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Ganji S, Jenkins JN, Wubben MJ. Molecular characterization of the reniform nematode C-type lectin gene family reveals a likely role in mitigating environmental stresses during plant parasitism. Gene 2014; 537:269-78. [PMID: 24424511 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, is a damaging semi-endoparasitic pathogen of more than 300 plant species. Transcriptome sequencing of R. reniformis parasitic females revealed an enrichment for sequences homologous to C-type lectins (CTLs), an evolutionarily ancient family of Ca(+2)-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins that are involved in the innate immune response. To gain further insight as to the potential role of CTLs in facilitating plant parasitism by R. reniformis, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the CTL gene family. 5'- and 3'-RACE experiments identified a total of 11 R. reniformis CTL transcripts (Rr-ctl-1 through Rr-ctl-11) that ranged in length from 1083 to 1,194 bp and showed 93-99% identity with one another. An alignment of cDNA and genomic sequences revealed three introns with the first intron residing within the 5'-untranslated region. BLAST analyses showed the closest homologs belonging to the parasitic nematodes Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Heterodera glycines. Rr-ctl-1, -2, and -3 were expressed throughout the R. reniformis life cycle; whereas, the remaining Rr-ctl genes showed life stage-specific expression. Quantitative real time RT-PCR determined that Rr-ctl transcripts were 839-fold higher in sedentary female nematodes than the next most abundant life stage. Predicted Rr-CTL peptides ranged from 301 to 338 amino acids long, possessed an N-terminal signal peptide for secretion, and contained a conserved CLECT domain, including the mannose-binding motifs EPN and EPD and the conserved WND motif that is required for binding Ca(+2). In addition, Rr-CTL peptides harbored repeats of a novel 17-mer motif within their C-terminus that showed similarity to motifs associated with bacterial ice nucleation proteins. In situ hybridization of Rr-ctl transcripts within sedentary females showed specific accumulation within the hypodermis of the body regions exposed to the soil environment; those structures embedded within the root during parasitism did not show Rr-ctl expression. A phylogenetic analysis of the Rr-CTL CLECT domain with homologous domains from other nematode species suggested that CTLs from animal- and plant-parasitic genera may have evolved in order to play an active role in the parasitic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Ganji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Johnie N Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Martin J Wubben
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Kyndt T, Fernandez D, Gheysen G. Plant-parasitic nematode infections in rice: molecular and cellular insights. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:135-53. [PMID: 24906129 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Being one of the major staple foods in the world, and an interesting model monocot plant, rice (Oryza sativa L.) has recently received attention from molecular nematologists studying the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction between this crop and plant-parasitic nematodes. In this review, we highlight recent advances in this field, with a focus on the best-studied root-knot nematodes. Histological studies have revealed the cellular changes inside root-knot nematode-induced feeding sites, both in the compatible interaction with Oryza sativa and the incompatible interaction with the related species Oryza glaberrima. After comparing the published data from transcriptome analyses, mutant studies, and exogenous hormone applications, we provide a comprehensive model showing the role and interaction of plant hormone pathways in defense of this monocot crop against root nematodes, where jasmonate seems to play a key role. Finally, recent evidence indicates that effectors secreted from rice-infecting nematodes can suppress plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kyndt
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
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Peng H, Gao BL, Kong LA, Yu Q, Huang WK, He XF, Long HB, Peng DL. Exploring the host parasitism of the migratory plant-parasitic nematode Ditylenchus destuctor by expressed sequence tags analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69579. [PMID: 23922743 PMCID: PMC3726699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, is a very destructive nematode pest on many agriculturally important crops worldwide, but the molecular characterization of its parasitism of plant has been limited. The effectors involved in nematode parasitism of plant for several sedentary endo-parasitic nematodes such as Heterodera glycines, Globodera rostochiensis and Meloidogyne incognita have been identified and extensively studied over the past two decades. Ditylenchus destructor, as a migratory plant parasitic nematode, has different feeding behavior, life cycle and host response. Comparing the transcriptome and parasitome among different types of plant-parasitic nematodes is the way to understand more fully the parasitic mechanism of plant nematodes. We undertook the approach of sequencing expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from a mixed stage cDNA library of D. destructor. This is the first study of D. destructor ESTs. A total of 9800 ESTs were grouped into 5008 clusters including 3606 singletons and 1402 multi-member contigs, representing a catalog of D. destructor genes. Implementing a bioinformatics' workflow, we found 1391 clusters have no match in the available gene database; 31 clusters only have similarities to genes identified from D. africanus, the most closely related species to D. destructor; 1991 clusters were annotated using Gene Ontology (GO); 1550 clusters were assigned enzyme commission (EC) numbers; and 1211 clusters were mapped to 181 KEGG biochemical pathways. 22 ESTs had similarities to reported nematode effectors. Interestedly, most of the effectors identified in this study are involved in host cell wall degradation or modification, such as 1,4-beta-glucanse, 1,3-beta-glucanse, pectate lyase, chitinases and expansin, or host defense suppression such as calreticulin, annexin and venom allergen-like protein. This result implies that the migratory plant-parasitic nematode D. destructor secrets similar effectors to those of sedentary plant nematodes. Finally we further characterized the two D. destructor expansin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-li Gao
- Huzhou Modern Agricultural Biotechnology Innovation Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-an Kong
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen-kun Huang
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-feng He
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-bo Long
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pests Comprehensive Governance for Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Danzhou, China
| | - De-liang Peng
- The Key Laboratory for Biology of Insect Pests and Plant Disease, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rahman M, Haegeman A, Rahman BM, Gheysen G. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Molecular cloning and expression analysis of novel putative effector genes from Meloidogyne graminicola. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:493. [PMID: 23846215 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masuder Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science & Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh,
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