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Van Rossom S, Wesseling M, Van Assche D, Jonkers I. Topographical Variation of Human Femoral Articular Cartilage Thickness, T1rho and T2 Relaxation Times Is Related to Local Loading during Walking. Cartilage 2019; 10:229-237. [PMID: 29322877 PMCID: PMC6425544 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517752057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early detection of degenerative changes in the cartilage matrix composition is essential for evaluating early interventions that slow down osteoarthritis (OA) initiation. T1rho and T2 relaxation times were found to be effective for detecting early changes in proteoglycan and collagen content. To use these magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, it is important to document the topographical variation in cartilage thickness, T1rho and T2 relaxation times in a healthy population. As OA is partially mechanically driven, the relation between these MRI-based parameters and localized mechanical loading during walking was investigated. DESIGN MR images were acquired in 14 healthy adults and cartilage thickness and T1rho and T2 relaxation times were determined. Experimental gait data was collected and processed using musculoskeletal modeling to identify weight-bearing zones and estimate the contact force impulse during gait. Variation of the cartilage properties (i.e., thickness, T1rho, and T2) over the femoral cartilage was analyzed and compared between the weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing zone of the medial and lateral condyle as well as the trochlea. RESULTS Medial condyle cartilage thickness was correlated to the contact force impulse ( r = 0.78). Lower T1rho, indicating increased proteoglycan content, was found in the medial weight-bearing zone. T2 was higher in all weight-bearing zones compared with the non-weight-bearing zones, indicating lower relative collagen content. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that medial condyle cartilage is adapted as a long-term protective response to localized loading during a frequently performed task and that the weight-bearing zone of the medial condyle has superior weight bearing capacities compared with the non-weight-bearing zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Van Rossom
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Sam Van Rossom, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mariska Wesseling
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Van Assche
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
For multifactorial reasons an estimated 20% of patients remain unsatisfied after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Appropriate tension of the soft tissue envelope encompassing the knee is important in total knee arthroplasty and soft tissue imbalance contributes to several of the foremost reasons for revision TKA, including instability, stiffness and aseptic loosening. There is debate in the literature surrounding the optimum way to achieve balancing of a total knee arthroplasty and there is also a lack of an accepted definition of what a balanced knee replacement is. It may be intuitive to use the native knee as a model for balancing; however, there are many difficulties with translating this into a successful prosthesis. One of the foundations of TKA, as described by Insall, was that although the native knee has more weight transmitted through the medial compartment this was to be avoided in a TKA as it would lead to uneven wear and early failure. There is a focus on achieving symmetrical tension and pressure and subsequent ‘balance’ in TKA, but the evidence from cadaveric studies is that the native knee is not symmetrically balanced. As we are currently trying to design an implant that is not based on its anatomical counterpart, is it possible to create a truly balanced prosthesis or to even to define what that balance is? The authors have reviewed the current evidence surrounding TKA balancing and its relationship with the native knee.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:614-619. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Walker
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Nick D Clement
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Kanishka M Ghosh
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - David J Deehan
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Bolcos PO, Mononen ME, Mohammadi A, Ebrahimi M, Tanaka MS, Samaan MA, Souza RB, Li X, Suomalainen JS, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J, Korhonen RK. Comparison between kinetic and kinetic-kinematic driven knee joint finite element models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17351. [PMID: 30478347 PMCID: PMC6255758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of knee joint finite element models for diagnostic purposes is challenging due to their complexity. Therefore, simpler models are needed for studies where a high number of patients need to be analyzed, without compromising the results of the model. In this study, more complex, kinetic (forces and moments) and simpler, kinetic-kinematic (forces and angles) driven finite element models were compared during the stance phase of gait. Patella and tendons were included in the most complex model, while they were