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Yong W, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Li P. Sodium butyrate alleviates pre-eclampsia in pregnant rats by improving the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid metabolites production. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1370-1383. [PMID: 34470077 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pre-eclampsia (PE) affects pregnant patients worldwide, but there is no effective treatment for this condition. We aimed to explore the effect of sodium butyrate (NaB) on PE. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride was used to induce PE in pregnant rats. We found that NaB significantly decreased the levels of blood pressure, 24-h protein urine and inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β), increased the foetal and placental weights and intestinal barrier markers (ZO-1, claudin-5 and occludin) expression. In addition, NaB intervention reduced the levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin and increased placental growth factor level. Meanwhile, after NaB treatment, the Treg/Th17 ratio of immune cells in the spleen and small intestine of pregnant rats decreased, while the level of pregnancy-related diamine oxidase increased. Notably, the PE rat treatment with NaB improved gut microbiota compositions, especially for the abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroides, and significantly increased butyric acid and pentanoic acid levels, which might help to alleviate PE in pregnant rats. CONCLUSION In the PE rat model, exogenous NaB improved intestinal barrier function and reduced adverse outcomes, which might be associated with the gut microbiota and its production of SCFA metabolites. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY NaB might alleviate the adverse outcomes of PE by regulating gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFA, which revealed that NaB might be a potential regulator of gut microbiota and a therapeutic substance for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yong
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanhua Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao'e Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
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52
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Fowden AL, Camm EJ, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Effects of Maternal Obesity On Placental Phenotype. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 19:113-131. [PMID: 32400334 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666200513115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity is rising rapidly worldwide with the consequence that more women are entering pregnancy overweight or obese. This leads to an increased incidence of clinical complications during pregnancy and of poor obstetric outcomes. The offspring of obese pregnancies are often macrosomic at birth although there is also a subset of the progeny that are growth-restricted at term. Maternal obesity during pregnancy is also associated with cardiovascular, metabolic and endocrine dysfunction in the offspring later in life. As the interface between the mother and fetus, the placenta has a central role in programming intrauterine development and is known to adapt its phenotype in response to environmental conditions such as maternal undernutrition and hypoxia. However, less is known about placental function in the abnormal metabolic and endocrine environment associated with maternal obesity during pregnancy. This review discusses the placental consequences of maternal obesity induced either naturally or experimentally by increasing maternal nutritional intake and/or changing the dietary composition. It takes a comparative, multi-species approach and focusses on placental size, morphology, nutrient transport, metabolism and endocrine function during the later stages of obese pregnancy. It also examines the interventions that have been made during pregnancy in an attempt to alleviate the more adverse impacts of maternal obesity on placental phenotype. The review highlights the potential role of adaptations in placental phenotype as a contributory factor to the pregnancy complications and changes in fetal growth and development that are associated with maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - E J Camm
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - A N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
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53
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Ishimwe JA. Maternal microbiome in preeclampsia pathophysiology and implications on offspring health. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14875. [PMID: 34042284 PMCID: PMC8157769 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a devastating hypertensive pregnancy disorder that currently affects 2%–8% of pregnancies worldwide. It is associated with maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity and adverse health outcomes both in mom and offspring beyond pregnancy. The pathophysiology is not completely understood, and there are no approved therapies to specifically treat for the disease, with only few therapies approved to manage symptoms. Recent advances suggest that aberrations in the composition of the microbiome may play a role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including preeclampsia. The maternal and uteroplacental environments greatly influence the long‐term health outcomes of the offspring through developmental programming mechanisms. The current review summarizes recent developments on the role of the microbiome in adverse pregnancy outcomes with a focus on preeclampsia. It also discusses the potential role of the maternal microbiome in fetal programming; explores gut‐targeted therapeutics advancement and their implications in the treatment of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne A Ishimwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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54
