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Collodel G, Moretti E, Micheli L, Menchiari A, Moltoni L, Cerretani D. Semen characteristics and malondialdehyde levels in men with different reproductive problems. Andrology 2014; 3:280-6. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Collodel
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - E. Moretti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - L. Micheli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - A. Menchiari
- Department of Business and Law; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - L. Moltoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - D. Cerretani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
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52
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La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Vicari E, Salmeri M, Morgia G, Favilla V, Cimino S, Calogero AE. Microbiological investigation in male infertility: a practical overview. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1-14. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.062968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of inflammation and/or infection of the male accessory sex glands are very important for the potential effects that these conditions may have on male fertility. The clinical andrologist should be aware of the pathophysiological role of the main determinants of sperm damage when these conditions occur, in particular, seminal leukocytes, oxidative stress and cytokines. In addition, it is important to have a good knowledge of the methodologies to be used in clinical practice. This article summarizes the methods used to look for and to identify the micro-organisms responsible for male urogenital tract infections. These include sperm culture, urine culture, urethral swabbing, the Meares–Stamey test and balanopreputial swabbing. Finally, we discuss the role of human papilloma virus infection in male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosita A. Condorelli
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Enzo Vicari
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Salmeri
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Morgia
- Department of Urology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Aldo E. Calogero
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Vicari E, Tumino D, Morgia G, Favilla V, Cimino S, Calogero AE. Markers of semen inflammation: supplementary semen analysis? J Reprod Immunol 2013; 100:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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54
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Shukla KK, Agnihotri S, Gupta A, Mahdi AA, Mohamed EA, Sankhwar SN, Sharma P. Significant association of TNFα and IL-6 gene with male infertility—An explorative study in Indian populations of Uttar Pradesh. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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55
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Carrasquel G, Camejo MI, Michelangeli F, Ruiz MC. IFN-gamma alters the human sperm membrane permeability to Ca(2+). Syst Biol Reprod Med 2013; 60:21-7. [PMID: 24067141 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2013.833658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the male genitourinary tract has been associated with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and elevated reactive oxygen species, which affects spermatozoa capacitation, motility, and the acrosome reaction, along with functions regulated by the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]cyto). Though Ca(2+) signaling is of particular significance in sperm, the effect of IFN-γ intracellular calcium on these cells is still unknown. The present study evaluated the effect of IFN-γ on the [Ca(2+)]cyto and Ca(2+) permeability on human sperm. A cell suspension loaded with fura-2 was incubated with or without IFN-γ (from 0 to 2000 pg/ml) for 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, and the [Ca(2+)]cyto was measured. The permeability to Ca(2+) was evaluated by the change of the intracellular concentration following an extracellular Ca(2+) pulse. IFN-γ at low concentrations (≤ 500 pg/ml) did not affect the [Ca(2+)]cyto and Ca(2+) permeability of sperm. At a high concentration (2000 pg/ml), IFN-γ did not alter the [Ca(2+)](cyto), but significantly decreased the magnitude and velocity of Ca(2+) entry into the cell. This effect was dependent on incubation time and IFN-γ concentration. This alteration induced by IFN-γ was prevented by the simultaneous incubation of sperm with the antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). In conclusion, in vitro, IFN-γ modifies Ca(2+) sperm membrane permeability, probably via lipid peroxidation. IFN-γ in high concentration, as observed in inflammation/infection, can affect [Ca(2+)](cyto) regulation and alter sperm fertilizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carrasquel
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Desarrollo Animal, Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas , Venezuela and
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56
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Jaiswal D, Trivedi S, Agrawal NK, Singh R, Singh K. Association of interleukin-1beta C + 3953T gene polymorphism with human male infertility. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2013; 59:347-51. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2013.830234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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57
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Carrasquel G, Camejo MI, Michelangeli F, Ruiz MC. Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on the Intracellular Ca2+Homeostasis in Human Sperm. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:153-61. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carrasquel
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Desarrollo Animal; Departamento de Biología de Organismos; Universidad Simón Bolívar; Caracas; Venezuela
| | - Maria I. Camejo
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Desarrollo Animal; Departamento de Biología de Organismos; Universidad Simón Bolívar; Caracas; Venezuela
| | - Fabian Michelangeli
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC); Caracas; Venezuela
| | - Marie C. Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC); Caracas; Venezuela
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58
