of varied degree of polymerization (DP) and fraction of acetylation (F(A)) were produced. Adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) to the surface of a human HEp-2 cell line was determined in the absence or presence of the various CHOS fractions. Adherence was assessed by microscopic counting and image analysis of bacterial clusters and cells. The results showed that all CHOS fractions inhibited adherence of EPEC to HEp-2 cells. Hydrolysates with lower F(A) were more effective at reducing adherence. This effect is greater than that obtained with other oligosaccharides, such as galactooligosaccharides, applied at the same concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Quintero-Villegas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0919, United States
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82
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Vaaje-Kolstad G, Horn SJ, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH. The chitinolytic machinery ofSerratia marcescens- a model system for enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides. FEBS J 2013; 280:3028-49. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås; Norway
| | - Svein J. Horn
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås; Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås; Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås; Norway
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83
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Isolation and characterization of chitosan-producing bacteria from beaches of chennai, India. Enzyme Res 2012; 2012:421683. [PMID: 22919468 PMCID: PMC3420124 DOI: 10.1155/2012/421683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a deacetylated product of chitin produced by chitin deacetylase, an enzyme that hydrolyses acetamido groups of N-acetylglucosamine in chitin. Chitosan is a natural polymer that has great potential in biotechnology and in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Commercially, it is produced from chitin via a harsh thermochemical process that shares most of the disadvantages of a multistep chemical procedure. It is environmentally unsafe and not easily controlled, leading to a broad and heterogeneous range of products. An alternative or complementary procedure exploiting the enzymatic deacetylation of chitin could potentially be employed, especially when a controlled and well-defined process is required. In this study, 20 strains of bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected from different beaches of Chennai, India. Of these 20 bacterial strains, only 2 strains (S3, S14) are potent degrader of chitin and they are also a good producer of the enzyme chitin deacetylase so as to release chitosan.
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84
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Heggset EB, Tuveng TR, Hoell IA, Liu Z, Eijsink VGH, Vårum KM. Mode of action of a family 75 chitosanase from Streptomyces avermitilis. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1733-41. [PMID: 22376136 DOI: 10.1021/bm201521h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) are oligomers composed of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine with several interesting bioactivities that can be produced from enzymatic cleavage of chitosans. By controlling the degree of acetylation of the substrate chitosan, the enzyme, and the extent of enzyme degradation, CHOS preparations with limited variation in length and sequence can be produced. We here report on the degradation of chitosans with a novel family 75 chitosanase, SaCsn75A from Streptomyces avermitilis . By characterizing the CHOS preparations, we have obtained insight into the mode of action and subsite specificities of the enzyme. The degradation of a fully deacetylated and a 31% acetylated chitosan revealed that the enzyme degrade these substrates according to a nonprocessive, endo mode of action. With the 31% acetylated chitosan as substrate, the kinetics of the degradation showed an initial rapid phase, followed by a second slower phase. In the initial faster phase, an acetylated unit (A) is productively bound in subsite -1, whereas deacetylated units (D) are bound in the -2 subsite and the +1 subsite. In the slower second phase, D-units bind productively in the -1 subsite, probably with both acetylated and deacetylated units in the -2 subsite, but still with an absolute preference for deacetylated units in the +1 subsite. CHOS produced in the initial phase are composed of deacetylated units with an acetylated reducing end. In the slower second phase, higher amounts of low DP fully deacetylated oligomers (dimer and trimer) are produced, while the higher DP oligomers are dominated by compounds with acetylated reducing ends containing increasing amounts of internal acetylated units. The degradation of chitosans with varying degrees of acetylation to maximum extents of degradation showed that increasingly longer oligomers are produced with increasing degree of acetylation, and that the longer oligomers contain sequences of consecutive acetylated units interspaced by single deacetylated units. The catalytic properties of SaCsn75A differ from the properties of a previously characterized family 46 chitosanase from S. coelicolor (ScCsn46A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor B Heggset
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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85
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Sørlie M, Zakariassen H, Norberg AL, Eijsink VGH. Processivity and substrate-binding in family 18 chitinases. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.676282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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86