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Implications of SCFAs on the Parameters of the Lipid and Hepatic Profile in Pregnant Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061749. [PMID: 34063900 PMCID: PMC8224042 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the product of the anaerobic intestinal bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and resistant starch. An abnormal intestinal microbiota may cause a reduction in the production of SCFAs, which stimulate the development of intestinal epithelial cells, nourish enterocytes, influence their maturation and proper differentiation, reduce the pH, and are an additional source of energy for the host. There have been reports of the special role of SCFAs in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism during pregnancy. AIM The aim of the study was to analyze the correlation of SCFAs with lipid and hepatic metabolism during pregnancy in relation to the body weight of pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted in pregnant women divided into two groups: Obese (OW-overweight and obese women; n = 48) and lean (CG-control group; n = 48) individuals. The biochemical plasma parameters of lipid metabolism (TG, CH, LDL, HDL), inflammation (CRP), and liver function (ALT, AST, GGT) were determined in all of the subjects. SCFA analysis was performed in the stool samples to measure acetic acid (C 2:0), propionic acid (C 3:0), isobutyric acid (C 4:0 i), butyric acid (C 4:0 n), isovaleric acid (C 5:0 i) valeric acid (C 5:0 n), isocaproic acid (C 6:0 i), caproic acid (C 6:0 n), and heptanoic acid (C 7:0). RESULTS Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of C 3:0 and C 6:0 n were found between women in the OW group compared to the CG group. The other SCFAs tested did not differ significantly depending on BMI. The C 2:0, C 3:0, and C 4:0 n ratios showed differences in both OW and CG groups. In the OW group, no relationship was observed between the concentrations of the SCFAs tested and CRP, ALT, AST. A surprising positive relationship between C 5:0 n and all fractions of the tested lipids and branched C 5:0 with CHL, HDL, and LDL was demonstrated. In the OW group, HDL showed a positive correlation with C 3:0. However, lower GGT concentrations were accompanied by higher C 4:0 and C 5:0 values, and this tendency was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The results of our research show that some SCFAs are associated with hepatic lipid metabolism and CRP concentrations, which may vary with gestational weight. Obesity in pregnancy reduces the amount of SCFAs in the stool, and a decrease in the level of butyrate reduces liver function.
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55
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Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Maternal Microbiota and Metabolism in Pregnancy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041244. [PMID: 33918804 PMCID: PMC8069164 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as products of intestinal bacterial metabolism, are particularly relevant in the diagnosis of intestinal dysbiosis. The most common studies of microbiome metabolites include butyric acid, propionic acid and acetic acid, which occur in varying proportions depending on diet, age, coexisting disease and other factors. During pregnancy, metabolic changes related to the protection of energy homeostasis are of fundamental importance for the developing fetus, its future metabolic fate and the mother’s health. SCFAs act as signaling molecules that regulate the body’s energy balance through G-protein receptors. GPR41 receptors affect metabolism through the microflora, while GPR43 receptors are recognized as a molecular link between diet, microflora, gastrointestinal tract, immunity and the inflammatory response. The possible mechanism by which the gut microflora may contribute to fat storage, as well as the occurrence of gestational insulin resistance, is blocking the expression of the fasting-induced adipose factor. SCFAs, in particular propionic acid via GPR, determine the development and metabolic programming of the fetus in pregnant women. The mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism during pregnancy are similar to those found in obese people and those with impaired microbiome and its metabolites. The implications of SCFAs and metabolic disorders during pregnancy are therefore critical to maternal health and neonatal development. In this review paper, we summarize the current knowledge about SCFAs, their potential impact and possible mechanisms of action in relation to maternal metabolism during pregnancy. Therefore, they constitute a contemporary challenge to practical nutritional therapy. Material and methods: The PubMed database were searched for “pregnancy”, “lipids”, “SCFA” in conjunction with “diabetes”, “hypertension”, and “microbiota”, and searches were limited to work published for a period not exceeding 20 years in the past. Out of 2927 publication items, 2778 papers were excluded from the analysis, due to being unrelated to the main topic, conference summaries and/or articles written in a language other than English, while the remaining 126 publications were included in the analysis.