absent in the simplest model. The greatest difference between the most complex and simplest models was observed in the internal-external rotation and axial joint reaction force, while all other rotations, translations and joint reaction forces were similar to one another. In terms of cartilage stresses and strains, the simpler models behaved similarly with the more complex models in the lateral joint compartment, while minor differences were observed in the medial compartment at the beginning of the stance phase. We suggest that it is feasible to use kinetic-kinematic driven knee joint models with a simpler geometry in studies with a large cohort size, particularly when analyzing cartilage responses and failures related to potential overloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Bolcos
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mika E Mononen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mohammadhossein Ebrahimi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matthew S Tanaka
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94158, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael A Samaan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94158, San Francisco, USA
- Dept. of Kinesiology & Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Richard B Souza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94158, San Francisco, USA
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, OH, 44195, Cleveland, USA
| | - Juha-Sampo Suomalainen
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, FI-70029, KUH, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka S Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, FI-70029, KUH, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD-4072, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, FI-70029, KUH, Kuopio, Finland
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Riley J, Roth JD, Howell SM, Hull ML. Increases in tibial force imbalance but not changes in tibiofemoral laxities are caused by varus-valgus malalignment of the femoral component in kinematically aligned TKA. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:3238-3248. [PMID: 29380010 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-4841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to quantify the increase in tibial force imbalance (i.e. magnitude of difference between medial and lateral tibial forces) and changes in laxities caused by 2° and 4° of varus-valgus (V-V) malalignment of the femoral component in kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and use the results to detemine sensitivities to errors in making the distal femoral resections. Because V-V malalignment would introduce the greatest changes in the alignment of the articular surfaces at 0° flexion, the hypotheses were that the greatest increases in tibial force imbalance would occur at 0° flexion, that primarily V-V laxity would significantly change at this flexion angle, and that the tibial force imbalance would increase and laxities would change in proportion to the degree of V-V malalignment. METHODS Kinematically aligned TKA was performed on ten human cadaveric knee specimens using disposable manual instruments without soft tissue release. One 3D-printed reference femoral component, with unmodified geometry, was aligned to restore the native distal and posterior femoral joint lines. Four 3D-printed femoral components, with modified geometry, introduced V-V malalignments of 2° and 4° from the reference component. Medial and lateral tibial forces were measured during passive knee flexion-extension between 0° to 120° using a custom tibial force sensor. Eight laxities were measured from 0° to 120° flexion using a six degree-of-freedom load application system. RESULTS With the tibial component kinematically aligned, the increase in the tibial force imbalance from that of the reference component at 0° of flexion was sensitive to the degree of V-V malalignment of the femoral component. Sensitivities were 54 N/deg (medial tibial force increasing > lateral tibial force) (p < 0.0024) and 44 N/deg (lateral tibial force increasing > medial tibial force) (p < 0.0077) for varus and valgus malalignments, respectively. Varus-valgus malalignment did not significantly change varus, internal-external rotation, anterior-posterior, and compression-distraction laxities from 0° to 120° flexion. At only 30° of flexion, 4° of varus malalignment increased valgus laxity 1° (p = 0.0014). CONCLUSION At 0° flexion, V-V malalignment of the femoral component caused the tibial force imbalance to increase significantly, whereas the laxities were relatively unaffected. Because tibial force imbalance has the potential to adversely affect patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction, surgeons should strive to limit errors in resecting the distal femoral condyles to within ± 0.5 mm which in turn limits the average increase in tibial force imbalance to 68 N. Because laxities were generally unaffected, instability resulting from large increases in laxity is not a clinical concern within the ± 4° range tested. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Riley
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Roth
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M Howell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maury L Hull
