51
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Rettinger A, Broeckl S, Fink M, Prodinger WM, Blum H, Krebs S, Domogalla J, Just F, Gellert S, Straubinger RK, Büttner M. The Region of Difference Four is a Robust Genetic Marker for Subtyping Mycobacterium caprae Isolates and is Linked to Spatial Distribution of Three Subtypes. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:782-792. [PMID: 26518998 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alpine Mycobacterium caprae isolates found in cattle and red deer display at least three genetic variations in the region of difference four (RD4) that can be used for further differentiation of the isolates into the subtypes 'Allgäu', 'Karwendel' and 'Lechtal'. Each genomic subtype is thereby characterized by a specific nucleotide deletion pattern in the 12.7-kb RD4 region. Even though M. caprae infections are frequently documented in cattle and red deer, little is known about the transmission routes. Hence, robust markers for M. caprae subtyping are needed to gain insight into the molecular epidemiology. For this reason, a rapid and robust multiplex PCR was developed for the simultaneous detection of three M. caprae RD4 subtypes and was used to subtype a total number of 241 M. caprae isolates from animals (145 cattle, 95 red deer and one fox) from Bavaria and Austria. All three subtypes occur spatially distributed and are found in cattle and in red deer suggesting transmission between the two species. As subtypes are genetically stable in both species it is hypothesized that the described genetic variations developed within the host due to 'within-host replication'. The results of this study recommend the genomic RD4 region as a reliable diagnostic marker for M. caprae subtype differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rettinger
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Broeckl
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - M Fink
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Moedling, Austria
| | | | - H Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Domogalla
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - F Just
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - S Gellert
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - R K Straubinger
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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52
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Takiff HE, Feo O. Clinical value of whole-genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:1077-1090. [PMID: 26277037 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is now common as a result of new technologies that can rapidly sequence a complete bacterial genome for US$500 or less. Many studies have addressed questions about tuberculosis with WGS, and knowing the sequence of the entire genome, rather than only a few fragments, has greatly increased the precision of molecular epidemiology and contact tracing. Additionally, topics such as the mutation rate, drug resistance, the target of new drugs, and the phylogeny and evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria have been elucidated by WGS. Nonetheless, WGS has not explained differences in transmissibility between strains, or why some strains are more virulent than others or more prone to development of multidrug resistance. With advances in technology, WGS of clinical specimens could become routine in high-income countries; however, its relevance will probably depend on easy to use software to efficiently process the sequences produced and accessible genomic databases that can be mined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard E Takiff
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, CMBC, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela; Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Insitut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Oscar Feo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, CMBC, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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53
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Speer A, Sun J, Danilchanka O, Meikle V, Rowland JL, Walter K, Buck BR, Pavlenok M, Hölscher C, Ehrt S, Niederweis M. Surface hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by the outer membrane protein Rv0888 supports replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:881-97. [PMID: 26036301 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases secreted by pathogenic bacteria play important roles in host-pathogen interactions ranging from interfering with phagocytosis and oxidative burst to iron acquisition. This study shows that the Mtb protein Rv0888 possesses potent sphingomyelinase activity cleaving sphingomyelin, a major lipid in eukaryotic cells, into ceramide and phosphocholine, which are then utilized by Mtb as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources, respectively. An Mtb rv0888 deletion mutant did not grow on sphingomyelin as a sole carbon source anymore and replicated poorly in macrophages indicating that Mtb utilizes sphingomyelin during infection. Rv0888 is an unusual membrane protein with a surface-exposed C-terminal sphingomyelinase domain and a putative N-terminal channel domain that mediated glucose and phosphocholine uptake across the outer membrane in an M. smegmatis porin mutant. Hence, we propose to name Rv0888 as SpmT (sphingomyelinase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Erythrocyte membranes contain up to 27% sphingomyelin. The finding that Rv0888 accounts for half of Mtb's hemolytic activity is consistent with its sphingomyelinase activity and the observation that Rv0888 levels are increased in the presence of erythrocytes and sphingomyelin by 5- and 100-fold, respectively. Thus, Rv0888 is a novel outer membrane protein that enables Mtb to utilize sphingomyelin as a source of several essential nutrients during intracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Speer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Virginia Meikle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Rowland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kerstin Walter