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56
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Davis J, Mire E. Maternal obesity and developmental programming of neuropsychiatric disorders: An inflammatory hypothesis. Brain Neurosci Adv 2021; 5:23982128211003484. [PMID: 33889757 PMCID: PMC8040564 DOI: 10.1177/23982128211003484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with the development of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders; however, the mechanisms behind this association are not fully understood. Comparison between maternal immune activation and maternal obesity reveals similarities in associated impairments and maternal cytokine profile. Here, we present a summary of recent evidence describing how inflammatory processes contribute towards the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring of obese mothers. This includes discussion on how maternal cytokine levels, fatty acids and placental inflammation may interact with foetal neurodevelopment through changes to microglial behaviour and epigenetic modification. We also propose an exosome-mediated mechanism for the disruption of brain development under maternal obesity and discuss potential intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Davis
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Erik Mire
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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57
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Xiang H, Gan J, Zeng D, Li J, Yu H, Zhao H, Yang Y, Tan S, Li G, Luo C, Xie Z, Zhao G, Li H. Specific Microbial Taxa and Functional Capacity Contribute to Chicken Abdominal Fat Deposition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643025. [PMID: 33815329 PMCID: PMC8010200 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically selected chickens with better growth and early maturation show an incidental increase in abdominal fat deposition (AFD). Accumulating evidence reveals a strong association between gut microbiota and adiposity. However, studies focusing on the role of gut microbiota in chicken obesity in conventional breeds are limited. Therefore, 400 random broilers with different levels of AFD were used to investigate the gut microbial taxa related to AFD by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 76 representative samples, and to identify the specific microbial taxa contributing to fat-related metabolism using shotgun metagenomic analyses of eight high and low AFD chickens. The results demonstrated that the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota decrease as the accumulation of chicken abdominal fat increases. The decrease of Bacteroidetes and the increase of Firmicutes were correlated with the accumulation of chicken AFD. The Bacteroidetes phylum, including the genera Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and the species, B. salanitronis, B. fragilis, and P. distasonis, were correlated to alleviate obesity by producing secondary metabolites. Several genera of Firmicutes phylum with circulating lipoprotein lipase activity were linked to the accumulation of chicken body fat. Moreover, the genera, Olsenella and Slackia, might positively contribute to fat and energy metabolism, whereas the genus, Methanobrevibacter, was possible to enhance energy capture, and associated to accumulate chicken AFD. These findings provide insights into the roles of the gut microbiota in complex traits and contribute to the development of effective therapies for the reduction of chicken fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jiankang Gan
- Guangdong Tinoo's Foods Group Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China
| | - Daoshu Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Guangdong Tinoo's Foods Group Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China.,Xianxi Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Xianxi Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shuwen Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Xianxi Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Gen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Chaowei Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhuojun Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Guangdong Tinoo's Foods Group Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China.,Xianxi Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
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58
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Eastman AJ, Moore RE, Townsend SD, Gaddy JA, Aronoff DM. The Influence of Obesity and Associated Fatty Acids on Placental Inflammation. Clin Ther 2021; 43:265-278. [PMID: 33487441 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal obesity, affecting nearly 1 in 4 pregnancies, is associated with increased circulating saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate. These fatty acids are implicated in placental inflammation, which may in turn exacerbate both maternal-fetal tolerance and responses to pathogens, such as group B Streptococcus. In this review, we address the question, "How do obesity and associated fatty acids influence placental inflammation?" METHODS In this narrative review, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar using combinations of the key words placental inflammation or pregnancy and lipids, fatty acids, obesity, palmitate, or other closely related search terms. We also used references found within these articles that may have been absent from our original search queries. We analyzed methods and key results of these articles to compare and contrast their findings, which were occasionally at odds with each other. FINDINGS Although obesity can be studied as a whole, complex phenomena with in vivo mouse models and human samples from patients with obesity, in vitro modeling often relies on the treatment of