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Yousef M, Pichyangkura R, Soodvilai S, Chatsudthipong V, Muanprasat C. Chitosan oligosaccharide as potential therapy of inflammatory bowel disease: therapeutic efficacy and possible mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:66-79. [PMID: 22475725 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from intestinal epithelial barrier defect and dysregulated mucosal immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a biodegradation product of dietary fiber chitosan, in the treatment of IBD and to elucidate its possible mechanisms of action. Oral administration of COS protected against mortality and intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of acute colitis induced by 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The most effective dose range of COS was 10-20 mg/kg/day. In addition, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in colonic tissues were suppressed in mice receiving COS. Similar protective effect of COS against mortality and intestinal inflammation was observed in another mouse model of acute colitis induced by rectal instillation of 4% acetic acid. Importantly, COS administration after colitis induction was effective in ameliorating intestinal inflammation in both acute colitis models induced by 5% DSS and chronic colitis models induced by cycles of 2.5% DSS. In human colonic epithelial cells (T84 cells), COS treatment prevented NF-κB activation, production of TNF-α and IL-6, and loss of epithelial barrier integrity under both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF-α-stimulated conditions. Furthermore, binding of LPS to T84 cells, and TNF-α and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of T84 cells were prevented by treatment with COS. These results suggest that COS may be effective in the treatment of IBD through inhibition of NF-κB signaling and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yousef
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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87
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Wu H, Aam BB, Wang W, Norberg AL, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH, Du Y. Inhibition of angiogenesis by chitooligosaccharides with specific degrees of acetylation and polymerization. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:511-8. [PMID: 24750752 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) inhibit angiogenesis and may be used in the treatment of cancer tumors. We have studied the effect of the fraction of acetylation (FA) and the degree of polymerization (DP) on CHOS anti-angiogenic activity. We tested enzymatically produced CHOS-mixtures with FA0.15, FA0.3 and FA0.6, and DP≤12 in initial experiments with chorioallantoic membranes. All of the samples reduced the formation of new blood vessels, CHOS with FA0.3 giving the best effect. Single-DP fractions from the FA0.3 sample purified by size-exclusion chromatography (DP3-DP12) were then tested for inhibition of migration of human endothelial cells, which is an important element of the angiogenesis process. All of the fractions inhibited migration, meaning that, within the DP area tested in this study, FA is more important than DP for the effect. Generally, the results reveal that DP3-DP12 CHOS have considerable potential as anti-angiogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haige Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China; Bioengineering College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Berit B Aam
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Anne Line Norberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Yuguang Du
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
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88
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Abstract
Natural cellulolytic enzyme systems as well as leading commercial cellulase cocktails are dominated by enzymes that degrade cellulose chains in a processive manner. Despite the abundance of processivity among natural cellulases, the molecular basis as well as the biotechnological implications of this mechanism are only partly understood. One of the major limitations lies in the fact that it is not straightforward to measure and quantify processivity in what essentially are biphasic experimental systems. Here, we describe and discuss both well-established methods and newer methods for measuring cellulase processivity. In addition, we discuss recent insights from studies on chitinases that may help direct further studies on processivity in cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein J Horn
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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89