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Bradford R Buck
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mikhail Pavlenok
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Inflammation at Interfaces', Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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54
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Gola S, Munder T, Casonato S, Manganelli R, Vicente M. The essential role of SepF in mycobacterial division. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:560-76. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gola
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - CSIC; Calle Darwin 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Thomas Munder
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology; Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena - University of Applied Sciences; Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Stefano Casonato
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padova; V. Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Riccardo Manganelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padova; V. Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Miguel Vicente
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - CSIC; Calle Darwin 3 28049 Madrid Spain
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55
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A microbiological revolution meets an ancient disease: improving the management of tuberculosis with genomics. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:523-39. [PMID: 25810419 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00124-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease with an enormous global impact. Despite declining global incidence, the diagnosis, phenotyping, and epidemiological investigation of TB require significant clinical microbiology laboratory resources. Current methods for the detection and characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis consist of a series of laboratory tests varying in speed and performance, each of which yields incremental information about the disease. Since the sequencing of the first M. tuberculosis genome in 1998, genomic tools have aided in the diagnosis, treatment, and control of TB. Here we summarize genomics-based methods that are positioned to be introduced in the modern clinical TB laboratory, and we highlight how recent advances in genomics will improve the detection of antibiotic resistance-conferring mutations and the understanding of M. tuberculosis transmission dynamics and epidemiology. We imagine the future TB clinic as one that relies heavily on genomic interrogation of the M. tuberculosis isolate, allowing for more rapid diagnosis of TB and real-time monitoring of outbreak emergence.
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56
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Bottai D, Frigui W, Clark S, Rayner E, Zelmer A, Andreu N, de Jonge MI, Bancroft GJ, Williams A, Brodin P, Brosch R. Increased protective efficacy of recombinant BCG strains expressing virulence-neutral proteins of the ESX-1 secretion system. Vaccine 2015; 33:2710-8. [PMID: 25869896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium bovis BCG is presently the only available anti-tuberculosis vaccine used, worldwide. While BCG protects against miliary tuberculosis (TB) and tuberculoid meningitis in children, it often fails to protect against adult pulmonary TB. It is thus imperative that new improved anti-TB vaccines are developed. The integration of the ESX-1 secretion system, absent from BCG due to the deletion of region of difference 1 (RD1), into the genome of BCG has been shown to confer to BCG::ESX-1 enhanced protection against TB as compared to BCG. METHODS In the present study, to counterbalance the increase in virulence resulting from the integration of the RD1 region into BCG, we have constructed and evaluated several BCG::ESX-1 variants that carry selected amino-acid changes in the ESX-1-secreted antigen ESAT-6. In order to find the candidate that combines low virulence with high protective efficacy, these novel recombinant BCG::ESX-1 strains were tested for their virulence properties and their protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in two different animal models (mouse and guinea-pig). RESULTS Among several candidates tested, the BCG::ESAT-L28A/L29S strain, carrying modifications at residues Leu(28)-Leu(29) of the ESAT molecule, showed strong attenuation in mice and high protective efficiency both in mouse and guinea-pig vaccination-infection models. CONCLUSION This strain thus represents a promising candidate that merits further investigations and development. Our research also provides the proof of concept that selected ESX-1-complemented BCG strains may show low virulence and increased protective potential over parental strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bottai
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France; Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Wafa Frigui
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Simon Clark
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Zelmer
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Andreu
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ann Williams
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR8204, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France.