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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55
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Boyer B, Pailhé R, Ramdane N, Eichler D, Remy F, Ehlinger M, Pasquier G. Under-corrected knees do not fail more than aligned knees at 8 years in fixed severe valgus total knee replacement. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:3386-3394. [PMID: 29594324 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-4906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES A fixed severe valgus knee is a surgical challenge. A safe post-operative Hip-Knee-Ankle angle (HKA) range of 180° ± 4 was recommended, but recent studies mentioned equal results from outliers of this range. Nevertheless, no distinction was made between varus and valgus knees, as well as over-corrected or under-corrected knees. Did post-operative nonaligned total knee replacements (TKR) from fixed severe valgus knees behave differently from the properly aligned population? Did over-corrected knees behave differently from under-corrected knees? METHODS Through a multi-center retrospective cohort study, we provided 557 knees of at least 10° of minimal pre-operative valgus; in this population 75 presented a post-operative Hip-Knee-Ankle angle (HKA) outside of the 180° ± 4 range; 23 of them had at least 5° of varus; 52 of them had at least 5° of valgus. Median pre-operative HKA of the entire cohort was 194° (range 190-198). Median follow-up was 8 years (range 5-11); Knee Society Score (KSS) results, HKA, Femoral and Tibial Mechanical Angles (FMA, TMA) and complication rates were obtained. The outlier group (HKA ≤ 175 or ≥ 185) was compared to the control group (HKA 180 ± 4); over-corrected (HKA ≤ 175) and under-corrected (HKA ≥ 185) sub-groups were individually tested against the control group. RESULTS The outlier group had a lower Final Knee Score than the aligned group (p = 0.023). In the over-corrected sub-group, median post-operative FMA was 88° (SD 4°) and median TMA was 87° (SD 4°). The complication rate was higher (p = 0.019). Knee (p = 0.018), Function (p = 0.034) and Final Knee Scores (p = 0.03) were statistically lower than in the control group. In the under-corrected sub-group, mean post-operative FMA was 93° (SD 2°) and mean TMA was 91° (SD 2°). The complication rate was lower (p = 0.019) and there was no difference with the control group concerning KSS. CONCLUSIONS In case of pre-operative fixed severe valgus knee, one should avoid over-correcting HKA angle and especially the TMA. Over-correction of a severe preoperative valgus in a post-operative varus was prejudicial for TKA survival. Keeping a severe valgus knee in low valgus to avoid using a more constrained implant and/or ligament releases will not decrease the 5-10 year implant survival and functional scores. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV-Case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Boyer
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint Etienne, 25 bld Pasteur, 42055, Saint-Étienne, France. .,Faculté de Médecine, J. Lisfranc Mines de Saint Etienne, INSERM U1059, Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - Régis Pailhé
- Orthopédie et traumatologie du sport, centre hospitalier universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Hôpital Sud, BP 217X, 38043, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Nassima Ramdane
- Service de Biostatistiques du CHRU de Lille, rue Emile Laine, 59037, Lille, France.,Université de Lille, Hauts de France, Lille, France
| | - David Eichler
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Strasbourg, 1 avenue Molière, 67098, Strasbourg, France
| | - Franck Remy
- Clinique de Saint Omer, 71 rue Ambroise Paré, 62575, Blendecques, France
| | - Matthieu Ehlinger
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Strasbourg, 1 avenue Molière, 67098, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Pasquier
- Université de Lille, Hauts de France, Lille, France.,Service d'Orthopédie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Lille, rue Emile Laine, 59037, Lille, France
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56
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Willing R, Walker PS. Measuring the sensitivity of total knee replacement kinematics and laxity to soft tissue imbalances. J Biomech 2018; 77:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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57
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Razu SS, Guess TM. Electromyography-Driven Forward Dynamics Simulation to Estimate In Vivo Joint Contact Forces During Normal, Smooth, and Bouncy Gaits. J Biomech Eng 2018; 140:2664392. [PMID: 29164228 PMCID: PMC6056185 DOI: 10.1115/1.4038507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Computational models that predict in vivo joint loading and muscle forces can potentially enhance and augment our knowledge of both typical and pathological gaits. To adopt such models into clinical applications, studies validating modeling predictions are essential. This study created a full-body musculoskeletal model using data from the "Sixth Grand Challenge Competition to Predict in vivo Knee Loads." This model incorporates subject-specific geometries of the right leg in order to concurrently predict knee