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Brocklehurst RJ, Moritz S, Codd J, Sellers WI, Brainerd EL. Rib kinematics during lung ventilation in the American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis): an XROMM analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:3181-3190. [PMID: 28855323 PMCID: PMC5612015 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current hypothesis regarding the mechanics of breathing in crocodylians is that the double-headed ribs, with both a capitulum and tuberculum, rotate about a constrained axis passing through the two articulations; moreover, this axis shifts in the caudal thoracic ribs, as the vertebral parapophysis moves from the centrum to the transverse process. Additionally, the ventral ribcage in crocodylians is thought to possess additional degrees of freedom through mobile intermediate ribs. In this study, X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) was used to quantify rib rotation during breathing in American alligators. Whilst costovertebral joint anatomy predicted overall patterns of motion across the ribcage (decreased bucket handle motion and increased calliper motion), there were significant deviations: anatomical axes overestimated pump handle motion and, generally, ribs in vivo rotate about all three body axes more equally than predicted. The intermediate ribs are mobile, with a high degree of rotation measured about the dorsal intracostal joints, especially in the more caudal ribs. Motion of the sternal ribs became increasingly complex caudally, owing to a combination of the movements of the vertebral and intermediate segments. As the crocodylian ribcage is sometimes used as a model for the ancestral archosaur, these results have important implications for how rib motion is reconstructed in fossil taxa, and illustrate the difficulties in reconstructing rib movement based on osteology alone. Summary: Using XROMM to test how well joint anatomy predicts rib motion during breathing in crocodylians, our best living model for the earliest archosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brocklehurst
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sabine Moritz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jonathan Codd
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - William I Sellers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Sheehan FT, Brainerd EL, Troy KL, Shefelbine SJ, Ronsky JL. Advancing quantitative techniques to improve understanding of the skeletal structure-function relationship. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2018; 15:25. [PMID: 29558970 PMCID: PMC5859431 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-018-0368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although all functional movement arises from the interplay between the neurological, skeletal, and muscular systems, it is the skeletal system that forms the basic framework for functional movement. Central to understanding human neuromuscular development, along with the genesis of musculoskeletal pathologies, is quantifying how the human skeletal system adapts and mal-adapts to its mechanical environment. Advancing this understanding is hampered by an inability to directly and non-invasively measure in vivo strains, stresses, and forces on bone. Thus, we traditionally have turned to animal models to garner such information. These models enable direct in vivo measures that are not available for human subjects, providing information in regards to both skeletal adaptation and the interplay between the skeletal and muscular systems. Recently, there has been an explosion of new imaging and modeling techniques providing non-invasive, in vivo measures and estimates of skeletal form and function that have long been missing. Combining multiple modalities and techniques has proven to be one of our most valuable resources in enhancing our understanding of the form-function relationship of the human skeletal, muscular, and neurological systems. Thus, to continue advancing our knowledge of the structural-functional relationship, validation of current tools is needed, while development is required to limit the deficiencies in these tools and develop new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen L Troy
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
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Validation of imaging-based quantification of glenohumeral joint kinematics using an unmodified clinical biplane fluoroscopy system. J Biomech 2018; 71:306-312. [PMID: 29478696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Model-based tracking, using CT and biplane fluoroscopy, allows highly accurate quantification of glenohumeral motion and changes in the subacromial space. Previous investigators have used custom-built biplane fluoroscopes designed specifically for kinematic applications, which are available at few institutions and require FDA approval prior to clinical use. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of an off-the-shelf clinical biplane fluoroscope for kinematic applications by validating model-based tracking for measurement of glenohumeral motion using an unmodified clinical system. Biplane images of each shoulder of a cadaver torso were acquired at various joint positions and during simulated movements along anatomical planes of motion. The pose of each humerus and scapula was determined using model-based tracking and compared to a bead-based gold standard. Error due to a temporal-offset between corresponding biplane images, characteristic of clinical biplane systems, was determined by comparison of measured and known relative position of 2 bead clusters of a phantom that was imaged while moved throughout the fluoroscopy image volume. Model-based tracking had global kinematic mean absolute errors of 0.27 mm and 0.29° (static), and 0.22-0.32 mm and 0.12-0.45° (dynamic). Glenohumeral mean absolute errors were 0.39 mm and 0.45° (static), and 0.36-0.42 mm and 0.41-0.48° (dynamic). The temporal-offset was predicted to add errors of 0.06-0.85 mm and 0.05-0.28° for cadaveric trials for the speeds examined. For defined speeds, sub-millimeter and sub-degree kinematic accuracy and precision were achieved using an unmodified clinical biplane fluoroscope for quantification of glenohumeral motion.