cells or tissues with ≥1 fatty acids and occasionally other compounds (eg, glucose and insulin). We found that palmitate, most commonly used in vitro to recreate hallmarks of obesity, induces apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy defects, and inflammasome activation in many placental cell types. We compare this to in vivo models of obesity wherever possible. We found that obesity as a whole may have more complex regulation of these phenomena (apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy defects, and inflammasome activation) compared with in vitro models of fatty acid treatment (primarily palmitate) because of the presence of unsaturated fatty acids (ie, oleate), which may have anti-inflammatory effects. IMPLICATIONS The interaction of unsaturated fatty acids with saturated fatty acids may ameliorate many inflammatory effects of saturated fatty acids alone, which complicates interpretation of in vitro studies that focus on a particular fatty acid in isolation. This complication may explain why certain studies of obesity in vivo have differing outcomes from studies of specific fatty acids in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Eastman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca E Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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59
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Maternal Microbiome and Infections in Pregnancy. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121996. [PMID: 33333813 PMCID: PMC7765218 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy induces unique changes in maternal immune responses and metabolism. Drastic physiologic adaptations, in an intricately coordinated fashion, allow the maternal body to support the healthy growth of the fetus. The gut microbiome plays a central role in the regulation of the immune system, metabolism, and resistance to infections. Studies have reported changes in the maternal microbiome in the gut, vagina, and oral cavity during pregnancy; it remains unclear whether/how these changes might be related to maternal immune responses, metabolism, and susceptibility to infections during pregnancy. Our understanding of the concerted adaption of these different aspects of the human physiology to promote a successful pregnant remains limited. Here, we provide a comprehensive documentation and discussion of changes in the maternal microbiome in the gut, oral cavity, and vagina during pregnancy, metabolic changes and complications in the mother and newborn that may be, in part, driven by maternal gut dysbiosis, and, lastly, common infections in pregnancy. This review aims to shed light on how dysregulation of the maternal microbiome may underlie obstetrical metabolic complications and infections.
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60
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Maternal fibre and gluten intake during pregnancy and risk of childhood celiac disease: the MoBa study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16439. [PMID: 33009438 PMCID: PMC7532434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal diet can influence the developing immune system of the offspring. We hypothesized that maternal fibre and gluten intake during pregnancy were associated with the risk of celiac disease in the child. In the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa, n = 85,898) higher maternal fibre intake (median 29.5 g/day) was associated with a lower risk of celiac disease in the offspring (adjusted relative risk 0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.98 per 10 g/d increase). Gluten intake during pregnancy (median 13.0 g/d) was associated with a higher risk of childhood CD (adjusted relative risk = 1.21, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.43 per 10 g/d increase). These results were largely unaffected by adjustment for the child’s gluten intake at 18 months. In an independent study of 149 mother/child dyads, maternal fibre intake did not predict concentrations of total or sub-types of short-chain fatty acids in repeated infant stool samples, or fecal microbiome diversity in the mother or child. Our results suggest that high fibre and low gluten intake during pregnancy could be protective factors for celiac disease, although the mechanism is unknown.
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61
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Seo M, Anderson G. Gut-Amygdala Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Developmental Roles via regulating Mitochondria, Exosomes, Immunity and microRNAs. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4344-4356. [PMID: 31692435 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191105102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have long been conceived as developmental disorder. A growing body of data highlights a role for alterations in the gut in the pathoetiology and/or pathophysiology of ASD. Recent work shows alterations in the gut microbiome to have a significant impact on amygdala development in infancy, suggesting that the alterations in the gut microbiome may act to modulate not only amygdala development but how the amygdala modulates the development of the frontal cortex and other brain regions. METHODS This article reviews wide bodies of data pertaining to the developmental roles of the maternal and foetal gut and immune systems in the regulation of offspring brain development. RESULTS A number of processes seem to be important in mediating how genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors interact in early development to regulate such gut-mediated changes in the amygdala, wider brain functioning and inter-area connectivity, including via regulation of microRNA (miR)-451, 14-3-3 proteins, cytochrome P450 (CYP)1B1 and the melatonergic pathways. As well as a decrease