contact forces, ligament forces, muscle forces, and ground contact forces. The objectives of this paper are twofold: (1) to describe an electromyography (EMG)-driven modeling methodology to predict knee contact forces and (2) to validate model predictions by evaluating the model predictions against known values for a patient with an instrumented total knee replacement (TKR) for three distinctly different gait styles (normal, smooth, and bouncy gaits). The model integrates a subject-specific knee model onto a previously validated generic full-body musculoskeletal model. The combined model included six degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints, ligament forces, and deformable contact forces with viscous damping. The foot/shoe/floor interactions were modeled by incorporating shoe geometries to the feet. Contact between shoe segments and the floor surface was used to constrain the shoe segments. A novel EMG-driven feedforward with feedback trim motor control strategy was used to concurrently estimate muscle forces and knee contact forces from standard motion capture data collected on the individual subject. The predicted medial, lateral, and total tibiofemoral forces represented the overall measured magnitude and temporal patterns with good root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) and Pearson's correlation (p2). The model accuracy was high: medial, lateral, and total tibiofemoral contact force RMSEs = 0.15, 0.14, 0.21 body weight (BW), and (0.92 < p2 < 0.96) for normal gait; RMSEs = 0.18 BW, 0.21 BW, 0.29 BW, and (0.81 < p2 < 0.93) for smooth gait; and RMSEs = 0.21 BW, 0.22 BW, 0.33 BW, and (0.86 < p2 < 0.95) for bouncy gait, respectively. Overall, the model captured the general shape, magnitude, and temporal patterns of the contact force profiles accurately. Potential applications of this proposed model include predictive biomechanics simulations, design of TKR components, soft tissue balancing, and surgical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swithin S. Razu
- Department of Bioengineering,
University of Missouri,
801 Clark Hall,
Columbia, MO 65211-4250
e-mail:
| | - Trent M. Guess
- Department of Physical Therapy,
University of Missouri,
801 Clark Hall,
Columbia, MO 65211-4250;
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
University of Missouri,
1100 Virginia Ave,
Columbia, MO 65201
e-mail:
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58
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Hume DR, Navacchia A, Ali AA, Shelburne KB. The interaction of muscle moment arm, knee laxity, and torque in a multi-scale musculoskeletal model of the lower limb. J Biomech 2018; 76:173-180. [PMID: 29941208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal modeling allows insight into the interaction of muscle force and knee joint kinematics that cannot be measured in the laboratory. However, musculoskeletal models of the lower extremity commonly use simplified representations of the knee that may limit analyses of the interaction between muscle forces and joint kinematics. The goal of this research was to demonstrate how muscle forces alter knee kinematics and consequently muscle moment arms and joint torque in a musculoskeletal model of the lower limb that includes a deformable representation of the knee. METHODS Two musculoskeletal models of the lower limb including specimen-specific articular geometries and ligament deformability at the knee were built in a finite element framework and calibrated to match mean isometric torque data collected from 12 healthy subjects. Muscle moment arms were compared between simulations of passive knee flexion and maximum isometric knee extension and flexion. In addition, isometric torque results were compared with predictions using simplified knee models in which the deformability of the knee was removed and the kinematics at the joint were prescribed for all degrees of freedom. RESULTS Peak isometric torque estimated with a deformable knee representation occurred between 45° and 60° in extension, and 45° in flexion. The maximum isometric flexion torques generated by the models with deformable ligaments were 14.6% and 17.9% larger than those generated by the models with prescribed kinematics; by contrast, the maximum isometric extension torques generated by the models were similar. The change in hamstrings moment arms during isometric flexion was greater than that of the quadriceps during isometric extension (a mean RMS difference of 9.8 mm compared to 2.9 mm, respectively). DISCUSSION The large changes in the moment arms of the hamstrings, when activated in a model with deformable ligaments, resulted in changes to flexion torque. When simulating human motion, the inclusion of a deformable joint in a multi-scale musculoskeletal finite element model of the lower limb may preserve the realistic interaction of muscle force with knee kinematics and torque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Hume
- University of Denver, Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Alessandro Navacchia
- University of Denver, Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Azhar A Ali
- University of Denver, Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Kevin B Shelburne
- University of Denver, Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Denver, CO, United States.