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54
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Kefala V, Cyr AJ, Harris MD, Hume DR, Davidson BS, Kim RH, Shelburne KB. Assessment of Knee Kinematics in Older Adults Using High-Speed Stereo Radiography. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:2260-2267. [PMID: 28614195 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantification of knee motion is essential for assessment of pathologic joint function, such as tracking osteoarthritis progression and evaluating outcomes after conservative or surgical treatment, including total knee arthroplasty. Our purpose was to establish a useful baseline for the kinematic envelope of knee motion in healthy older adults performing movements of daily living. METHODS A high-speed stereo radiography system was used to measure the three-dimensional tibiofemoral kinematics of eight healthy people over 55 yr of age (4 women/4 men; age, 61.7 ± 5.4 yr; body mass, 74.6 ± 7.7 kg; body mass index, 26.7 ± 4.4 kg·m; height, 168.2 ± 13.7 cm) during seated knee extension, level walking, pivoting, and step descent. RESULTS Internal-external and varus-valgus rotation and anterior-posterior range of motion through stance in normal walking averaged 3.6° ± 1.1°, 2.3° ± 0.6°, and 3.4 ± 1.57 mm, respectively. Average range of motion across subjects was greater during the step-down in both internal-external rotation (average, 6.5° ± 3.1°) and anterior-posterior translation (average, 4.5 ± 1.1). Average internal-external range of motion increased to 13.5° ± 3.6° during pivoting. Range of motion of the knee in varus-valgus rotation was nearly the same for each subject across activities, rarely exceeding 6°. CONCLUSIONS Pivoting and step descending during walking had greater internal-external rotation and anterior-posterior translation than normal gait. Internal-external rotation and anterior-posterior translation were shown to have greater activity dependence, whereas varus-valgus rotation was consistent across activities. These results were similar to prior measurements in younger cohorts, though a trend toward reduced range of motion in the older adults was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Kefala
- 1Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, The University of Denver, CO; and 2Colorado Joint Replacement, Denver, CO
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55
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Iaquinto JM, Kindig MW, Haynor DR, Vu Q, Pepin N, Tsai R, Sangeorzan BJ, Ledoux WR. Model-based tracking of the bones of the foot: A biplane fluoroscopy validation study. Comput Biol Med 2018; 92:118-127. [PMID: 29175098 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Measuring foot kinematics using optical motion capture is technically challenging due to the depth of the talus, small bone size, and soft tissue artifact. We present a validation of our biplane X-ray system, demonstrating its accuracy in tracking the foot bones directly. Using an experimental linear/rotary stage we imaged pairs of tali, calcanei, and first metatarsals, with embedded beads, through 30 poses. Model- and bead-based algorithms were employed for semi-automatic tracking. Translational and rotational poses were compared to the experimental stage (a reference standard) to determine registration performance. For each bone, 10 frames per pose were analyzed. Model-based: The resulting overall translational bias of the six bones was 0.058 mm with a precision of ± 0.049 mm. The overall rotational bias of the six bones was 0.42° with a precision of ± 0.41°. Bead-based: the overall translational bias was 0.037 mm with a precision of ± 0.032 mm and for rotation was 0.29° with a precision of ± 0.26°. We validated the accuracy of our system to determine the spatial position and orientation of isolated foot bones, including the talus, calcaneus, and first metatarsal over a range of quasi-static poses. Although the accuracy of dynamic motion was not assessed, use of an experimental stage establishes a reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Iaquinto
- RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew W Kindig
- RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - David R Haynor
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - QuocBao Vu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nathan Pepin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard Tsai
- RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Bruce J Sangeorzan
- RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Department of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - William R Ledoux
- RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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56
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Lawrence RL, Ellingson AM, Ludewig PM. Validation of single-plane fluoroscopy and 2D/3D shape-matching for quantifying shoulder complex kinematics. Med Eng Phys 2017; 52:69-75. [PMID: 29229406 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroscopy and 2D/3D shape-matching has emerged as the standard for non-invasively quantifying kinematics. However, its accuracy has not been well established for the shoulder complex when using single-plane fluoroscopy. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of single-plane fluoroscopy and 2D/3D shape-matching for quantifying full shoulder complex kinematics. Tantalum markers were implanted into the clavicle, humerus, and scapula of four cadaveric shoulders. Biplane radiographs were obtained with the shoulder in five humerothoracic elevation positions (arm at the side, 30°, 60°, 90°, maximum). Images from both systems were used to perform marker tracking, while only those images acquired with the primary fluoroscopy system were used to perform 2D/3D shape-matching. Kinematics errors due to shape-matching were calculated as the difference between marker tracking and 2D/3D shape-matching and expressed as root mean square (RMS) error, bias, and precision. Overall RMS errors for the glenohumeral joint ranged from 0.7 to 3.3° and 1.2 to 4.2 mm, while errors for the acromioclavicular joint ranged from 1.7 to 3.4°. Errors associated with shape-matching individual bones ranged from 1.2 to 3.2° for the humerus, 0.5 to 1.6° for the scapula, and 0.4 to 3.7° for the clavicle. The results of the study demonstrate that single-plane fluoroscopy and 2D/3D shape-matching can accurately quantify full shoulder complex kinematics in static positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Lawrence
- Division of Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE MMC 388, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA .
| | - Arin M Ellingson
- Divisions of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE MMC 388, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paula M Ludewig
- Divisions of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE MMC 388, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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57
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Geiger SM, Reich E, Böttcher P, Grund S, Hagen J. Validation of biplane high‐speed fluoroscopy combined with two different noninvasive tracking methodologies for measuring
in vivo
distal limb kinematics of the horse. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:261-269. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - E. Reich
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - P. Böttcher
- Small Animal Clinic Department of Veterinary Medicine Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - S. Grund
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Hagen
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
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58
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Weiss M, Reich E, Grund S, Mülling CKW, Geiger SM. Validation of 2 noninvasive, markerless reconstruction techniques in biplane high-speed fluoroscopy for 3-dimensional research of bovine distal limb kinematics. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8372-8384. [PMID: 28780107 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lameness severely impairs cattle's locomotion, and it is among the most important threats to animal welfare, performance, and productivity in the modern dairy industry. However, insight into the pathological alterations of claw biomechanics leading to lameness and an understanding of the biomechanics behind development of claw lesions causing lameness are limited. Biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography is a new approach for the analysis of skeletal motion. Biplane high-speed videos in combination with bone scans can be used for 3-dimensional (3D) animations of bones moving in 3D space. The gold standard, marker-based animation, requires implantation of radio-opaque markers into bones, which impairs the practicability for lameness research in live animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative accuracy of 2 noninvasive, markerless animation techniques (semi-automatic and manual) in 3D animation of the bovine distal limb. Tantalum markers were implanted into each of the distal, middle, and proximal phalanges of 5 isolated bovine distal forelimbs, and biplane high-speed x-ray videos of each limb were recorded to capture the simulation of one step. The limbs were scanned by computed tomography to create bone models of the 6 digital bones, and 3D animation of the bones' movements were subsequently reconstructed using the marker-based, the semi-automatic, and the manual animation techniques. Manual animation translational bias and precision varied from 0.63 ± 0.26 mm to 0.80 ± 0.49 mm, and rotational bias and precision ranged from 2.41 ± 1.43° to 6.75 ± 4.67°. Semi-automatic translational values for bias and precision ranged from 1.26 ± 1.28 mm to 2.75 ± 2.17 mm, and rotational values varied from 3.81 ± 2.78° to 11.7 ± 8.11°. In our study, we demonstrated the successful application of biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography to gait analysis of bovine distal limb. Using the manual animation technique, kinematics can be measured with sub-millimeter accuracy without the need for invasive marker implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weiss
