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Poimenidou SV, Chrysadakou M, Tzakoniati A, Bikouli VC, Nychas GJ, Skandamis PN. Variability of Listeria monocytogenes strains in biofilm formation on stainless steel and polystyrene materials and resistance to peracetic acid and quaternary ammonium compounds. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:164-171. [PMID: 27585076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen able to tolerate adverse conditions by forming biofilms or by deploying stress resistant mechanisms, and thus manages to survive for long periods in food processing plants. This study sought to investigate the correlation between biofilm forming ability, tolerance to disinfectants and cell surface characteristics of twelve L. monocytogenes strains. The following attributes were evaluated: (i) biofilm formation by crystal violet staining method on polystyrene, and by standard cell enumeration on stainless steel and polystyrene; (ii) hydrophobicity assay using solvents; (iii) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm eradication concentration (BEC) of peracetic acid (PAA) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), and (iv) resistance to sanitizers (PAA 2000ppm; QACs 500ppm) of biofilms on polystyrene and stainless steel. After 72h of incubation, higher biofilm levels were formed in TSB at 20°C, followed by TSB at 37°C (P=0.087) and diluted TSB 1/10 at both 20 (P=0.005) and 37°C (P=0.004). Cells grown at 30°C to the stationary phase had significant electron donating nature and a low hydrophobicity, while no significant correlation of cell surface properties to biofilm formation was observed. Strains differed in MICPAA and BECPAA by 24- and 15-fold, respectively, while a positive correlation between MICPAA and BECPAA was observed (P=0.02). The MICQACs was positively correlated with the biofilm-forming ability on stainless steel (P=0.03). Regarding the impact of surface type, higher biofilm populations were enumerated on polystyrene than on stainless steel, which were also more tolerant to disinfectants. Among all strains, the greatest biofilm producer was a persistent strain with significant tolerance to QACs. These results may contribute to better understanding of L. monocytogenes behavior and survival on food processing surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia V Poimenidou
- Laboratory of Food Quality and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Marilena Chrysadakou
- Laboratory of Food Quality and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Tzakoniati
- Laboratory of Food Quality and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki C Bikouli
- Laboratory of Food Quality and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
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Jarvis NA, O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC, Johnson MG, Crandall PG. A review of minimal and defined media for growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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53
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Colagiorgi A, Di Ciccio P, Zanardi E, Ghidini S, Ianieri A. A Look inside the Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms Extracellular Matrix. Microorganisms 2016; 4:E22. [PMID: 27681916 PMCID: PMC5039582 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen able to persist in food industry and is responsible for a severe illness called listeriosis. The ability of L. monocytogenes to persist in environments is due to its capacity to form biofilms that are a sessile community of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS's). In this review, we summarized recent efforts performed in order to better characterize the polymeric substances that compose the extracellular matrix (ECM) of L. monocytogenes biofilms. EPS extraction and analysis led to the identification of polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA, and other molecules within the listerial ECM. All this knowledge will be useful for increasing food protection, suggesting effective strategies for the minimization of persistence of L. monocytogenes in food industry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Colagiorgi
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Di Ciccio
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
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Brauge T, Sadovskaya I, Faille C, Benezech T, Maes E, Guerardel Y, Midelet-Bourdin G. Teichoic acid is the major polysaccharide present in theListeria monocytogenesbiofilm matrix. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv229. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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55
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Nowak J, Cruz CD, Palmer J, Fletcher GC, Flint S. Biofilm formation of the L. monocytogenes strain 15G01 is influenced by changes in environmental conditions. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 119:189-95. [PMID: 26524221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes 15G01, a strain belonging to the persistent pulsotype 5132, was isolated from a seafood processing plant in New Zealand. Simple monoculture assays using crystal violet staining showed good biofilm formation for this strain and it was therefore chosen to be further investigated in regard to its biofilm forming ability. To evaluate its behaviour in different conditions commonly encountered in food processing environments, biofilm assays and growth studies were performed using common laboratory media under a range of temperatures (20 °C, 30 °C and 37 °C). Furthermore, the effects of incubation time and different environmental conditions including static, dynamic and anaerobic incubation on biofilm formation were investigated. Changes in the environmental conditions resulted in different biofilm phenotypes of L. monocytogenes 15G01. We demonstrated that increasing temperature and incubation time led to a higher biofilm mass and that dynamic incubation has little effect on biofilm formation at 37 °C but encourages biofilm formation at 30 °C. Biofilm production at 20 °C was minimal regardless of the medium used. We furthermore observed that anaerobic environment led to reduced biofilm mass at 30 °C for all tested media but not at 37 °C. Biofilm formation could not be narrowed down to one factor but was rather dependent on multiple factors with temperature and medium having the biggest effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Nowak
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Cristina D Cruz
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jon Palmer
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Graham C Fletcher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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56
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Sanchez-Vizuete P, Orgaz B, Aymerich S, Le Coq D, Briandet R. Pathogens protection against the action of disinfectants in multispecies biofilms. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:705. [PMID: 26236291 PMCID: PMC4500986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms constitute the prevalent way of life for microorganisms in both natural and man-made environments. Biofilm-dwelling cells display greater tolerance to antimicrobial agents than those that are free-living, and the mechanisms by which this occurs have been investigated extensively using single-strain axenic models. However, there is growing evidence that interspecies interactions may profoundly alter the response of the community to such toxic exposure. In this paper, we propose an overview of the studies dealing with multispecies biofilms resistance to biocides, with particular reference to the protection of pathogenic species by resident surface flora when subjected to disinfectants treatments. The mechanisms involved in such protection include interspecies signaling, interference between biocides molecules and public goods in the matrix, or the physiology and genetic plasticity associated with a structural spatial arrangement. After describing these different mechanisms, we will discuss the experimental methods available for their analysis in the context of complex multispecies biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sanchez-Vizuete