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57
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Ablordey AS, Vandelannoote K, Frimpong IA, Ahortor EK, Amissah NA, Eddyani M, Durnez L, Portaels F, de Jong BC, Leirs H, Porter JL, Mangas KM, Lam MMC, Buultjens A, Seemann T, Tobias NJ, Stinear TP. Whole genome comparisons suggest random distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans genotypes in a Buruli ulcer endemic region of Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003681. [PMID: 25826332 PMCID: PMC4380315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to control the spread of Buruli ulcer – an emerging ulcerative skin infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans - have been hampered by our poor understanding of reservoirs and transmission. To help address this issue, we compared whole genomes from 18 clinical M. ulcerans isolates from a 30km2 region within the Asante Akim North District, Ashanti region, Ghana, with 15 other M. ulcerans isolates from elsewhere in Ghana and the surrounding countries of Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Contrary to our expectations of finding minor DNA sequence variations among isolates representing a single M. ulcerans circulating genotype, we found instead two distinct genotypes. One genotype was closely related to isolates from neighbouring regions of Amansie West and Densu, consistent with the predicted local endemic clone, but the second genotype (separated by 138 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] from other Ghanaian strains) most closely matched M. ulcerans from Nigeria, suggesting another introduction of M. ulcerans to Ghana, perhaps from that country. Both the exotic genotype and the local Ghanaian genotype displayed highly restricted intra-strain genetic variation, with less than 50 SNP differences across a 5.2Mbp core genome within each genotype. Interestingly, there was no discernible spatial clustering of genotypes at the local village scale. Interviews revealed no obvious epidemiological links among BU patients who had been infected with identical M. ulcerans genotypes but lived in geographically separate villages. We conclude that M. ulcerans is spread widely across the region, with multiple genotypes present in any one area. These data give us new perspectives on the behaviour of possible reservoirs and subsequent transmission mechanisms of M. ulcerans. These observations also show for the first time that M. ulcerans can be mobilized, introduced to a new area and then spread within a population. Potential reservoirs of M. ulcerans thus might include humans, or perhaps M. ulcerans-infected animals such as livestock that move regularly between countries. In this study we use the power of whole genome sequence comparisons to track the spread of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, through several villages in the Ashanti region of Ghana, providing new insights on the behaviour of this enigmatic and emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S. Ablordey
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: (ASA); (TPS)
| | - Koen Vandelannoote
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isaac A. Frimpong
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evans K. Ahortor
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nana Ama Amissah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Miriam Eddyani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Françoise Portaels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bouke C. de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jessica L. Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kirstie M. Mangas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Margaret M. C. Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew Buultjens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Tobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail: (ASA); (TPS)
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58
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Young DB, Comas I, de Carvalho LPS. Phylogenetic analysis of vitamin B12-related metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:6. [PMID: 25988174 PMCID: PMC4428469 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison of genome sequences from clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with phylogenetically-related pathogens Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium leprae reveals diversity amongst genes associated with vitamin B12-related metabolism. Diversity is generated by gene deletion events, differential acquisition of genes by horizontal transfer, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with predicted impact on protein function and transcriptional regulation. Differences in the B12 synthesis pathway, methionine biosynthesis, fatty acid catabolism, and DNA repair and replication are consistent with adaptations to different environmental niches and pathogenic lifestyles. While there is no evidence of further gene acquisition during expansion of the M. tuberculosis complex, the emergence of other forms of genetic diversity provides insights into continuing host-pathogen co-evolution and has the potential to identify novel targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Young
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
| | | | - Luiz P S de Carvalho
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
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59
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Brosch R, Guilhot C. [Bovine tubercle bacilli: evolution associated with loss of transmission capacity in humans]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:123-6. [PMID: 25744254 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, unité de pathogénomique mycobactérienne intégrée, 25, rue du docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale, 205, route de Narbonne, 31000 Toulouse, France
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60
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Wang J, McIntosh F, Radomski N, Dewar K, Simeone R, Enninga J, Brosch R, Rocha EP, Veyrier FJ, Behr MA. Insights on the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the analysis of Mycobacterium kansasii. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:856-70. [PMID: 25716827 PMCID: PMC5322544 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