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Reich
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Grund
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S M Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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59
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Barré A, Aminian K. Error performances of a model-based biplane fluoroscopic system for tracking knee prosthesis during treadmill gait task. Med Biol Eng Comput 2017; 56:307-316. [PMID: 28726074 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Roentgen stereophotogrammetry analysis technique allows an accurate measurement of knee joint prosthesis position and orientation using two X-ray images. Although this technique is used generally during static procedure, it is possible to use it with a biplane fluoroscopic system to measure the prosthesis kinematics during functional tasks (e.g., gait, squat, jump) performed in a laboratory environment. However, the performance of the system in terms of errors for the measurements and the model-based matching algorithm are not well known for dynamic tasks such as walking. The goal of this study was to estimate the static and dynamic errors of a model-based biplane fluoroscopic system for a treadmill gait task and analyze the error performance according to the speed and location of the knee joint prosthesis relative to X-ray sources. The results show a static maximum error (RMSE) of 0.13° for orientation and 0.06 mm for position for prosthesis components. The dynamic errors were different for each axis of the acquisition system and each prosthesis component. The largest dynamic error was along the vertical axis for the position (RMSE = 2.42 mm) and along the medio-lateral axis (perpendicular to movement) for the orientation (RMSE = 0.95°). As expected, the error depends on the distance between the prosthesis and the source in the acquisition system as well as the linear and angular velocity of the movement. The most accurate dynamic measure was around the centroid of the acquisition system, while kinematics measurements close to the X-rays detectors gave the worst errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Barré
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 9, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Digital Imagery Research and Development Center (CDRIN), 608, Avenue Saint-Rédempteur, Matane, QC, G4W 0E1, Canada
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 9, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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60
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Biplane fluoroscopy for hindfoot motion analysis during gait: A model-based evaluation. Med Eng Phys 2017; 43:118-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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61
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Mahato NK, Montuelle S, Goubeaux C, Cotton J, Williams S, Thomas J, Clark BC. Quantification of intervertebral displacement with a novel MRI-based modeling technique: Assessing measurement bias and reliability with a porcine spine model. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 38:77-86. [PMID: 28027908 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based modeling technique for measuring intervertebral displacements. Here, we present the measurement bias and reliability of the developmental work using a porcine spine model. Porcine lumbar vertebral segments were fitted in a custom-built apparatus placed within an externally calibrated imaging volume of an open-MRI scanner. The apparatus allowed movement of the vertebrae through pre-assigned magnitudes of sagittal and coronal translation and rotation. The induced displacements were imaged with static (T1) and fast dynamic (2D HYCE S) pulse sequences. These images were imported into animation software, in which these images formed a background 'scene'. Three-dimensional models of vertebrae were created using static axial scans from the specimen and then transferred into the animation environment. In the animation environment, the user manually moved the models (rotoscoping) to perform model-to-'scene' matching to fit the models to their image silhouettes and assigned anatomical joint axes to the motion-segments. The animation protocol quantified the experimental translation and rotation displacements between the vertebral models. Accuracy of the technique was calculated as 'bias' using a linear mixed effects model, average percentage error and root mean square errors. Between-session reliability was examined by computing intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and the coefficient of variations (CV). For translation trials, a constant bias (β0) of 0.35 (±0.11) mm was detected for the 2D HYCE S sequence (p=0.01). The model did not demonstrate significant additional bias with each mm increase in experimental translation (β1Displacement=0.01mm; p=0.69). Using the T1 sequence for the same assessments did not significantly change the bias (p>0.05). ICC values for the T1 and 2D HYCE S pulse sequences were 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. For rotation trials, a constant bias (β0) of 0.62 (±0.12)° was detected for the 2D HYCE S sequence (p<0.01). The model also demonstrated an additional bias (β1Displacement) of 0.05° with each degree increase in the experimental rotation (p<0.01). Using T1 sequence for the same assessments did not significantly change the bias (p>0.05). ICC values for the T1 and 2D HYCE S pulse sequences were recorded 0.97 and 0.91, respectively. This novel quasi-static approach to quantifying intervertebral relationship demonstrates a reasonable degree of accuracy and reliability using the model-to-image matching technique with both static and dynamic sequences in a porcine model. Future work is required to explore multi-planar assessment of real-time spine motion and to examine the reliability of our approach in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri K Mahato
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Stephane Montuelle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Craig Goubeaux
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - John Cotton
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Susan Williams
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - James Thomas
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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62
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Zhao KD, Ben-Abraham EI, Magnuson DJ, Camp JJ, Berglund LJ, An KN, Bronfort G, Gay RE. Effect of Off-Axis Fluoroscopy Imaging on Two-Dimensional Kinematics in the Lumbar Spine: A Dynamic In Vitro Validation Study. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:054502. [PMID: 26974192 DOI: 10.1115/1.4032995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spine intersegmental motion parameters and the resultant regional patterns may be useful for biomechanical classification of low back pain (LBP) as well as assessing the appropriate intervention strategy. Because of its availability and reasonable cost, two-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopy has great potential as a diagnostic and evaluative tool. However, the technique of quantifying intervertebral motion in the lumbar spine must be validated, and the sensitivity assessed. The purpose of this investigation was to (1) compare synchronous fluoroscopic and optoelectronic measures of intervertebral rotations during dynamic flexion-extension movements in vitro and (2) assess the effect of C-arm rotation to simulate off-axis patient alignment on intervertebral kinematics measures. Six cadaveric lumbar-sacrum specimens were dissected, and active marker optoelectronic sensors were rigidly attached to the bodies of L2-S1. Fluoroscopic sequences and optoelectronic kinematic data (0.15-mm linear, 0.17-0.20 deg rotational, accuracy) were obtained simultaneously. After images were obtained in a true sagittal plane, the image receptor was rotated in 5 deg increments (posterior oblique angulations) from 5 deg to 15 deg. Quantitative motion analysis (qma) software was used to determine the intersegmental rotations from the fluoroscopic images. The mean absolute rotation differences between optoelectronic values and dynamic fluoroscopic values were less than 0.5 deg for all the motion segments at each off-axis fluoroscopic rotation and were not significantly different (P > 0.05) for any of the off-axis rotations of the fluoroscope. Small misalignments of the lumbar spine relative to the fluoroscope did not introduce measurement variation in relative segmental rotations greater than that observed when the spine and fluoroscope were perpendicular to each other, suggesting that fluoroscopic measures of relative segmental rotation during flexion-extension are likely robust, even when patient alignment is not perfect.
