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Horiuchi R, Hirotsu N, Miyanishi N. Comparative analysis of N-glycans in the ungerminated and germinated stages of Oryza sativa. Carbohydr Res 2015; 418:1-8. [PMID: 26513758 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
All fundamental information such as signal transduction, metabolic control, infection, cell-to-cell signaling, and cell differentiation related to the growth of plants are preserved in germs. In preserving these information, glycans have a key role and are involved in the development and differentiation of organisms. Glycans which exist in rice germ are expected to have an important role in germination. In this study, we performed structural and correlation analysis of the N-glycans in rice germ before and after germination. Our results confirmed that the N-glycans in the ungerminated stage of the rice germ had low number of N-glycans consisting only of six kinds especially with high-mannose and paucimannose type N-glycans being 16.0% and 76.7%, respectively. On the other hand, after 48 hours germinated germ stage, there was an increase in the complex type N-glycans with the appearance of Lewis a structure, the most complex type and a decrease in paucimannose types. These results suggest that at least six kinds of N-glycans are utilized for long time preservation of rice seed, while the diversification of most complex types of N-glycans is produced an environment dependent for shoot formation of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Horiuchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan; Research Centre for Life and Environmental Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Naoki Hirotsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Nobumitsu Miyanishi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan; Research Centre for Life and Environmental Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
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52
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Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM. Review/N-glycans: The making of a varied toolbox. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:67-83. [PMID: 26398792 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation is one of the most crucial, prevalent, and complex co- and post-translational protein modifications. It plays a pivotal role in protein folding, quality control, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) as well as in protein sorting, protein function, and in signal transduction. Furthermore, glycosylation modulates many important biological processes including growth, development, morphogenesis, and stress signaling processes. As a consequence, aberrant or altered N-glycosylation is often associated with reduced fitness, diseases, and disorders. The initial steps of N-glycan synthesis at the cytosolic side of the ER membrane and in the lumen of the ER are highly conserved. In contrast, the final N-glycan processing in the Golgi apparatus is organism-specific giving rise to a wide variety of carbohydrate structures. Despite our vast knowledge on N-glycans in yeast and mammals, the modus operandi of N-glycan signaling in plants is still largely unknown. This review will elaborate on the N-glycosylation biosynthesis pathway in plants but will also critically assess how N-glycans are involved in different signaling cascades, either active during normal development or upon abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaä Lannoo
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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53
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Takano S, Matsuda S, Funabiki A, Furukawa JI, Yamauchi T, Tokuji Y, Nakazono M, Shinohara Y, Takamure I, Kato K. The rice RCN11 gene encodes β1,2-xylosyltransferase and is required for plant responses to abiotic stresses and phytohormones. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:75-88. [PMID: 26025522 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination rates and plant development and growth under abiotic stress are important aspects of crop productivity. Here, our characterization of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant reduced culm number11 (rcn11) showed that RCN11 controls growth of plants exposed to abnormal temperature, salinity and drought conditions. RCN11 also mediates root aerenchyma formation under oxygen-deficient conditions and ABA sensitivity during seed germination. Molecular studies showed that the rcn11 mutation resulted from a 966-bp deletion that caused loss of function of β1,2-xylosyltransferase (OsXylT). This enzyme is located in the Golgi apparatus where it catalyzes the transfer of xylose from UDP-xylose to the core β-linked mannose of N-glycans. RCN11/OsXylT promoter activity was observed in the basal part of the shoot containing the shoot and axillary meristems and in the base of crown roots. The level of RCN11/OsXylT expression was regulated by multiple phytohormones and various abiotic stresses suggesting that plant specific N-glycosylation is regulated by multiple signals in rice plants. The present study is the first to demonstrate that rice β1,2-linked xylose residues on N-glycans are critical for seed germination and plant development and growth under conditions of abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Takano
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Funabiki
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Furukawa
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tokuji
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuro Shinohara
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Itsuro Takamure
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Kato
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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54
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Yoo JY, Ko KS, Seo HK, Park S, Fanata WID, Harmoko R, Ramasamy NK, Thulasinathan T, Mengiste T, Lim JM, Lee SY, Lee KO. Limited Addition of the 6-Arm β1,2-linked N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) Residue Facilitates the Formation of the Largest N-Glycan in Plants. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16560-72. [PMID: 26001781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant N-glycan in plants is the paucimannosidic N-glycan with core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues (Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2). Here, we report a mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana that efficiently produces the largest N-glycan in plants. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that the addition of the 6-arm β1,2-GlcNAc residue by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GnTII) is less effective than additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues by XylT, FucTA, and FucTB in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, analysis of gnt2 mutant and 35S:GnTII transgenic plants shows that the addition of the 6-arm non-reducing GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor GlcNAcMan3(GlcNAc)2 inhibits additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues. Our findings indicate that plants limit the rate of the addition of the 6-arm GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor as a mechanism to facilitate formation of the prevalent N-glycans with Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)2Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Yoo
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Ki Seong Ko
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyeong Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, 9-Sarim, Changwon 641-773, Korea, and
| | - Seongha Park
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, 9-Sarim, Changwon 641-773, Korea, and
| | - Wahyu Indra Duwi Fanata
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Rikno Harmoko
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Nirmal Kumar Ramasamy
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Thiyagarajan Thulasinathan
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jae-Min Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, 9-Sarim, Changwon 641-773, Korea, and
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea,
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55
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Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is one of the most prevalent cotranslational protein modifications in plants. It is initiated by a conserved process in the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently involves a series of different N-glycan maturation steps that take place in the ER and Golgi apparatus. Despite our vast knowledge on the different processing steps we still understand very little about the role of characteristic glycoforms present on individual plant glycoproteins. Here, we describe convenient tools that allow the fast and reliable characterization of N-glycosylation on plant glycoproteins. The presented protocols can be adopted to other plant species and to the characterization of N-glycans from different glycoproteins.