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
| | - Belen Orgaz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Stéphane Aymerich
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
| | - Dominique Le Coq
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- CNRS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
| | - Romain Briandet
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
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57
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Köseoğlu VK, Heiss C, Azadi P, Topchiy E, Güvener ZT, Lehmann TE, Miller KW, Gomelsky M. Listeria monocytogenes exopolysaccharide: origin, structure, biosynthetic machinery and c-di-GMP-dependent regulation. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:728-43. [PMID: 25662512 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the second messenger c-di-GMP activate biosynthesis of an unknown exopolysaccharide (EPS) in the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. This EPS strongly protects cells against disinfectants and desiccation, indicating its potential significance for listerial persistence in the environment and for food safety. We analyzed the potential phylogenetic origin of this EPS, determined its complete structure, characterized genes involved in its biosynthesis and hydrolysis and identified diguanylate cyclases activating its synthesis. Phylogenetic analysis of EPS biosynthesis proteins suggests that they have evolved within monoderms. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that L. monocytogenes EPS is cell surface-bound. Secreted carbohydrates represent exclusively cell-wall debris. Based on carbohydrate composition, linkage and NMR analysis, the structure of the purified EPS is identified as a β-1,4-linked N-acetylmannosamine chain decorated with terminal α-1,6-linked galactose. All genes of the pssA-E operon are required for EPS production and so is a separately located pssZ gene. We show that PssZ has an EPS-specific glycosylhydrolase activity. Exogenously added PssZ prevents EPS-mediated cell aggregation and disperses preformed aggregates, whereas an E72Q mutant in the presumed catalytic residue is much less active. The diguanylate cyclases DgcA and DgcB, whose genes are located next to pssZ, are primarily responsible for c-di-GMP-dependent EPS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan K Köseoğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Elena Topchiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Zehra T Güvener
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Teresa E Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Kurt W Miller
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Mark Gomelsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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58
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Guilbaud M, Piveteau P, Desvaux M, Brisse S, Briandet R. Exploring the diversity of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm architecture by high-throughput confocal laser scanning microscopy and the predominance of the honeycomb-like morphotype. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:1813-9. [PMID: 25548046 PMCID: PMC4325147 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03173-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is involved in food-borne illness with a high mortality rate. The persistence of the pathogen along the food chain can be associated with its ability to form biofilms on inert surfaces. While most of the phenotypes associated with biofilms are related to their spatial organization, most published data comparing biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes isolates are based on the quantitative crystal violet assay, which does not give access to structural information. Using a high-throughput confocal-imaging approach, the aim of this work was to decipher the structural diversity of biofilms formed by 96 L. monocytogenes strains isolated from various environments. Prior to large-scale analysis, an experimental design was created to improve L. monocytogenes biofilm formation in microscopic-grade microplates, with special emphasis on the growth medium composition. Microscopic analysis of biofilms formed under the selected conditions by the 96 isolates revealed only weak correlation between the genetic lineages of the isolates and the structural properties of the biofilms. However, a gradient in their geometric descriptors (biovolume, mean thickness, and roughness), ranging from flat multilayers to complex honeycomb-like structures, was shown. The dominant honeycomb-like morphotype was characterized by hollow voids hosting free-swimming cells and localized pockets containing mixtures of dead cells and extracellular DNA (eDNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Guilbaud
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Massy, France
| | - Pascal Piveteau
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1229, Dijon, France INRA, UMR 1347, Dijon, France
| | | | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Paris, France CNRS, UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Massy, France
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59
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Vuotto C, Donelli G. Field emission scanning electron microscopy of biofilm-growing bacteria involved in nosocomial infections. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1147:73-84. [PMID: 24664827 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0467-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides useful information on the shape, size, and localization within the biofilm of single bacteria as well as on the steps of biofilm formation process, on bacterial interactions, and on production of extracellular polymeric substances.When biofilms are constituted by microbial species involved in health care-associated infections, information provided by SEM can be fruitfully used not only for basic researches but also for diagnostic purposes.The protocols currently used in our laboratory for biofilm investigation by SEM are reported here. Particularly, the procedures to fix, dehydrate, and metalize in vitro-developed biofilms or ex vivo clinical specimens colonized by biofilm-growing microorganisms are described as well as the advantages of the observation of these samples by field emission scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vuotto
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
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60
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Kadam SR, den Besten HM, van der Veen S, Zwietering MH, Moezelaar R, Abee T. Diversity assessment of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation: Impact of growth condition, serotype and strain origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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61
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Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Heir E. Bacteria on Meat Abattoir Process Surfaces after Sanitation: Characterisation of Survival Properties of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and the Commensal Bacterial Flora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2013.33037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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