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63
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Navacchia A, Kefala V, Shelburne KB. Dependence of Muscle Moment Arms on In Vivo Three-Dimensional Kinematics of the Knee. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:789-798. [PMID: 27620064 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of muscle moment arms is important for clinical evaluation of muscle pathology and treatment, and for estimating muscle and joint forces in musculoskeletal models. Moment arms estimated with musculoskeletal models often assume a default motion of the knee derived from measurements of passive cadaveric flexion. However, knee kinematics are unique to each person and activity. The objective of this study was to estimate moment arms of the knee muscles with in vivo subject- and activity-specific kinematics from seven healthy subjects performing seated knee extension and single-leg lunge to show changes between subjects and activities. 3D knee motion was measured with a high-speed stereo-radiography system. Moment arms of ten muscles were estimated in OpenSim by replacing the default knee motion with in vivo measurements. Estimated inter-subject moment arm variability was similar to previously reported in vitro measurements. RMS deviations up to 9.0 mm (35.2% of peak value) were observed between moment arms estimated with subject-specific knee extension and passive cadaveric motion. The degrees of freedom that most impacted inter-activity differences were superior/inferior and anterior/posterior translations. Musculoskeletal simulations used to estimate in vivo muscle forces and joint loads may provide significantly different results when subject- and activity-specific kinematics are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Navacchia
- Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, The University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, The University of Denver, 2390 S. York St., Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Vasiliki Kefala
- Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, The University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, The University of Denver, 2390 S. York St., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Kevin B Shelburne
- Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, The University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, The University of Denver, 2390 S. York St., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
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Camp AL, Astley HC, Horner AM, Roberts TJ, Brainerd EL. Fluoromicrometry: A Method for Measuring Muscle Length Dynamics with Biplanar Videofluoroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 325:399-408. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L. Camp
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence Rhode Island
| | - Henry C. Astley
- Biomimicry Research & Innovation Center Department of Biology & Polymer Science University of Akron Akron Ohio
| | - Angela M. Horner
- Department of Biology California State University San Bernardino San Bernardino California
| | - Thomas J. Roberts
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence Rhode Island
| | - Elizabeth L. Brainerd
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence Rhode Island
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Kerkhof F, Brugman E, D’Agostino P, Dourthe B, van Lenthe G, Stockmans F, Jonkers I, Vereecke E. Quantifying thumb opposition kinematics using dynamic computed tomography. J Biomech 2016; 49:1994-1999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cross JA, McHenry B, Schmidt TG. Quantifying cross-scatter contamination in biplane fluoroscopy motion analysis systems. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2016; 2:043503. [PMID: 26835494 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.2.4.043503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biplane fluoroscopy is used for dynamic in vivo three-dimensional motion analysis of various joints of the body. Cross-scatter between the two fluoroscopy systems may limit tracking accuracy. This study measured the magnitude and effects of cross-scatter in biplane fluoroscopic images. Four cylindrical phantoms of 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-in. diameter were imaged at varying kVp levels to determine the cross-scatter fraction and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Monte Carlo simulations quantified the effect of the gantry angle on the cross-scatter fraction. A cadaver foot with implanted beads was also imaged. The effect of cross-scatter on marker-based tracking accuracy was investigated. Results demonstrated that the cross-scatter fraction varied from 0.15 for the 4-in. cylinder to 0.89 for the 10-in. cylinder when averaged across kVp. The average change in CNR due to cross-scatter ranged from 5% to 36% CNR decreases for the 4- and 10-in. cylinders, respectively. In simulations, the cross-scatter fraction increased with the gantry angle for the 8- and 10-in. cylinders. Cross-scatter significantly increased static-tracking error by 15%, 25%, and 38% for the 6-, 8-, and 10-in. phantoms, respectively, with no significant effect for the foot specimen. The results demonstrated submillimeter marker-based tracking for a range of phantom sizes, despite cross-scatter degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle A Cross
- Marquette University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1515 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Ben McHenry
- Marquette University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1515 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Taly Gilat Schmidt
- Marquette University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1515 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
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67
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Knörlein BJ, Baier DB, Gatesy SM, Laurence-Chasen JD, Brainerd EL. Validation of XMALab software for marker-based XROMM. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3701-3711. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.145383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Marker-based XROMM requires software tools for: 1) correcting fluoroscope distortion; 2) calibrating X-ray cameras; 3) tracking radio-opaque markers; and 4) calculating rigid body motion. In this paper we describe and validate XMALab, a new open-source software package for marker-based XROMM (C++ source and compiled versions on Bitbucket). Most marker-based XROMM studies to date have used XrayProject in MATLAB. XrayProject can produce results with excellent accuracy and precision, but it is somewhat cumbersome to use and requires a MATLAB license. We have designed XMALab to accelerate the XROMM process and to make it more accessible to new users. Features include the four XROMM steps (listed above) in one cohesive user interface, real-time plot windows for detecting errors, and integration with an online data management system, XMAPortal. Accuracy and precision of XMALab when tracking markers in a machined object are ±0.010 and ±0.043 mm, respectively. Mean precision for nine users tracking markers in a tutorial dataset of minipig feeding was ±0.062 mm in XMALab and ±0.14 mm in XrayProject. Reproducibility of 3D point locations across nine users was tenfold greater in XMALab than in XrayProject, and six degree-of-freedom bone motions calculated with a joint coordinate system were three- to sixfold more reproducible in XMALab. XMALab is also suitable for tracking white or black markers in standard light videos with optional checkerboard calibration. We expect XMALab to increase both the quality and quantity of animal motion data available for comparative biomechanics research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David B. Baier
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence RI, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence RI, USA
| | - Stephen M. Gatesy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence RI, USA
| | - J. D. Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence RI, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence RI, USA
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68