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56
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Nguema-Ona E, Vicré-Gibouin M, Gotté M, Plancot B, Lerouge P, Bardor M, Driouich A. Cell wall O-glycoproteins and N-glycoproteins: aspects of biosynthesis and function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:499. [PMID: 25324850 PMCID: PMC4183102 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall O-glycoproteins and N-glycoproteins are two types of glycomolecules whose glycans are structurally complex. They are both assembled and modified within the endomembrane system, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, before their transport to their final locations within or outside the cell. In contrast to extensins (EXTs), the O-glycan chains of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly heterogeneous consisting mostly of (i) a short oligo-arabinoside chain of three to four residues, and (ii) a larger β-1,3-linked galactan backbone with β-1,6-linked side chains containing galactose, arabinose and, often, fucose, rhamnose, or glucuronic acid. The fine structure of arabinogalactan chains varies between, and within plant species, and is important for the functional activities of the glycoproteins. With regards to N-glycans, ER-synthesizing events are highly conserved in all eukaryotes studied so far since they are essential for efficient protein folding. In contrast, evolutionary adaptation of N-glycan processing in the Golgi apparatus has given rise to a variety of organism-specific complex structures. Therefore, plant complex-type N-glycans contain specific glyco-epitopes such as core β,2-xylose, core α1,3-fucose residues, and Lewis(a) substitutions on the terminal position of the antenna. Like O-glycans, N-glycans of proteins are essential for their stability and function. Mutants affected in the glycan metabolic pathways have provided valuable information on the role of N-/O-glycoproteins in the control of growth, morphogenesis and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. With regards to O-glycoproteins, only EXTs and AGPs are considered herein. The biosynthesis of these glycoproteins and functional aspects are presented and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nguema-Ona
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Maïté Vicré-Gibouin
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Maxime Gotté
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Barbara Plancot
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Plate-Forme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie UniversitéMont-Saint-Aignan, France
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57
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Bushey DF, Bannon GA, Delaney BF, Graser G, Hefford M, Jiang X, Lee TC, Madduri KM, Pariza M, Privalle LS, Ranjan R, Saab-Rincon G, Schafer BW, Thelen JJ, Zhang JX, Harper MS. Characteristics and safety assessment of intractable proteins in genetically modified crops. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:154-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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58
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Wang S, Xu Y, Li Z, Zhang S, Lim JM, Lee KO, Li C, Qian Q, Jiang DA, Qi Y. OsMOGS is required for N-glycan formation and auxin-mediated root development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:632-645. [PMID: 24597623 PMCID: PMC4018454 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a major modification of glycoproteins in eukaryotic cells. In Arabidopsis, great progress has been made in functional analysis of N-glycan production, however there are few studies in monocotyledons. Here, we characterized a rice (Oryza sativa L.) osmogs mutant with shortened roots and isolated a gene that coded a putative mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase (OsMOGS), an ortholog of α-glucosidase I in Arabidopsis, which trims the terminal glucosyl residue of the oligosaccharide chain of nascent peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). OsMOGS is strongly expressed in rapidly cell-dividing tissues and OsMOGS protein is localized in the ER. Mutation of OsMOGS entirely blocked N-glycan maturation and inhibited high-mannose N-glycan formation. The osmogs mutant exhibited severe defects in root cell division and elongation, resulting in a short-root phenotype. In addition, osmogs plants had impaired root hair formation and elongation, and reduced root epidemic cell wall thickness due to decreased cellulose synthesis. Further analysis showed that auxin content and polar transport in osmogs roots were reduced due to incomplete N-glycosylation of the B subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins (ABCBs). Our results demonstrate that involvement of OsMOGS in N-glycan formation is required for auxin-mediated root development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuiKang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - YanXia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - ZhiLan Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - SaiNa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jae-Min Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongnam 641-773, Republic of Korea
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712, USA
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - ChuanYou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - De An Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - YanHua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- For correspondence ()
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59