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Eide KB, Norberg AL, Heggset EB, Lindbom AR, Vårum KM, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Human chitotriosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of chitosan. Biochemistry 2011; 51:487-95. [PMID: 22192075 DOI: 10.1021/bi2015585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (HCHT) is one of two family 18 chitinases produced by humans, the other being acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). The enzyme is thought to be part of the human defense mechanism against fungal parasites, but its precise role and the details of its enzymatic properties have not yet been fully unraveled. We have studied the properties of HCHT by analyzing how the enzyme acts on high-molecular weight chitosans, soluble copolymers of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc, A), and glucosamine (GlcN, D). Using methods for in-depth studies of the chitinolytic machinery of bacterial family 18 enzymes, we show that HCHT degrades chitosan primarily via an endoprocessive mechanism, as would be expected on the basis of the structural features of its substrate-binding cleft. The preferences of HCHT subsites for acetylated versus nonacetylated sugars were assessed by sequence analysis of obtained oligomeric products showing a very strong, absolute, and a relative weak preference for an acetylated unit in the -2, -1, and +1 subsites, respectively. The latter information is important for the design of inhibitors that are specific for the human chitinases and also provides insight into what kind of products may be formed in vivo upon administration of chitosan-containing medicines or food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bistrup Eide
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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90
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Mourya VK, Inamdar NN, Choudhari YM. Chitooligosaccharides: Synthesis, characterization and applications. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x11070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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91
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Norberg AL, Dybvik AI, Zakariassen H, Mormann M, Peter-Katalinić J, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Substrate positioning in chitinase A, a processive chito-biohydrolase from Serratia marcescens. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2339-44. [PMID: 21683074 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The contributions of the -3 subsite and a putative +3 subsite to substrate positioning in ChiA from Serratia marcescens have been investigated by comparing how ChiA and its -3 subsite mutant W167A interact with soluble substrates. The data show that Trp - GlcNAc stacking in the -3 subsite rigidifies the protein backbone supporting the formation of the intermolecular interaction network that is necessary for the recognition and positioning of the N-acetyl groups before the -1 subsite. The +3 subsite exhibits considerable substrate affinity that may promote endo-activity in ChiA and/or assist in expelling dimeric products from the +1 and +2 subsites during processive hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Line Norberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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92
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Dybvik AI, Norberg AL, Schute V, Soltwisch J, Peter-Katalinić J, Vårum KM, Eijsink VGH, Dreisewerd K, Mormann M, Sørlie M. Analysis of noncovalent chitinase-chito-oligosaccharide complexes by infrared-matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4030-6. [PMID: 21473578 DOI: 10.1021/ac1031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transferring noncovalently bound complexes from the condensed phase into the gas phase represents a challenging task due to weak intermolecular bonds that have to be maintained during the phase transition. Currently, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the standard mass spectrometric (MS) technique to analyze noncovalent complexes. Although infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDI)-MS also provides particular soft desorption/ionization conditions, this method has so far hardly been applied for the analysis of noncovalent complexes. In this study, we employed IR-MALDI orthogonal time-of-flight (o-TOF)-MS in combination with the liquid matrix glycerol to characterize the specific complex formation of chito-oligosaccharide (CHOS) ligands with two variants of Chitinase A (ChiA) from Serratia marcescens, the inactive E315Q mutant and the active W167A mutant, respectively. The IR-MALDI-o-TOF-MS results were compared to those obtained using nano-ESI-quadrupole (q)-TOF-MS and ultraviolet (UV)-MALDI-o-TOF-MS. Using IR-MALDI-o-TOF-MS, specific noncovalent complexes between ChiA and CHOS were detected with distributions between enzymes with bound oligosaccharides vs free enzymes that were essentially identical to those obtained by nano-ESI-q-TOF-MS. Chitinase-CHOS complexes were not detected when UV-MALDI was employed for desorption/ionization. The results show that IR-MALDI-MS can be a valuable tool for fast and simple screening of noncovalent enzyme-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette I Dybvik
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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93
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Ohnuma T, Numata T, Osawa T, Mizuhara M, Vårum KM, Fukamizo T. Crystal structure and mode of action of a class V chitinase from Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 75:291-304. [PMID: 21240541 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A class V chitinase from Nicotiana tabacum (NtChiV) with amino acid sequence similar to that of Serratia marcescens chitinase B (SmChiB) was expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. When N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides [(NAG)(n)] were hydrolyzed by the purified NtChiV, the second glycosidic linkage from the non-reducing end was predominantly hydrolyzed in a manner similar to that of SmChiB. NtChiV was shown to hydrolyze partially N-acetylated chitosan non-processively, whereas SmChiB hydrolyzes the same substrate processively. The crystal structure of NtChiV was determined by the single-wavelength anomalous dispersion method at 1.2 Å resolution. The protein adopts a