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Brainerd EL, Moritz S, Ritter DA. XROMM analysis of rib kinematics during lung ventilation in the green iguana, Iguana iguana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 219:404-11. [PMID: 26596531 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.127928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional rotations of ribs during breathing are typically described as bucket-handle rotation about a dorsoventrally oriented axis, pump-handle rotation about a mediolateral axis, and caliper rotation about a rostrocaudal axis. In amniotes with double-headed ribs, rib motion is constrained primarily to one degree-of-freedom (DOF) rotation about an axis connecting the two rib articulations. However, in Squamata, the ribs are single headed and the hemispherical costovertebral joints permit rotations with three DOF. In this study, we used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM ) to quantify rib rotation during deep breathing in four green iguanas. We found that rib rotation was strongly dominated by bucket-handle rotation, thus exhibiting nearly hinge-like motion, despite the potential for more complex motions. The vertebral and sternal segments of each rib did not deform measurably during breathing, but they did move relative to each other at a thin, cartilaginous intracostal joint. While standing still and breathing deeply, four individual iguanas showed variability in their rib postures, with two breathing around a highly inflated posture, and two breathing around a posture with the ribs folded halfway back. Bucket-handle rotations showed clear rostrocaudal gradients, with rotation increasing from the third cervical to the first or second dorsal rib, and then decreasing again caudally, a pattern that is consistent with the intercostal muscles in the rostral intercostal spaces being the primary drivers of inspiration. The constrained, primarily bucket-handle rotations observed here during breathing do not help to explain the evolution of permissive, hemispherical costovertebral joints in squamates from the more constrained, double-headed rib articulations of other amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Sabine Moritz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Dale A Ritter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
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69
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Thorhauer E, Tashman S. Validation of a method for combining biplanar radiography and magnetic resonance imaging to estimate knee cartilage contact. Med Eng Phys 2015; 37:937-47. [PMID: 26304232 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combining accurate bone kinematics data from biplane radiography with cartilage models from magnetic resonance imaging, it is possible to estimate tibiofemoral cartilage contact area and centroid location. Proper validation of such estimates, however, has not been performed under loading conditions approximating functional tasks, such as gait, squatting, and stair descent. The goal of this study was to perform an in vitro validation to resolve the accuracy of cartilage contact estimations in comparison to a laser scanning gold standard. Results demonstrated acceptable reliability and accuracy for both contact area and centroid location estimates. Root mean square errors in contact area averaged 8.4% and 4.4% of the medial and lateral compartmental areas, respectively. Modified Sorensen-Dice agreement scores of contact regions averaged 0.81 ± 0.07 for medial and 0.83 ± 0.07 for lateral compartments. These validated methods have applications for in vivo assessment of a variety of patient populations and physical activities, and may lead to greater understanding of the relationships between knee cartilage function, effects of joint injury and treatment, and the development of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Thorhauer
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3820 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States of America
| | - Scott Tashman
- Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3820 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States of America.
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70
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Sharma GB, Kuntze G, Kukulski D, Ronsky JL. Validating Dual Fluoroscopy System Capabilities for Determining In-Vivo Knee Joint Soft Tissue Deformation: A Strategy for Registration Error Management. J Biomech 2015; 48:2181-5. [PMID: 26003485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) causes structural and mechanical changes within tibiofemoral (TF) cartilage affecting tissue load deformation behavior. Quantifying in-vivo TF soft tissue deformations in healthy and early OA may provide a novel biomechanical marker, sensitive to alterations occurring prior to radiographic change. Dual Fluoroscopy (DF) allows accurate in-vivo TF soft tissue deformation assessment but requires validation. In-vivo healthy and early OA TF cartilage deforms 0.3-1.2mm during static standing full body-weight loading. Our aim was to establish minimum detectable displacement (MDD) for femoral translation in a DF system using a marker-based and markerless approach with variable image intensifier magnifications. An instrumented frame allowed controlled femur specimen translations. Bone positions were reconstructed from DF data using centroids of affixed steel beads (marker-based) and 2D-3D bone feature registration (markerless). Statistical analyses included independent samples t-tests and reliability analysis. Markerless measurements by three trained operators had large variations making it prudent to have an appropriate error management strategy when performing 2D-3D registration. Marker-based MDD improved with image resolution and was 0.05 mm at 3.2 LP/mm (LP: line pairs). Markerless MDD at 3.2 LP/mm was 0.08 mm. Average femur and tibia 2D-3D registrations yielded excellent reliability (84.4%). Therefore, DF images acquired at resolution greater than 3.2 LP/mm would be capable for determining accurate and reliable in-vivo healthy and early OA TF soft tissue deformation. This study provides a registration error management strategy for in-vivo TF soft tissue deformation assessment that could be applied for future clinical applications to establish non-invasive biomechanical markers for early OA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan B Sharma
- University of Calgary, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Gregor Kuntze
- University of Calgary, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diane Kukulski
- University of Calgary, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janet L Ronsky
- University of Calgary, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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71
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Direct assessment of 3D foot bone kinematics using biplanar X-ray fluoroscopy and an automatic model registration method. J Foot Ankle Res 2015; 8:21. [PMID: 26085843 PMCID: PMC4470042 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-015-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying detailed 3-dimensional (3D) kinematics of the foot in contact with the ground during locomotion is crucial for understanding the biomechanical functions of the complex musculoskeletal structure of the foot. Biplanar X-ray fluoroscopic systems and model-based registration techniques have recently been employed to capture and visualise 3D foot bone movements in vivo, but such techniques have generally been performed manually. In the present study, we developed an automatic model-registration method with biplanar fluoroscopy for accurate measurement of 3D movements of the skeletal foot. METHODS Three-dimensional surface models of foot bones were generated prior to motion measurement based on computed tomography. The bone models generated were then registered to biplanar fluoroscopic images in a frame-by-frame manner using an optimisation technique, to maximise similarity measures between occluding contours of the bone surface models with edge-enhanced fluoroscopic images, while avoiding mutual penetration of bones. A template-matching method was also introduced to estimate the amount of bone translation and rotation prior to automatic registration. RESULTS We analysed 3D skeletal movements of a cadaver foot mobilized by a robotic gait simulator. The 3D kinematics of the calcaneus, talus, navicular and cuboid in the stance phase of the gait were successfully reconstructed and quantified using the proposed model-registration method. The accuracy of bone registration was evaluated as 0.27 ± 0.19 mm and 0.24 ± 0.19° (mean ± standard deviation) in translation and rotation, respectively, under static conditions, and 0.36 ± 0.19 mm and 0.42 ± 0.30° in translation and rotation, respectively, under dynamic conditions. CONCLUSIONS The measurement was confirmed to be sufficiently accurate for actual analysis of foot kinematics. The proposed method may serve as an effective tool for understanding the biomechanical function of the human foot during locomotion.