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Rakhsha M, Smith CR, Recuero A, Brandon SCE, Vignos MF, Thelen DG, Negrut D. Simulation of surface strain in tibiofemoral cartilage during walking for the prediction of collagen fiber orientation. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING. IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2018; 7:396-405. [PMID: 31886037 PMCID: PMC6934360 DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2018.1442751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The collagen fibers in the superficial layer of tibiofemoral articular cartilage exhibit distinct patterns in orientation revealed by split lines. In this study, we introduce a simulation framework to predict cartilage surface loading during walking to investigate if split line orientations correspond with principal strain directions in the cartilage surface. The two-step framework uses a multibody musculoskeletal model to predict tibiofemoral kinematics which are then imposed on a deformable surface model to predict surface strains. The deformable surface model uses absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) shell elements to represent the articular surface and a system of spring-dampers and internal pressure to represent the underlying cartilage. Simulations were performed to predict surface strains due to osmotic pressure, loading induced by walking, and the combination of both loading due to pressure and walking. Time-averaged magnitude-weighted first principal strain directions agreed well with split line maps from the literature for both the osmotic pressure and combined cases. This result suggests there is indeed a connection between collagen fiber orientation and mechanical loading, and indicates the importance of accounting for the pre-strain in the cartilage surface due to osmotic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rakhsha
- Simulation Based Engineering Laboratory (SBEL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Colin R Smith
- Neuromuscular Biomechanics Laboratory (NMBL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Antonio Recuero
- Simulation Based Engineering Laboratory (SBEL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Scott C E Brandon
- Neuromuscular Biomechanics Laboratory (NMBL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michael F Vignos
- Neuromuscular Biomechanics Laboratory (NMBL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Darryl G Thelen
- Neuromuscular Biomechanics Laboratory (NMBL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Dan Negrut
- Simulation Based Engineering Laboratory (SBEL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Eskinazi I, Fregly BJ. A computational framework for simultaneous estimation of muscle and joint contact forces and body motion using optimization and surrogate modeling. Med Eng Phys 2018; 54:56-64. [PMID: 29487037 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent estimation of muscle activations, joint contact forces, and joint kinematics by means of gradient-based optimization of musculoskeletal models is hindered by computationally expensive and non-smooth joint contact and muscle wrapping algorithms. We present a framework that simultaneously speeds up computation and removes sources of non-smoothness from muscle force optimizations using a combination of parallelization and surrogate modeling, with special emphasis on a novel method for modeling joint contact as a surrogate model of a static analysis. The approach allows one to efficiently introduce elastic joint contact models within static and dynamic optimizations of human motion. We demonstrate the approach by performing two optimizations, one static and one dynamic, using a pelvis-leg musculoskeletal model undergoing a gait cycle. We observed convergence on the order of seconds for a static optimization time frame and on the order of minutes for an entire dynamic optimization. The presented framework may facilitate model-based efforts to predict how planned surgical or rehabilitation interventions will affect post-treatment joint and muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Eskinazi
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin J Fregly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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Knee Joint Loading in Healthy Adults During Functional Exercises: Implications for Rehabilitation Guidelines. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018; 48:162-173. [PMID: 29308697 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2018.7459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Background The inclusion of specific exercises in rehabilitation after knee injury is currently expert based, as a thorough description of the knee contact forces during different exercises is lacking. Objective To quantify knee loading during frequently used activities such as squats, lunges, single-leg hops, walking stairs, standing up, and gait, and to grade knee joint loading during these activities. Methods Three-dimensional motion-analysis data of 15 healthy adults were acquired during 9 standardized activities used in rehabilitation. Experimental motion data were processed using musculoskeletal modeling to calculate contact and shear forces on the different knee compartments (tibiofemoral and patellofemoral). Using repeated-measures analyses of variance, contact and shear forces were compared between compartments and exercises, whereas muscle and average maximum femoral forces were compared only between exercises. Results With the exception of squats, all therapeutic exercises imposed higher forces to the tibiofemoral joint compared to gait. Likewise, patellofemoral forces were greater during all exercises when compared to gait. Greater compartmental contact forces were accompanied by greater compartmental shear forces. Furthermore, force distribution over the medial and lateral compartments varied between exercises. With increased knee flexion, more force was imposed on the posterior portion of the condyles. Conclusion These results suggest that with careful selection of exercises, forces on an injured zone of the joint can be reduced, as the force distribution differs strongly between exercises. Based on the results, a graded exercise program for progressive knee joint loading during rehabilitation can be conceptualized. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018;48(3):162-173. Epub 6 Jan 2018. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.7459.