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Leisegang K, Udodong A, Bouic PJD, Henkel RR. Effect of the metabolic syndrome on male reproductive function: a case-controlled pilot study. Andrologia 2012; 46:167-76. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Leisegang
- Department of Medical Biosciences; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
- School of Natural Medicine; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
| | - A. Udodong
- Department of Medical Biosciences; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
| | - P. J. D. Bouic
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology; Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Academic Hospital; Tygerberg South Africa
| | - R. R. Henkel
- Department of Medical Biosciences; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
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59
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Sheth KR, Sharma V, Helfand BT, Cashy J, Smith K, Hedges JC, Köhler TS, Woodruff TK, Brannigan RE. Improved Fertility Preservation Care for Male Patients With Cancer After Establishment of Formalized Oncofertility Program. J Urol 2012; 187:979-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunj R. Sheth
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - Vidit Sharma
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - Brian T. Helfand
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - John Cashy
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - Kristin Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - Jason C. Hedges
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - Tobias S. Köhler
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Teresa K. Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago
| | - Robert E. Brannigan
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago
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60
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Payan-Carreira R, Santana I, Pires MA, Holst BS, Rodriguez-Martinez H. Localization of tumor necrosis factor in the canine testis, epididymis and spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1540-8. [PMID: 22240190 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), formerly known as Tumor necrosis factor alpha is now regarded as a natural component of the mammalian seminal plasma (SP). Although not completely clarified, its functions in the SP have been associated with paradoxal roles, such as sperm survival in the female genital tract, while at high levels negatively affect sperm survival and fertility potential. Recently, it has been discovered that canine inseminated spermatozoa display a strong immunoreaction for TNF when lining the female endometrium. As a continuation of this finding, the present work aimed at documenting TNF localization in the canine testes and epididymis and in freshly ejaculated spermatozoa (SPZ) through immunohisto- or cytochemistry. Immunoreaction for TNF was found in all samples used. In the dog testis, TNF immunoexpression was limited to the seminiferous tubules, where late round spermatids (SPD) showed weak intensity of immunostaining, while elongating and elongated SPD evidenced moderate and the residual bodies a strong intensity. In the epididymis, a gradual progressive increase of TNF immunolabelling was found throughout the epididymal regions, ranging from a weak intensity at the caput epididymis to a moderate intensity at the cauda. TNF immunolabelling was found in mature SPZ during the epididymal transit and also in freshly ejaculated SPZ, which showed a strong midpiece immunolabelling. Data presented here provide important information on expression of TNF in spermatozoa, which is acquired by the SPZ during their formation at the testis. It further provides the basis for subsequent studies on the physiological importance of cytokines in sperm function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Payan-Carreira
- CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto, Douro, P.O. Box 1013, 5001 to 801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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61
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La Vignera S, Vicari E, Condorelli RA, D'Agata R, Calogero AE. Male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters (review). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e330-47. [PMID: 21696400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Male accessory gland infection (MAGI) has been identified among those diagnostic categories which have a negative impact on the reproductive function and fertility in males (Rowe et al., World Health Organization Manual for the Standardised Investigation and Diagnosis of the Infertile Couple, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993). MAGI is a hypernym which groups the following different clinical categories: prostatitis, prostate-vesiculitis and prostate-vesiculo-epididymitis. Some of the characteristics they share are: common diseases, mainly have a chronic course, rarely cause obstruction of the seminal pathways, can have an unpredictable intracanicular spread to one or more sexual accessory glands of the reproductive tract, as well as to one or both sides. In this review, we show that all components involving the inflammatory response (from the agents which first trigger it to each component of the inflammatory response dynamic) can deteriorate conventional and/or non-conventional sperm parameters arising from one or more of the following mechanisms: altered secretory function of the epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate which reduce the antioxidant properties or scavenging role of the seminal plasma; deterioration of spermatogenesis; and (unilateral or bilateral) organic or functional sub-obstruction of the seminal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S La Vignera
- Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine and Master in Andrological, Human Reproduction and Biotechnology Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine and Systemic Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Henkel RR. Leukocytes and oxidative stress: dilemma for sperm function and male fertility. Asian J Androl 2010; 13:43-52. [PMID: 21076433 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatozoa are constantly exposed to the interphase between oxidation through high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leukocytes, and reduction by means of scavengers and antioxidants. Considering the very special functions as being the only cells with such high polarization and exerting their functions outside the body, even in a different individual, the female genital tract, the membranes of these cells are chemically composed of an extraordinary high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This in turn, renders them very susceptible to oxidative stress, which is defined as an imbalance between oxidation and reduction towards the oxidative status. As a result, ROS deriving from both leukocytes and the male germ cells themselves cause a process called 'lipid peroxidation' and other damages to the sperm cell. On the other hand, a certain limited amount of ROS is essential in order to trigger vital physiological reactions in cells, including capacitation or the acrosome reaction in sperm. The treatment of patients with antioxidants to compensate the oxidative status caused by oxidative stress is highly debated as uncontrolled antioxidative treatment might derail the system towards the reduced status, which is also unphysiological and can even induce cancer. This paradox is called the 'antioxidant paradox'. Therefore, a proper andrological diagnostic work-up, including the evaluation of ROS levels and the antioxidant capacity of the semen, has to be carried out beforehand, aimed at keeping the fine balance between oxidation and scavenging of vital amounts of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf R Henkel
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
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63
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Martínez-Prado E, Camejo Bermúdez MI. Expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-10, HSP-60, anti-HSP-60 antibodies, and anti-sperm antibodies, in semen of men with leukocytes and/or bacteria. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:233-43. [PMID: 20055787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Different cellular and biochemical markers have been proposed as indicators of infection-inflammation of male genital tract. METHOD OF STUDY Semen samples from 80 men attending an andrologic clinic were evaluated to determine the presence of leukocyte, bacteria, antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha, HSP-60, anti-HSP-60 antibodies, and anti-sperm antibodies. RESULTS Leukocytes in semen significantly correlated with an increase in IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha. The simultaneous presence of pathogens and leukocytes was associated with high levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha, whereas IL-6 was more associated with the presence of leukocytes. Anti-HSP-60 antibodies positively correlated with IL-6 and IL-8. The presence of anti-sperm antibodies highly associated with an increase in anti-HSP-60 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The type of cytokines present in the semen will depend on the single or simultaneous presence of leukocytes and/or pathogens. Chronic male genital tract infections could be associated with the development of anti-HSP-60 antibodies and anti-sperm antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Martínez-Prado
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela
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Moretti E, Cosci I, Spreafico A, Serchi T, Cuppone AM, Collodel G. Semen characteristics and inflammatory mediators in infertile men with different clinical diagnoses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 32:637-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cosci I, Moretti E, Collodel G. Lipid Peroxidation in Human Spermatozoa from Men with Genitourinary Infections. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2009; 54:75-83. [DOI: 10.1080/19396360801947722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Male infertility continues to be a clinical challenge of increasing significance. While male factors such as decreased semen quality are responsible for 25% of all infertility issues, the etiology of suboptimal semen quality is poorly understood. Many physiological, environmental, and genetic factors have been implicated, including oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), or free radicals, and although ROS are required for critical aspects of sperm function, excessive levels of ROS can negatively impact sperm quality. The origin of ROS generation, and the etiologies of increased ROS in men with suboptimal sperm quality have only recently been elucidated, offering multiple targets for potential therapy. Here, we present a critical review of the literature describing the role of oxidative stress on decreased sperm function, as well as the role of antioxidants in the treatment of male factor infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kefer
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Chakroun-Feki N, Therond P, Couturier M, Eustache F, Limea G, Legrand A, Jouannet P, Auger J. Human sperm quality and lipid content after migration into normal ovulatory human cervical mucus containing low numbers of leukocytes. Asian J Androl 2009; 11:308-16. [PMID: 19182821 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2008.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether a relationship exists between the presence of low numbers of leukocytes in normal ovulatory cervical mucus and sperm quality and lipid content after migration. The percentages of live, motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa, movement parameters assessed by computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA), and ionophore-induced acrosome reaction measured by flow cytometry were determined before and after migration. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was used to measure the sperm lipid content, including the various diacyl subspecies. The number of leukocytes found in solubilized mucus samples was counted using a haemocytometric method. Overall, the presence of leukocytes in the cervical mucus samples did not significantly influence sperm motility and morphology, sperm kinematic parameters, or the sperm content in sphingomyelin or cholesterol. In contrast, after migration, the decrease in various sperm diacyls and the level of induced acrosome reaction was significantly less pronounced in mucus samples containing>or=10(4) leukocytes than in mucus samples with no or rare leukocytes whereas the level of induced acrosome reaction was higher. The present data suggest that the low level of leukocytes found in normal ovulatory cervical mucus could influence the process of sperm lipid remodelling/capacitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozha Chakroun-Feki
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology/CECOS (Center of Study and Conservation of human Eggs and Sperm), Cochin Hospital, René Descartes University, Paris 75014, France.