By phylogenetic analysis, Mycobacterium kansasii is closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Yet, although both organisms cause pulmonary disease, M. tuberculosis is a global health menace, whereas M. kansasii is an opportunistic pathogen. To illuminate the differences between these organisms, we have sequenced the genome of M. kansasii ATCC 12478 and its plasmid (pMK12478) and conducted side-by-side in vitro and in vivo investigations of these two organisms. The M. kansasii genome is 6,432,277 bp, more than 2 Mb longer than that of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and the plasmid contains 144,951 bp. Pairwise comparisons reveal conserved and discordant genes and genomic regions. A notable example of genomic conservation is the virulence locus ESX-1, which is intact and functional in the low-virulence M. kansasii, potentially mediating phagosomal disruption. Differences between these organisms include a decreased predicted metabolic capacity, an increased proportion of toxin–antitoxin genes, and the acquisition of M. tuberculosis-specific genes in the pathogen since their common ancestor. Consistent with their distinct epidemiologic profiles, following infection of C57BL/6 mice, M. kansasii counts increased by less than 10-fold over 6 weeks, whereas M. tuberculosis counts increased by over 10,000-fold in just 3 weeks. Together, these data suggest that M. kansasii can serve as an image of the environmental ancestor of M. tuberculosis before its emergence as a professional pathogen, and can be used as a model organism to study the switch from an environmental opportunistic pathogen to a professional host-restricted pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fiona McIntosh
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Radomski
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ken Dewar
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxane Simeone
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo P Rocha
- Microbial Evolutionary Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric J Veyrier
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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61
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Cytosolic access of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: critical impact of phagosomal acidification control and demonstration of occurrence in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004650. [PMID: 25658322 PMCID: PMC4450080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) uses efficient
strategies to evade the eradication by professional phagocytes, involving—as
recently confirmed—escape from phagosomal confinement. While
Mtb determinants, such as the ESX-1 type VII secretion system,
that contribute to this phenomenon are known, the host cell factors governing this
important biological process are yet unexplored. Using a newly developed
flow-cytometric approach for Mtb, we show that macrophages
expressing the phagosomal bivalent cation transporter Nramp-1, are much less
susceptible to phagosomal rupture. Together with results from the use of the
phagosome acidification inhibitor bafilomycin, we demonstrate that restriction of
phagosomal acidification is a prerequisite for mycobacterial phagosomal rupture and
cytosolic contact. Using different in vivo approaches including an
enrichment and screen for tracking rare infected phagocytes carrying the CD45.1
hematopoietic allelic marker, we here provide first and unique evidence of M.
tuberculosis-mediated phagosomal rupture in mouse spleen and lungs and in
numerous phagocyte types. Our results, linking the ability of restriction of
phagosome acidification to cytosolic access, provide an important conceptual advance
for our knowledge on host processes targeted by Mtb evasion
strategies. The intracellular fate of the agent of the human tuberculosis agent in phagocytes is
a question of great biological relevance. Among the mycobacterial survival
strategies, the escape of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from phagosomes
has been subject of scientific debate for a long time. However, technically improved
methods recently reinforced the occurrence of this phenomenon. Here, we focused on
the host factors involved in phagosomal rupture and provide first and singular
evidence of M. tuberculosis-mediated phagosomal
rupture in vivo in mouse lungs and inside the granuloma. We show
that partial blockage of phagosomal acidification, induced by mycobacteria, is a
prerequisite for efficient vacuolar breakage by M.
tuberculosis and link maturation arrest, cytosolic contact and
the corresponding immune responses. From our results we conclude that vacuolar
breakage induced by M. tuberculosis is not an
ex vivo artifact of cell cultures, but an important process that
occurs inside infected phagocytes within organs during several days that strongly
determines the outcome of infection with this key pathogen.
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62
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Warner DF, Koch A, Mizrahi V. Diversity and disease pathogenesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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63
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Abstract
Bacterial secretion systems are sophisticated molecular machines that fulfil a wide range of important functions, which reach from export/secretion of essential proteins or virulence factors to the implication in conjugation processes. In contrast to the widely distributed Sec and Twin Arginine Translocation (TAT) systems, the recently identified ESX/type VII systems show a more restricted distribution and are typical for mycobacteria and other high-GC Actinobacteria. Similarly, type VII-like secretion systems have been described in low-GC Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. While the most complex organization of type VII secretion systems currently known is found in slow-growing mycobacteria, which harbour up to 5 chromosomal-encoded systems (ESX-1 to ESX-5), much simpler organization is reported for type VII-like systems in Firmicutes. In this chapter, we describe common and divergent features of type VII- and type VII-like secretion pathways and also comment on their biological key roles, many of which are related to species-/genus-specific host-pathogen interactions and/or virulence mechanisms.