in the activity of monoamine oxidase, heightened levels of in miR-451 and CYP1B1, coupled to decreased 14-3-3 act to inhibit the synthesis of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin, contributing to the hyperserotonemia that is often evident in ASD, with consequences for mitochondria functioning and the content of released exosomes. These same factors are likely to play a role in regulating placental changes that underpin the association of ASD with preeclampsia and other perinatal risk factors, including exposure to heavy metals and air pollutants. Such alterations in placental and gut processes act to change the amygdala-driven biological underpinnings of affect-cognitive and affect-sensory interactions in the brain. CONCLUSION Such a perspective readily incorporates previously disparate bodies of data in ASD, including the role of the mu-opioid receptor, dopamine signaling and dopamine receptors, as well as the changes occurring to oxytocin and taurine levels. This has a number of treatment implications, the most readily applicable being the utilization of sodium butyrate and melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonsang Seo
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London, United Kingdom
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62
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Saoi M, Kennedy KM, Gohir W, Sloboda DM, Britz-McKibbin P. Placental Metabolomics for Assessment of Sex-specific Differences in Fetal Development During Normal Gestation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9399. [PMID: 32523064 PMCID: PMC7286906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a metabolically active interfacial organ that plays crucial roles in fetal nutrient delivery, gas exchange and waste removal reflecting dynamic maternal and fetal interactions during gestation. There is growing evidence that the sex of the placenta influences fetal responses to external stimuli in utero, such as changes in maternal nutrition and exposure to environmental stressors. However, the exact biochemical mechanisms associated with sex-specific metabolic adaptations during pregnancy and its link to placental function and fetal development remain poorly understood. Herein, multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry is used as a high throughput metabolomics platform to characterize lyophilized placental tissue (~2 mg dried weight) from C57BL/6J mice fed a standardized diet. Over 130 authentic metabolites were consistently measured from placental extracts when using a nontargeted metabolomics workflow with stringent quality control and robust batch correction. Our work revealed distinct metabolic phenotype differences that exist between male (n = 14) and female (n = 14) placentae collected at embryonic day E18.5. Intracellular metabolites associated with fatty acid oxidation and purine degradation were found to be elevated in females as compared to male placentae (p < 0.05, effect size >0.40), including uric acid, valerylcarnitine, hexanoylcarnitine, and 3-hydroxyhexanolycarnitine. This murine model sheds new insights into sex-specific differences in placental mitochondrial function and protective mechanisms against deleterious oxidative stress that may impact fetal growth and birth outcomes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Saoi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Katherine M Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Wajiha Gohir
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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63
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St-Germain LE, Castellana B, Baltayeva J, Beristain AG. Maternal Obesity and the Uterine Immune Cell Landscape: The Shaping Role of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3776. [PMID: 32471078 PMCID: PMC7312391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is often equated to the physiological response to injury or infection. Inflammatory responses defined by cytokine storms control cellular mechanisms that can either resolve quickly (i.e., acute inflammation) or remain prolonged and unabated (i.e., chronic inflammation). Perhaps less well-appreciated is the importance of inflammatory processes central to healthy pregnancy, including implantation, early stages of placentation, and parturition. Pregnancy juxtaposed with disease can lead to the perpetuation of aberrant inflammation that likely contributes to or potentiates maternal morbidity and poor fetal outcome. Maternal obesity, a prevalent condition within women of reproductive age, associates with increased risk of developing multiple pregnancy disorders. Importantly, chronic low-grade inflammation is thought to underlie the development of obesity-related obstetric and perinatal complications. While diverse subsets of uterine immune cells play central roles in initiating and maintaining healthy pregnancy, uterine leukocyte dysfunction as a result of maternal obesity may underpin the development of pregnancy disorders. In this review we discuss the current knowledge related to the impact of maternal obesity and obesity-associated inflammation on uterine immune cell function, utero-placental establishment, and pregnancy health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. St-Germain
- The British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (L.E.S.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada
| | - Barbara Castellana
- The British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (L.E.S.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada
| | - Jennet Baltayeva
- The British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (L.E.S.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada
| | - Alexander G. Beristain
- The British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (L.E.S.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada
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Yao Z, Long Y, Ye J, Li P, Jiang Y, Chen Y. 16S rRNA Gene-Based Analysis Reveals the Effects of Gestational Diabetes on the Gut Microbiota of Mice During Pregnancy. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:239-245. [PMID: 32372772 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is one of the metabolic characteristics of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Considering that GDM is able to cause changes in the gut bacterial community and function in the mother's intestine compared with healthy pregnant women, we aimed to clarify the correlation between hyperglycemia and gut microbiota in a GDM mouse model. Mice were divided into four groups: CE0, GDME0, CE18, and GDME18. C and GDM represent the control (C) and GDM groups, while E0 and E18 represent early or late trimesters of embryo day 0 or 18, respectively. GDM mouse models were created by injecting streptozocin on embryo day 0. The gut microbiota was characterized using the Illumina MiSeq platform targeting the V3-4 region of the 16S rRNA. Operational taxonomic unit analysis revealed a significant difference between CE18 and CE0, in which Akkermansia and Prevotellaceae were more abundant in the early trimester group, CE0. Moreover, the Clostridiales_vadinBB60 group was more abundant, while Parasutterella was much lower in GDME18 than in CE18. The gut microbiota community structure correlated with the GDM state, and LEfSe and molecular ecological network analysis further confirmed these diversities. Our research shows that changes in the community structure of the gut microbiota from the early to late trimester correlate with the GDM state. Changes in the abundance of the probiotic bacteria Akkermansia, Prevotellaceae, and Parasutterella may be involved in the GDM state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Yao
- 1College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 543000 China
| | - Yu Long
- 2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Juan Ye
- 3Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Pu Li
- PFOMIC Bioinformatics Company, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- 3Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Yanming Chen
- 5School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 543004 China
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Poon K. Behavioral Feeding Circuit: Dietary Fat-Induced Effects of Inflammatory Mediators in the Hypothalamus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591559. [PMID: 33324346 PMCID: PMC7726204 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive dietary fat intake has extensive impacts on several physiological systems and can lead to metabolic and nonmetabolic disease. In animal models of ingestion, exposure to a high fat diet during pregnancy predisposes offspring to increase intake of dietary fat and causes increase in weight gain that can lead to obesity, and without intervention, these physiological and behavioral consequences can persist for several generations. The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that responds to physiological hunger and fullness and contains orexigenic neuropeptide systems that have long been associated with dietary fat intake. The past fifteen years of research show that prenatal exposure to a high fat diet increases neurogenesis of these neuropeptide systems in offspring brain and are correlated to behavioral changes that induce a pro-consummatory and obesogenic phenotype. Current research has uncovered several potential molecular mechanisms by which excessive dietary fat alters the hypothalamus and involve dietary fatty acids, the immune system, gut microbiota, and transcriptional and epigenetic changes. This review will examine the current knowledge of dietary fat-associated changes in the hypothalamus and the potential pathways involved in modifying the development of orexigenic peptide neurons that lead to changes in ingestive behavior, with a special emphasis on inflammation by chemokines.
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Li Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Yang Y, Lin Y, Zhuo Y, Fang Z, Che L, Feng B, Xu S, Li J, Wu D. Maternal Dietary Fiber Composition during Gestation Induces Changes in Offspring Antioxidative Capacity, Inflammatory Response, and Gut Microbiota in a Sow Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010031. [PMID: 31861629 PMCID: PMC6981455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effects of maternal dietary fiber composition during gestation on offspring antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and gut microbiota composition, we randomly assigned 64 gilts to four treatments and administered diets with an insoluble/soluble fiber ratio of 3.89 (R1), 5.59 (R2), 9.12 (R3), and 12.81 (R4). Sow samples (blood and feces at gestation 110) and neonatal samples (blood, liver, and colonic contents) were collected. The results showed that sows and piglets in R1 and R2 had higher antioxidant enzyme activity and lower pro-inflammatory factor levels than those in R3 and R4. Moreover, piglets in R1 and R2 had higher liver mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and lower NF-κB than piglets in R4. Interestingly, maternal fiber composition not only affected the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in sow feces but also influenced the concentrations of SCFAs in the neonatal colon. Results of high-throughput sequencing showed that piglets as well as sows in R1 and R2 had microbial community structures distinct from those in R3 and R4. Therefore, the composition of dietary fiber in pregnancy diet had an important role in improving antioxidant capacity and decreasing inflammatory response of mothers and their offspring through modulating the composition of gut microbiota.