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Zhao K, Breighner R, Holmes D, Leng S, McCollough C, An KN. A technique for quantifying wrist motion using four-dimensional computed tomography: approach and validation. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:2279319. [PMID: 25901447 DOI: 10.1115/1.4030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of subtle wrist motion changes resulting from ligament injuries is crucial for diagnosis and prescription of the most effective interventions for preventing progression to osteoarthritis. Current imaging techniques are unable to detect injuries reliably and are static in nature, thereby capturing bone position information rather than motion which is indicative of ligament injury. A recently developed technique, 4D (three dimensions + time) computed tomography (CT) enables three-dimensional volume sequences to be obtained during wrist motion. The next step in successful clinical implementation of the tool is quantification and validation of imaging biomarkers obtained from the four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) image sequences. Measures of bone motion and joint proximities are obtained by: segmenting bone volumes in each frame of the dynamic sequence, registering their positions relative to a known static posture, and generating surface polygonal meshes from which minimum distance (proximity) measures can be quantified. Method accuracy was assessed during in vitro simulated wrist movement by comparing a fiducial bead-based determination of bone orientation to a bone-based approach. The reported errors for the 4DCT technique were: 0.00-0.68 deg in rotation; 0.02-0.30 mm in translation. Results are on the order of the reported accuracy of other image-based kinematic techniques.
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73
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Lichti DD, Sharma GB, Kuntze G, Mund B, Beveridge JE, Ronsky JL. Rigorous geometric self-calibrating bundle adjustment for a dual fluoroscopic imaging system. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2015; 34:589-598. [PMID: 25330483 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2362993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-speed dual fluoroscopy is a noninvasive imaging technology for three-dimensional skeletal kinematics analysis that finds numerous biomechanical applications. Accurate reconstruction of bone translations and rotations from dual-fluoroscopic data requires accurate calibration of the imaging geometry and the many imaging distortions that corrupt the data. Direct linear transformation methods are commonly applied for performing calibration using a two-step process that suffers from a number of potential shortcomings including that each X-ray source and corresponding camera must be calibrated separately. Consequently, the true imaging set-up and the constraints it presents are not incorporated during calibration. A method to overcome such drawbacks is the single-step self-calibrating bundle adjustment method. This procedure, based on the collinearity principle augmented with imaging distortion models and geometric constraints, has been developed and is reported herein. Its efficacy is shown with a carefully controlled experiment comprising 300 image pairs with 48 507 image points. Application of all geometric constraints and a 31 parameter distortion model resulted in up to 91% improvement in terms of precision (model fit) and up to 71% improvement in terms of 3-D point reconstruction accuracy (0.3-0.4 mm). The accuracy of distance reconstruction was improved from 0.3±2.0 mm to 0.2 ±1.1 mm and angle reconstruction accuracy was improved from -0.03±0.55(°) to 0.01±0.06(°). Such positioning accuracy will allow for the accurate quantification of in vivo arthrokinematics crucial for skeletal biomechanics investigations.