classical (β/α)₈-barrel fold (residues 1-233 and 303-348) with an insertion of a small (α + β) domain (residues 234-302). This is the first crystal structure of a plant class V chitinase. The crystal structure of the inactive mutant NtChiV E115Q complexed with (NAG)₄ was also solved and exhibited a linear conformation of the bound oligosaccharide occupying -2, +1, +2, and +3 subsites. The complex structure corresponds to an initial state of (NAG)₄ binding, which is proposed to be converted into a bent conformation through sliding of the +1, +2, and +3 sugar units to -1, +1, and +2 subsites. Although NtChiV is similar to SmChiB, the chitin-binding domain is present in the C-terminus of the latter, but not in the former. Aromatic amino acid residues found in the substrate binding cleft of SmChiB, including Trp97, are substituted with aliphatic residues in NtChiV. These structural differences appear to be responsible for NtChiV being a non-processive enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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94
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Heggset EB, Dybvik AI, Hoell IA, Norberg AL, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH, Vårum KM. Degradation of chitosans with a family 46 chitosanase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Biomacromolecules 2011; 11:2487-97. [PMID: 20831280 DOI: 10.1021/bm1006745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the degradation of well-characterized soluble heteropolymeric chitosans by a novel family 46 chitosanase, ScCsn46A from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), to obtain insight into the enzyme's mode of action and to determine its potential for production of different chitooligosaccharides. The degradation of both a fully deacetylated chitosan and a 32% acetylated chitosan showed a continuum of oligomeric products and a rapid disappearance of the polymeric fraction, which is diagnostic for a nonprocessive endomode of action. The kinetics of the degradation of the 32% acetylated chitosan demonstrated an initial rapid phase and a slower second phase, in addition to a third and even slower kinetic phase. The first phase reflects the cleavage of the glycosidic linkage between two deacetylated units (D-D), the primary products being fully deacetylated dimers, trimers, and tetramers, as well as longer oligomers with increasing degrees of acetylation. In the subsequent slower kinetic phases, oligomers with a higher degree of acetylated units (A) appear, including oligomers with A's at the reducing or nonreducing end, which indicate that there are no absolute preferences for D in subsites -1 and +1. After maximum degradation of the chitosan, the dimers DA and DD were the dominant products. The degradation of chitosans with varying degrees of acetylation to a maximum degree of scission showed that ScCsn46A could degrade all chitosan substrates extensively, although to decreasing degrees of scission with increasing F(A). The potential use of ScCsn46A to prepare fully deacetylated oligomers and more highly acetylated oligomers from chitosan substrates with varying degrees of acetylation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor B Heggset
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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95
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96
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Gruber S, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Matarese F, López-Mondéjar R, Kubicek CP, Seidl-Seiboth V. Analysis of subgroup C of fungal chitinases containing chitin-binding and LysM modules in the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride. Glycobiology 2010; 21:122-33. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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97
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Kumirska J, Czerwicka M, Kaczyński Z, Bychowska A, Brzozowski K, Thöming J, Stepnowski P. Application of spectroscopic methods for structural analysis of chitin and chitosan. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1567-636. [PMID: 20559489 PMCID: PMC2885081 DOI: 10.3390/md8051567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, the second most important natural polymer in the world, and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan, have been identified as versatile biopolymers for a broad range of applications in medicine, agriculture and the food industry. Two of the main reasons for this are firstly the unique chemical, physicochemical and biological properties of chitin and chitosan, and secondly the unlimited supply of raw materials for their production. These polymers exhibit widely differing physicochemical properties depending on the chitin source and the conditions of chitosan production. The presence of reactive functional groups as well as the polysaccharide nature of these biopolymers enables them to undergo diverse chemical modifications. A complete chemical and physicochemical characterization of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives is not possible without using spectroscopic techniques. This review focuses on the application of spectroscopic methods for the structural analysis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kumirska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Czerwicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Kaczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Anna Bychowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Brzozowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Jorg Thöming
- UFT-Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; E-Mail:
(J.T.)
