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Leach KA, Braun DM. Soluble Sugar and Starch Extraction and Quantification from Maize (
Zea mays
) Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:139-161. [DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Leach
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri Columbia Missouri
| | - David M. Braun
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri Columbia Missouri
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Xu C, Shanklin J. Triacylglycerol Metabolism, Function, and Accumulation in Plant Vegetative Tissues. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:179-206. [PMID: 26845499 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Oils in the form of triacylglycerols are the most abundant energy-dense storage compounds in eukaryotes, and their metabolism plays a key role in cellular energy balance, lipid homeostasis, growth, and maintenance. Plants accumulate oils primarily in seeds and fruits. Plant oils are used for food and feed and, increasingly, as feedstocks for biodiesel and industrial chemicals. Although plant vegetative tissues do not accumulate significant levels of triacylglycerols, they possess a high capacity for their synthesis, storage, and metabolism. The development of plants that accumulate oil in vegetative tissues presents an opportunity for expanded production of triacylglycerols as a renewable and sustainable bioenergy source. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of triacylglycerol synthesis, turnover, storage, and function in leaves and discuss emerging genetic engineering strategies targeted at enhancing triacylglycerol accumulation in biomass crops. Such plants could potentially be modified to produce oleochemical feedstocks or nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973; ,
| | - John Shanklin
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973; ,
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Yang JT, Preiser AL, Li Z, Weise SE, Sharkey TD. Triose phosphate use limitation of photosynthesis: short-term and long-term effects. PLANTA 2016; 243:687-98. [PMID: 26620947 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The triose phosphate use limitation was studied using long-term and short term changes in capacity. The TPU limitation caused increased proton motive force; long-term TPU limitation additionally reduced other photosynthetic components. Photosynthetic responses to CO2 can be interpreted primarily as being limited by the amount or activity of Rubisco or the capacity for ribulose bisphosphate regeneration, but at high rates of photosynthesis a third response is often seen. Photosynthesis becomes insensitive to CO2 or even declines with increasing CO2, and this behavior has been associated with a limitation of export of carbon from the Calvin-Benson cycle. It is often called the triose phosphate use (TPU) limitation. We studied the long-term consequences of this limitation using plants engineered to have reduced capacity for starch or sucrose synthesis. We studied short-term consequences using temperature as a method for changing the balance of carbon fixation capacity and TPU. A long-term and short-term TPU limitation resulted in an increase in proton motive force (PMF) in the thylakoids. Once a TPU limitation was reached, any further increases in CO2 was met with a further increase in the PMF but no increase or little increase in net assimilation of CO2. A long-term TPU limitation resulted in reduced Rubisco and RuBP regeneration capacity. We hypothesize that TPU, Rubisco activity, and RuBP regeneration are regulated so that TPU is normally in slight excess of what is required, and that this results in more effective regulation than if TPU were in large excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Intercollege Program of Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Alyssa L Preiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sean E Weise
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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54
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Sharkey TD. Understanding carbon partitioning and its role in determining plant growth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1963-1964. [PMID: 25828542 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Vanhaeren H, Gonzalez N, Inzé D. A Journey Through a Leaf: Phenomics Analysis of Leaf Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2015; 13:e0181. [PMID: 26217168 PMCID: PMC4513694 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, leaves contribute to the largest part of the aboveground biomass. In these organs, light is captured and converted into chemical energy, which plants use to grow and complete their life cycle. Leaves emerge as a small pool of cells at the vegetative shoot apical meristem and develop into planar, complex organs through different interconnected cellular events. Over the last decade, numerous phenotyping techniques have been developed to visualize and quantify leaf size and growth, leading to the identification of numerous genes that contribute to the final size of leaves. In this review, we will start at the Arabidopsis rosette level and gradually zoom in from a macroscopic view on leaf growth to a microscopic and molecular view. Along this journey, we describe different techniques that have been key to identify important events during leaf development and discuss approaches that will further help unraveling the complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie leaf growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vanhaeren
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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Wuyts N, Dhondt S, Inzé D. Measurement of plant growth in view of an integrative analysis of regulatory networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:90-97. [PMID: 26002069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
As the regulatory networks of growth at the cellular level are elucidated at a fast pace, their complexity is not reduced; on the contrary, the tissue, organ and even whole-plant level affect cell proliferation and expansion by means of development-induced and environment-induced signaling events in growth regulatory processes. Measurement of growth across different levels aids in gaining a mechanistic understanding of growth, and in defining the spatial and temporal resolution of sampling strategies for molecular analyses in the model Arabidopsis thaliana and increasingly also in crop species. The latter claim their place at the forefront of plant research, since global issues and future needs drive the translation from laboratory model-acquired knowledge of growth processes to improvements in crop productivity in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Wuyts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
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Delfosse K, Wozny MR, Jaipargas EA, Barton KA, Anderson C, Mathur J. Fluorescent Protein Aided Insights on Plastids and their Extensions: A Critical Appraisal. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1253. [PMID: 26834765 PMCID: PMC4719081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multi-colored fluorescent proteins targeted to plastids have provided new insights on the dynamic behavior of these organelles and their interactions with other cytoplasmic components and compartments. Sub-plastidic components such as thylakoids, stroma, the inner and outer membranes of the plastid envelope, nucleoids, plastoglobuli, and starch grains have been efficiently highlighted in living plant cells. In addition, stroma filled membrane extensions called stromules have drawn attention to the dynamic nature of the plastid and its interactions with the rest of the cell. Use of dual and triple fluorescent protein combinations has begun to reveal plastid interactions with mitochondria, the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum and F-actin and suggests integral roles of plastids in retrograde signaling, cell to cell communication as well as plant-pathogen interactions. While the rapid advances and insights achieved through fluorescent protein based research on plastids are commendable it is necessary to endorse meaningful observations but subject others to closer scrutiny. Here, in order to develop a better and more comprehensive understanding of plastids and their extensions we provide a critical appraisal of recent information that has been acquired using targeted fluorescent protein probes.
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