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74
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Resnik L, Patel T, Cooney SG, Crisco JJ, Fantini C. Comparison of transhumeral socket designs utilizing patient assessment and in vivo skeletal and socket motion tracking: a case study. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2014; 11:423-32. [PMID: 25425411 DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2014.981876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This case study compares the impact of two prosthetic socket designs, a "traditional" transhumeral (TH) socket design and a Compression Released Stabilized (CRS) socket. METHODS A CRS socket was compared to the existing socket of two persons with transhumeral amputation. Comparisons included assessments of patient comfort and satisfaction with fit, as well as dynamic kinematic assessment using a novel high-speed, high-resolution, bi-plane video radiography system (XROMM, for X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology). RESULTS Subjects were more satisfied with the comfort of the traditional sockets, although they had positive impressions about aspects of the fit and style of the CRS socket, and thought that it provided better control. Dynamic kinematic assessment revealed that the CRS socket provided better control of the residual limb within the socket, and had less slippage as compared to a traditional TH socket design. CONCLUSIONS The TH CRS socket provided better control of the residual limb within the socket, and had less slippage. However, participants were less satisfied with the comfort and overall utility of the CRS socket, and stated that additional fitting visits/modifications to the CRS socket were needed. It is possible that satisfaction with the CRS socket may have improved with prosthetic adjustment and more acclimation time. Implications for Rehabilitation A comfortable, good fitting prosthetic socket is the key factor in determining how long (or if) an upper limb amputee can tolerate wearing a prosthesis. This case series was a comparison of two socket designs, a 'traditional' socket design and a Compression Released Stabilized (CRS) socket design in persons with transhumeral amputation. The CRS socket provided better control of the residual limb within the socket, and had less slippage. However, its tightness made it more difficult to don. Both subjects were less satisfied with the comfort and overall utility of the CRS socket. However, satisfaction might have been improved with additional fitting visits and more acclimation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Resnik
- a Providence VA Medical Center , Providence , RI , USA .,b Departments of Health Services Policy and Practice , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Tarpit Patel
- c Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics , Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , RI , USA , and
| | - Shane G Cooney
- c Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics , Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , RI , USA , and
| | - Joseph J Crisco
- c Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics , Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , RI , USA , and
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75
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Marker-based validation of a biplane fluoroscopy system for quantifying foot kinematics. Med Eng Phys 2014; 36:391-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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76
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Miranda DL, Fadale PD, Hulstyn MJ, Shalvoy RM, Machan JT, Fleming BC. Knee biomechanics during a jump-cut maneuver: effects of sex and ACL surgery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [PMID: 23190595 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31827bf0e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare kinetic and knee kinematic measurements from male and female anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-intact (ACLINT) and ACL-reconstructed (ACLREC) subjects during a jump-cut maneuver using biplanar videoradiography. METHODS Twenty subjects were recruited; 10 ACLINT (5 men and 5 women) and 10 ACLREC (4 men and 6 women, 5 yr postsurgery). Each subject performed a jump-cut maneuver by landing on a single leg and performing a 45° side-step cut. Ground reaction force (GRF) was measured by a force plate and expressed relative to body weight. Six-degree-of-freedom knee kinematics were determined from a biplanar videoradiography system and an optical motion capture system. RESULTS ACLINT female subjects landed with a larger peak vertical GRF (P < 0.001) compared with ACLINT male subjects. ACLINT subjects landed with a larger peak vertical GRF (P ≤ 0.036) compared with ACLREC subjects. Regardless of ACL reconstruction status, female subjects underwent less knee flexion angle excursion (P = 0.002) and had an increased average rate of anterior tibial translation (0.05%·ms ± 0.01%·ms, P = 0.037) after contact compared with male subjects. Furthermore, ACLREC subjects had a lower rate of anterior tibial translation compared with ACLINT subjects (0.05%·ms ± 0.01%·ms, P = 0.035). Finally, no striking differences were observed in other knee motion parameters. CONCLUSION Women permit a smaller amount of knee flexion angle excursion during a jump-cut maneuver, resulting in a larger peak vertical GRF and increased rate of anterior tibial translation. Notably, ACLREC subjects also perform the jump cut maneuver with lower GRF than ACLINT subjects 5 yr postsurgery. This study proposes a causal sequence whereby increased landing stiffness (larger peak vertical GRF combined with less knee flexion angle excursion) leads to an increased rate of anterior tibial translation while performing a jump-cut maneuver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Miranda
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Haase D, Andrada E, Nyakatura JA, Kilbourne BM, Denzler J. Automated approximation of center of mass position in X-ray sequences of animal locomotion. J Biomech 2013; 46:2082-6. [PMID: 23838281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A crucial aspect of comparative biomechanical research is the center of mass (CoM) estimation in animal locomotion scenarios. Important applications include the parameter estimation of locomotion models, the discrimination of gaits, or the calculation of mechanical work during locomotion. Several methods exist to approximate the CoM position, e.g. force-plate-based approaches, kinematic approaches, or the reaction board method. However, they all share the drawback of not being suitable for large scale studies, as detailed initial conditions from kinematics are required (force-plates), manual interaction is necessary (kinematic approach), or only static settings can be analyzed (reaction board). For the increasingly popular case of X-ray-based animal locomotion analysis, we present an alternative approach for CoM estimation which overcomes these shortcomings. The main idea is to only use the recorded X-ray images, and to map each pixel to the mass of matter it represents. As a consequence, our approach is surgically noninvasive, independent of animal species and locomotion characteristics, and neither requires prior knowledge nor any kind of user interaction. To assess the quality of our approach, we conducted a comparison to highly accurate reaction board experiments for lapwing and rat cadavers, and achieved an average accuracy of 2.6mm (less than 2% of the animal body length). We additionally verified the practical applicability of the algorithm by comparison to a previously published CoM study which is based on the kinematic method, yielding comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haase
- Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany.
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Beveridge JE, Shrive NG, Frank CB. Repeatability and precision of a weighted centroid method for estimating dynamicin vivotibiofemoral surface interactions in sheep. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2013; 17:1853-63. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.772592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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79
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Abstract
The purposes of this article are to discuss key factors for assessing joint function, to present some recent findings, and to address the future directions for evaluating the function of the anterior cruciate ligament-injured/reconstructed knees. Well-designed studies, using state-of-the art tools to assess knee kinematics under in vivo, dynamic, high-loading conditions, are necessary to evaluate the relative performance of different procedures for restoring normal joint motion.