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Loos A, Steinkellner H. Plant glyco-biotechnology on the way to synthetic biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:523. [PMID: 25339965 PMCID: PMC4189330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are increasingly being used for the production of recombinant proteins. One reason is that plants are highly amenable to glycan engineering processes and allow the production of therapeutic proteins with increased efficacies due to optimized glycosylation profiles. Removal and insertion of glycosylation reactions by knock-out/knock-down approaches and introduction of glycosylation enzymes have paved the way for the humanization of the plant glycosylation pathway. The insertion of heterologous enzymes at exactly the right stage of the existing glycosylation pathway has turned out to be of utmost importance. To enable such precise targeting chimeric enzymes have been constructed. In this short review we will exemplify the importance of correct targeting of glycosyltransferases, we will give an overview of the targeting mechanism of glycosyltransferases, describe chimeric enzymes used in plant N-glycosylation engineering and illustrate how plant glycoengineering builds on the tools offered by synthetic biology to construct such chimeric enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- *Correspondence: Herta Steinkellner, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria e-mail:
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60
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Strasser R. Biological significance of complex N-glycans in plants and their impact on plant physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:363. [PMID: 25101107 PMCID: PMC4105690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation is a ubiquitous co- and post-translational modification which can alter the biological function of proteins and consequently affects the development, growth, and physiology of organisms. Despite an increasing knowledge of N-glycan biosynthesis and processing, we still understand very little about the biological function of individual N-glycan structures in plants. In particular, the N-glycan-processing steps mediated by Golgi-resident enzymes create a structurally diverse set of protein-linked carbohydrate structures. Some of these complex N-glycan modifications like the presence of β1,2-xylose, core α1,3-fucose or the Lewis a-epitope are characteristic for plants and are evolutionary highly conserved. In mammals, complex N-glycans are involved in different cellular processes including molecular recognition and signaling events. In contrast, the complex N-glycan function is still largely unknown in plants. Here, in this short review, I focus on important recent developments and discuss their implications for future research in plant glycobiology and plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- *Correspondence: Richard Strasser, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria e-mail:
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61
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Liebminger E, Grass J, Altmann F, Mach L, Strasser R. Characterizing the link between glycosylation state and enzymatic activity of the endo-β1,4-glucanase KORRIGAN1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22270-80. [PMID: 23782689 PMCID: PMC3829318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in N-glycosylation and N-glycan processing frequently cause alterations in plant cell wall architecture, including changes in the structure of cellulose, which is the most abundant plant polysaccharide. KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) is a glycoprotein enzyme with an essential function during cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. KOR1 is a membrane-anchored endo-β1,4-glucanase and contains eight potential N-glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. Here, we expressed A. thaliana KOR1 as a soluble, enzymatically active protein in insect cells and analyzed its N-glycosylation state. Structural analysis revealed that all eight potential N-glycosylation sites are utilized. Individual elimination of evolutionarily conserved N-glycosylation sites did not abolish proper KOR1 folding, but mutations of Asn-216, Asn-324, Asn-345, and Asn-567 resulted in considerably lower enzymatic activity. In contrast, production of wild-type KOR1 in the presence of the class I α-mannosidase inhibitor kifunensine, which abolished the conversion of KOR1 N-glycans into complex structures, did not affect the activity of the enzyme. To address N-glycosylation site occupancy and N-glycan composition of KOR1 under more natural conditions, we expressed a chimeric KOR1-Fc-GFP fusion protein in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Although Asn-108 and Asn-133 carried oligomannosidic N-linked oligosaccharides, the six other glycosylation sites were modified with complex N-glycans. Interestingly, the partially functional KOR1 G429R mutant encoded by the A. thaliana rsw2-1 allele displayed only oligomannosidic structures when expressed in N. benthamiana, indicating its retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. In summary, our data indicate that utilization of several N-glycosylation sites is important for KOR1 activity, whereas the structure of the attached N-glycans is not critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Liebminger
- From the Departments of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology and
| | - Josephine Grass
- Chemistry, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Chemistry, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- From the Departments of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology and
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