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
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98
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Production of chitooligosaccharides and their potential applications in medicine. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1482-517. [PMID: 20559485 PMCID: PMC2885077 DOI: 10.3390/md8051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) are homo- or heterooligomers of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine. CHOS can be produced using chitin or chitosan as a starting material, using enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations thereof. Production of well-defined CHOS-mixtures, or even pure CHOS, is of great interest since these oligosaccharides are thought to have several interesting bioactivities. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities is of major importance. However, so far in-depth knowledge on the mode-of-action of CHOS is scarce, one major reason being that most published studies are done with badly characterized heterogeneous mixtures of CHOS. Production of CHOS that are well-defined in terms of length, degree of N-acetylation, and sequence is not straightforward. Here we provide an overview of techniques that may be used to produce and characterize reasonably well-defined CHOS fractions. We also present possible medical applications of CHOS, including tumor growth inhibition and inhibition of T(H)2-induced inflammation in asthma, as well as use as a bone-strengthener in osteoporosis, a vector for gene delivery, an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an anti-malaria agent, or a hemostatic agent in wound-dressings. By using well-defined CHOS-mixtures it will become possible to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities.
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99
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Deters A, Petereit F, Schmidgall J, Hensel A. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine oligosaccharides induce mucin secretion from colonic tissue and induce differentiation of human keratinocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:197-204. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.2.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chitin oligosaccharides (DP2, DP3, DP4, DP5 and DP7) were investigated for their effects on epithelial cells and tissue (skin keratinocytes in-vitro and ex-vivo, and gastrointestinal epithelial membranes ex-vivo). Oligomers DP2, DP3 and DP5 at 10 μg mL−1 significantly stimulated the mitochondrial activity of cultured keratinocytes in-vitro (primary cells and HaCaT cell line), with highest activity observed for the pentamer (150% of untreated control). The effects were dose dependent. This higher energy status of primary cells was triggered into a higher differentiation status, as determined by the early and late differentiation markers keratins K1/K10 and involucrin, respectively. In contrast, increased mitogenic cell proliferation was not induced by the oligosaccharides. Toxic effects on keratinocytes were absent. Additionally for the first time a mucin-stimulating effect of chitin oligosaccharides DP3 and DP5 was observed in an ex-vivo model based on intestinal epithelial mucosa tissue. Mucin secretion was time dependent, leading to the secretion of polymers comparable to those normally secreted under physiological conditions. Mucin induction was observed from colonic tissue isolated from humans and pigs. Also, porcine stomach mucosa was stimulated by DP5, while ileum tissue reacted to only a minor extent. Potential developments towards products with wound-healing capacity and activity against chronic bowel disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Deters
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstraße 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Petereit
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstraße 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmidgall
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstraße 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstraße 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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100
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Heggset EB, Hoell IA, Kristoffersen M, Eijsink VGH, Vårum KM. Degradation of chitosans with chitinase G from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): production of chito-oligosaccharides and insight into subsite specificities. Biomacromolecules 2010; 10:892-9. [PMID: 19222164 DOI: 10.1021/bm801418p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the degradation of soluble heteropolymeric chitosans with a bacterial family 19 chitinase, ChiG from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), to obtain insight into the mode of action of ChiG, to determine subsite preferences for acetylated and deacetylated sugar units, and to evaluate the potential of ChiG for production of chito-oligosaccharides. Degradation of chitosans with varying degrees of acetylation was followed using NMR for the identity (acetylated/deacetylated) of new reducing and nonreducing ends as well as their nearest neighbors and using gel filtration to analyze the size distribution of the oligomeric products. Degradation of a 64% acetylated chitosan yielded a continuum of oligomers, showing that ChiG operates according to a nonprocessive, endo mode of action. The kinetics of the degradation showed an initial rapid phase dominated by cleavage of three consecutive acetylated units (A; occupying subsites -2, -1, and +1), and a slower kinetic phase reflecting the cleavage of the glycosidic linkage between a deacetylated unit (D, occupying subsite -1) and an A (occupying subsite +1). Characterization of isolated oligomer fractions obtained at the end of the initial rapid phase and at the end of the slower kinetic phase confirmed the preference for A binding in subsites -2, -1, and +1 and showed that oligomers with a deacetylated reducing end appeared only during the second kinetic phase. After maximum conversion of the chitosan, the dimers AD/AA and the trimer AAD were the dominating products. Degradation of chitosans with varying degrees of acetylation to maximum degree of scission produced a wide variety of oligomer mixtures, differing in chain length and composition of acetylated/deacetylated units. These results provide insight into the properties of bacterial family 19 chitinases and show how these enzymes may be used to convert chitosans to several types of chito-oligosaccharide mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor B Heggset
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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