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Srivastava P, Jha R, Bas S, Salhan S, Mittal A. In infertile women, cells from Chlamydia trachomatis infected sites release higher levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha upon heat-shock-protein stimulation than fertile women. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:20. [PMID: 18489796 PMCID: PMC2412883 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnitude of reproductive morbidity associated with sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infection is enormous. Association of antibodies to chlamydial heat shock proteins (cHSP) 60 and 10 with various disease sequelae such as infertility or ectopic pregnancy has been reported. Cell-mediated immunity is essential in resolution and in protection to Chlamydia as well as is involved in the immunopathogenesis of chlamydial diseases. To date only peripheral cell mediated immune responses have been evaluated for cHSP60. These studies suggest cHSPs as important factors involved in immunopathological condition associated with infection. Hence study of specific cytokine responses of mononuclear cells from the infectious site to cHSP60 and cHSP10 may elucidate their actual role in the cause of immunopathogenesis and the disease outcome. METHODS Female patients (n = 368) attending the gynecology out patient department of Safdarjung hospital, New Delhi were enrolled for the study and were clinically characterized into two groups; chlamydia positive fertile women (n = 63) and chlamydia positive infertile women (n = 70). Uninfected healthy women with no infertility problem were enrolled as controls (n = 39). cHSP60 and cHSP10 specific cytokine responses (Interferon (IFN)-gamma, Interleukin (IL)-10, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-13 and IL-4) were assessed by ELISA in stimulated cervical mononuclear cell supernatants. RESULTS cHSP60 and cHSP10 stimulation results in significant increase in IFN-gamma (P = 0.006 and P = 0.04 respectively) and IL-10 levels (P = 0.04) in infertile group as compared to fertile group. A significant cHSP60 specific increase in TNF-alpha levels (P = 0.0008) was observed in infertile group as compared to fertile group. cHSP60 and cHSP10 specific IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels were significantly correlated (P < 0.0001, r = 0.54 and P = 0.004, r = 0.33 respectively) in infertile group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that exposure to chlamydial heat shock proteins (cHSP60 and cHSP10) could significantly affect mucosal immune function by increasing the release of IFN-gamma, IL-10 and TNF-alpha by cervical mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Srivastava
- Institute of Pathology – ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Post Box no. 4909, New Delhi-110 029, India
| | - Rajneesh Jha
- Institute of Pathology – ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Post Box no. 4909, New Delhi-110 029, India
| | - Sylvette Bas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Sudha Salhan
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi-110 029, India
| | - Aruna Mittal
- Institute of Pathology – ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Post Box no. 4909, New Delhi-110 029, India
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Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs when the production of potentially destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the bodies own natural antioxidant defenses, resulting in cellular damage. Oxidative stress is a common pathology seen in approximately half of all infertile men. ROS, defined as including oxygen ions, free radicals and peroxides are generated by sperm and seminal leukocytes within semen and produce infertility by two key mechanisms. First, they damage the sperm membrane, decreasing sperm motility and its ability to fuse with the oocyte. Second, ROS can alter the sperm DNA, resulting in the passage of defective paternal DNA on to the conceptus. This review will provide an overview of oxidative biochemistry related to sperm health and will identify which men are most at risk of oxidative infertility. Finally, the review will outline methods available for diagnosing oxidative stress and the various treatments available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton Tremellen
- Repromed, 180 Fullarton Road, Dulwich, 5065 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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