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Torry MR, Shelburne KB, Myers C, Giphart JE, Pennington WW, Krong JP, Peterson DS, Steadman JR, Woo SLY. High knee valgus in female subjects does not yield higher knee translations during drop landings: a biplane fluoroscopic study. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:257-67. [PMID: 22968826 PMCID: PMC3535677 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the effects of peak knee valgus angle and peak knee abductor moment on the anterior, medial, and lateral tibial translations (ATT, MTT, LTT) in the "at risk" female knee during drop landing. Fifteen female subjects performed drop landings from 40 cm. Three-dimension knee motion was simultaneously recorded using a high speed, biplane fluoroscopy system, and a video-based motion analysis system. Valgus knee angles and knee abduction moments were stratified into low, intermediate, and high groups and peak ATT, MTT, and LTT were compared between these groups with ANOVA (α = 0.05). Significant differences were observed between stratified groups in peak knee valgus angle (p < 0.0001) and peak knee abduction moment (p < 0.0001). However, no corresponding differences in peak ATT, LTT, and MTT between groups exhibiting low to high-peak knee valgus angles (ATT: p = 0.80; LTT: p = 0.25; MTT: p = 0.72); or, in peak ATT (p = 0.61), LTT (p = 0.26) and MTT (p = 0.96) translations when stratified according to low to high knee abduction moments, were found. We conclude that the healthy female knee is tightly regulated with regard to translations even when motion analysis derived knee valgus angles and abduction moments are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Torry
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Kevin B. Shelburne
- Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, The University of Denver, Denver, CO
| | - Casey Myers
- Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, The University of Denver, Denver, CO
| | - J. Erik Giphart
- Biomechanics Research Department, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO
| | | | - Jacob P. Krong
- Biomechanics Research Department, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO
| | - Daniel S. Peterson
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - J. Richard Steadman
- Biomechanics Research Department, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO
| | - Savio L-Y. Woo
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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81
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Tersi L, Barré A, Fantozzi S, Stagni R. In vitro quantification of the performance of model-based mono-planar and bi-planar fluoroscopy for 3D joint kinematics estimation. Med Biol Eng Comput 2012; 51:257-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-012-0987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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82
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Kinematic differences between optical motion capture and biplanar videoradiography during a jump-cut maneuver. J Biomech 2012; 46:567-73. [PMID: 23084785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Jumping and cutting activities are investigated in many laboratories attempting to better understand the biomechanics associated with non-contact ACL injury. Optical motion capture is widely used; however, it is subject to soft tissue artifact (STA). Biplanar videoradiography offers a unique approach to collecting skeletal motion without STA. The goal of this study was to compare how STA affects the six-degrees-of-freedom motion of the femur and tibia during a jump-cut maneuver associated with non-contact ACL injury. Ten volunteers performed a jump-cut maneuver while their landing leg was imaged using optical motion capture (OMC) and biplanar videoradiography. The within-bone motion differences were compared using anatomical coordinate systems for the femur and tibia, respectively. The knee joint kinematic measurements were compared during two periods: before and after ground contact. Over the entire activity, the within-bone motion differences between the two motion capture techniques were significantly lower for the tibia than the femur for two of the rotational axes (flexion/extension, internal/external) and the origin. The OMC and biplanar videoradiography knee joint kinematics were in best agreement before landing. Kinematic deviations between the two techniques increased significantly after contact. This study provides information on the kinematic discrepancies between OMC and biplanar videoradiography that can be used to optimize methods employing both technologies for studying dynamic in vivo knee kinematics and kinetics during a jump-cut maneuver.
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83
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Wainright WB, Spritzer CE, Lee JY, Easley ME, DeOrio JK, Nunley JA, DeFrate LE. The effect of modified Broström-Gould repair for lateral ankle instability on in vivo tibiotalar kinematics. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40:2099-104. [PMID: 22886690 PMCID: PMC3535340 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512454840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral ankle instability leads to an increased risk of tibiotalar joint osteoarthritis. Previous studies have found abnormal tibiotalar joint motions with lateral ankle instability that may contribute to this increased incidence of osteoarthritis, including increased anterior translation and internal rotation of the talus under weightbearing loading. Surgical repairs for lateral ankle instability have shown good clinical results, but the effects of repair on in vivo ankle motion are not well understood. HYPOTHESIS The modified Broström-Gould lateral ligament reconstruction decreases anterior translation and internal rotation of the talus under in vivo weightbearing loading conditions. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Seven patients underwent modified Broström-Gould repair for unilateral lateral ankle instability. Ankle joint kinematics as a function of increasing body weight was studied with magnetic resonance imaging and biplanar fluoroscopy. Tibiotalar kinematics was measured in unstable ankles preoperatively and postoperatively at a mean follow-up of 12 months as well as in the uninjured contralateral ankles of the same patients. RESULTS Surgical repair resulted in statistically significant decreases (expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean) in anterior translation of the talus (0.9 ± 0.3 mm; P = .018) at 100% body weight and internal rotation of the talus at 75% (2.6° ± 0.8°; P = .019) and 100% (2.7° ± 0.8°; P = .013) body weight compared with ankle kinematics measured before repair. No statistically significant differences were detected between repaired ankles and contralateral normal ankles. CONCLUSION The modified Broström-Gould repair improved the abnormal joint motion observed in patients with lateral ankle instability, decreasing anterior translation and internal rotation of the talus. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Altered kinematics may contribute to the tibiotalar joint degeneration that occurs with chronic lateral ankle instability. The findings of the current study support the efficacy of this repair in improving the abnormal ankle motion observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Young Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Mark E. Easley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
| | - James K. DeOrio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
| | - James A. Nunley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Louis E. DeFrate
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center,Corresponding Author: Louis E. DeFrate, PhD, Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Box 3093, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
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84
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The effects of a valgus collapse knee position on in vivo ACL elongation. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:123-30. [PMID: 22855117 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There are conflicting data regarding what motions increase ACL injury risk. More specifically, the mechanical role of valgus collapse positions during ACL injury remains controversial. Our objective was to evaluate ACL elongation in a model that mimics knee movements thought to occur during ACL injury. Eight healthy male subjects were imaged using MR and biplanar fluoroscopy to measure the in vivo elongation of the ACL and its functional bundles during three static knee positions: full extension, 30° of flexion, and a position intended to mimic a valgus collapse position described in the literature. For this study, the valgus collapse position consisted of 30° of knee flexion, internal rotation of the hip, and 10° of external tibial rotation. ACL length decreased significantly from full extension (30.2 ± 2.6 mm) to 30° of flexion (27.1 ± 2.2 mm). ACL length further decreased in the valgus collapse position (25.6 ± 2.4 mm). Both functional bundles of the ACL followed similar trends with regards to decreases in length in each of the three positions. Since strain would follow patterns of ACL length, landing on an extended knee may be a more relevant risk factor for ACL injuries than the valgus collapse position in males. Future studies should evaluate the effects of dynamic motion patterns on in vivo ACL strains.
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