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Su YR, Hong YP, Mei FC, Wang CY, Li M, Zhou Y, Zhao KL, Yu J, Wang WX. High-Fat Diet Aggravates the Intestinal Barrier Injury via TLR4-RIP3 Pathway in a Rat Model of Severe Acute Pancreatitis. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2512687. [PMID: 31933540 PMCID: PMC6942875 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2512687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), a high body mass index (BMI) increases the possibility of infection derived from the intestine. In this study, we evaluate whether TAK242 can alleviate severe acute pancreatitis-associated injury of intestinal barrier in high-fat diet-fed rats. METHODS A SAP model was established by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliary-pancreatic duct. Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) adult rats were randomly divided into five groups: standard rat chow (SRC) normal (SN), SRC SAP (SAP), high-fat diet normal (HN), HFD SAP (HSAP), and TLR4 inhibitor pretreatment HFD SAP (HAPT) groups. Intraperitoneal injection of 3 mg/kg TAK242 was administered 30 minutes before SAP model establishment in the HAPT group. Rats were sacrificed 12 hours after SAP modeling, followed by blood and pancreatic and distal ileum tissue collection for further analyses. Changes in the pathology responses of the rats in each group were assessed. RESULT Analyses of serum amylase, lipase, cholesterol, triglyceride, IL-1β, IL-6, DAO, and serum endotoxin as well as tight junction protein expression including zonula occluden-1 and occludin indicated that high-fat diet aggravated SAP-induced intestinal barrier injury via increasing inflammatory response. In addition, the level of necroptosis was significantly higher in the SAP group compared with the SN group while the HSAP group exhibited more necroptosis compared with the SAP group, indicating the important role of necroptosis in pancreatitis-associated gut injury and illustrating that high-fat diet aggravated necroptosis of the ileum. Pretreatment with TLR4 inhibitor significantly alleviated inflammatory response and reduced necroptosis and level of oxidative stress while improving intestinal barrier function. CONCLUSION High-fat diet aggravated SAP-induced intestinal barrier injury via inflammatory reactions, necroptosis, and oxidative stress. Inhibition of TLR4 by TAK242 reduced inflammation, alleviated necroptosis, and lowered the level of oxidative stress and then protected the intestinal barrier dysfunction from SAP in high-fat diet-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-ru Su
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-pu Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang-chao Mei
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen-yang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kai-liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-xing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Obesity during pregnancy results in maternal intestinal inflammation, placental hypoxia, and alters fetal glucose metabolism at mid-gestation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17621. [PMID: 31772245 PMCID: PMC6879619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether diet-induced changes in the maternal intestinal microbiota were associated with changes in bacterial metabolites and their receptors, intestinal inflammation, and placental inflammation at mid-gestation (E14.5) in female mice fed a control (17% kcal fat, n = 7) or a high-fat diet (HFD 60% kcal fat, n = 9; ad libitum) before and during pregnancy. Maternal diet-induced obesity (mDIO) resulted in a reduction in maternal fecal short-chain fatty acid producing Lachnospiraceae, lower cecal butyrate, intestinal antimicrobial peptide levels, and intestinal SCFA receptor Ffar3, Ffar2 and Hcar2 transcript levels. mDIO increased maternal intestinal pro-inflammatory NFκB activity, colonic CD3+ T cell number, and placental inflammation. Maternal obesity was associated with placental hypoxia, increased angiogenesis, and increased transcript levels of glucose and amino acid transporters. Maternal and fetal markers of gluconeogenic capacity were decreased in pregnancies complicated by obesity. We show that mDIO impairs bacterial metabolite signaling pathways in the mother at mid-gestation, which was associated with significant structural changes in placental blood vessels, likely as a result of placental hypoxia. It is likely that maternal intestinal changes contribute to adverse maternal and placental adaptations that, via alterations in fetal hepatic glucose handling, may impart increased risk of metabolic dysfunction in offspring.
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