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64
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Cao G, Howard ST, Zhang P, Wang X, Chen XL, Samten B, Pang X. EspR, a regulator of the ESX-1 secretion system in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is directly regulated by the two-component systems MprAB and PhoPR. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:477-89. [PMID: 25536998 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms that control the ESX-1 secretion system, a key player in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have not been fully elucidated. However, factors that regulate the ESX-1 substrate EspA usually affect ESX-1 function. Previous studies showed that espA is directly regulated by the nucleoid-associated protein EspR and the two-component system (TCS) MprAB. The PhoPR TCS also activates espA, but the direct target of PhoP was unknown. In this report, we reveal that EspR is directly regulated by MprA and PhoP-Rv, but not by PhoP-Ra. PhoP-Rv and MprA binding sites in the espR promoter were determined by gel-shift and DNase I footprinting assays, which identified a PhoP-protected region centred approximately 205 bp before the espR start codon and that encompasses MprA Region-1, one of two MprA-protected regions. MprA Region-2 is located approximately 60 bp downstream of MprA Region-1 and overlaps a known EspR binding site. Nucleotides essential for the binding of PhoP and/or MprA were identified through site-directed DNA mutagenesis. Our studies also indicate that MprA Region-2, but not MprA Region-1/PhoP region, is required for the full expression of espR. Recombinant strains carrying mutations at MprA Region-2 exhibited lower transcription levels for espR, espA and espD, and had reduced EspR and EspA levels in cell lysates. These findings indicate that EspR may mediate the regulatory effect of PhoPR and MprAB, and provide more insight into the mechanisms underlying ESX-1 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Jinan, 250062, PR China
| | - Susan T Howard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Peipei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Buka Samten
- Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Xiuhua Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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Mycobacterium abscessus phospholipase C expression is induced during coculture within amoebae and enhances M. abscessus virulence in mice. Infect Immun 2014; 83:780-91. [PMID: 25486995 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02032-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is a pathogenic, rapidly growing mycobacterium involved in pulmonary and cutaneo-mucous infections worldwide, to which cystic fibrosis patients are exquisitely susceptible. The analysis of the genome sequence of M. abscessus showed that this bacterium is endowed with the metabolic pathways typically found in environmental microorganisms that come into contact with soil, plants, and aquatic environments, where free-living amoebae are frequently present. M. abscessus also contains several genes that are characteristically found only in pathogenic bacteria. One of them is MAB_0555, encoding a putative phospholipase C (PLC) that is absent from most other rapidly growing mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Here, we report that purified recombinant M. abscessus PLC is highly cytotoxic to mouse macrophages, presumably due to hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. We further showed by constructing and using an M. abscessus PLC knockout mutant that loss of PLC activity is deleterious to M. abscessus intracellular survival in amoebae. The importance of PLC is further supported by the fact that M. abscessus PLC was found to be expressed only in amoebae. Aerosol challenge of mice with M. abscessus strains that were precultured in amoebae enhanced M. abscessus lung infectivity relative to M. abscessus grown in broth culture. Our study underlines the importance of PLC for the virulence of M. abscessus. Despite the difficulties of isolating M. abscessus from environmental sources, our findings suggest that M. abscessus has evolved in close contact with environmental protozoa, which supports the argument that amoebae may contribute to the virulence of opportunistic mycobacteria.
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66
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Host Evasion and Exploitation Schemes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell 2014; 159:1497-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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67
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Behr MA, Gordon SV. Why doesn't Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread in animals? Trends Microbiol 2014; 23:1-2. [PMID: 25435136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Behr
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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68
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Abstract
Genomics research has enabled crucial insights into the adaptive evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as an obligate human pathogen. Here, we highlight major recent advances and evaluate the potential for genomics approaches to inform tuberculosis control efforts in high-burden settings.
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69
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Boritsch EC, Supply P, Honoré N, Seeman T, Stinear TP, Brosch R. A glimpse into the past and predictions for the future: the molecular evolution of the tuberculosis agent. Mol Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva C. Boritsch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics; Paris France
| | - Philip Supply
- INSERM U1019; Lille France
- CNRS UMR 8204; Lille France
- University of Lille Nord de France; Lille France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille; Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille; Lille France
| | - Nadine Honoré
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics; Paris France
| | - Torsten Seeman
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics; Paris France
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