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Maniar N, Schache AG, Sritharan P, Opar DA. Non-knee-spanning muscles contribute to tibiofemoral shear as well as valgus and rotational joint reaction moments during unanticipated sidestep cutting. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2501. [PMID: 29410451 PMCID: PMC5802728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a burdensome condition due to potential surgical requirements and increased risk of long term debilitation. Previous studies indicate that muscle forces play an important role in the development of ligamentous loading, yet these studies have typically used cadaveric models considering only the knee-spanning quadriceps, hamstrings and gastrocnemius muscle groups. Using a musculoskeletal modelling approach, we investigated how lower-limb muscles produce and oppose key tibiofemoral reaction forces and moments during the weight acceptance phase of unanticipated sidestep cutting. Muscles capable of opposing (or controlling the magnitude of) the anterior shear force and the external valgus moment at the knee are thought to be have the greatest potential for protecting the anterior cruciate ligament from injury. We found the best muscles for generating posterior shear to be the soleus, biceps femoris long head and medial hamstrings, providing up to 173N, 111N and 77N of force directly opposing the anterior shear force. The valgus moment was primarily opposed by the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus and piriformis, with these muscles providing contributions of up to 32 Nm, 19 Nm and 21 Nm towards a knee varus moment, respectively. Our findings highlight key muscle targets for ACL preventative and rehabilitative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Maniar
- School of Exercise Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Anthony G Schache
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prasanna Sritharan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Sports and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- School of Exercise Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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63
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Orozco GA, Tanska P, Mononen ME, Halonen KS, Korhonen RK. The effect of constitutive representations and structural constituents of ligaments on knee joint mechanics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2323. [PMID: 29396466 PMCID: PMC5797142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligaments provide stability to the human knee joint and play an essential role in restraining motion during daily activities. Compression-tension nonlinearity is a well-known characteristic of ligaments. Moreover, simpler material representations without this feature might give reasonable results because ligaments are primarily in tension during loading. However, the biomechanical role of different constitutive representations and their fibril-reinforced poroelastic properties is unknown. A numerical knee model which considers geometric and material nonlinearities of meniscus and cartilages was applied. Five different constitutive models for the ligaments (spring, elastic, hyperelastic, porohyperelastic, and fibril-reinforced porohyperelastic (FRPHE)) were implemented. Knee joint forces for the models with elastic, hyperelastic and porohyperelastic properties showed similar behavior throughout the stance, while the model with FRPHE properties exhibited lower joint forces during the last 50% of the stance phase. The model with ligaments as springs produced the lowest joint forces at this same stance phase. The results also showed that the fibril network contributed substantially to the knee joint forces, while the nonfibrillar matrix and fluid had small effects. Our results indicate that simpler material models of ligaments with similar properties in compression and tension can be used when the loading is directed primarily along the ligament axis in tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Orozco
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika E Mononen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kimmo S Halonen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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64
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Brandon SCE, Thelen DG, Smith CR, Novacheck TF, Schwartz MH, Lenhart RL. The coupled effects of crouch gait and patella alta on tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage loading in children. Gait Posture 2018; 60:181-187. [PMID: 29248848 PMCID: PMC5809194 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated tibiofemoral and patellofemoral loading in children who exhibit crouch gait may contribute to skeletal deformities, pain, and cessation of walking ability. Surgical procedures used to treat crouch frequently correct knee extensor insufficiency by advancing the patella. However, there is little quantitative understanding of how the magnitudes of crouch and patellofemoral correction affect cartilage loading in gait. METHODS We used a computational musculoskeletal model to simulate the gait of twenty typically developing children and fifteen cerebral palsy patients who exhibited mild, moderate, and severe crouch. For each walking posture, we assessed the influence of patella alta and baja on tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage contact. RESULTS Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral contact pressures during the stance phase of normal gait averaged 2.2 and 1.0 MPa. Crouch gait increased pressure in both the tibofemoral (2.6-4.3 MPa) and patellofemoral (1.8-3.3 MPa) joints, while also shifting tibiofemoral contact to the posterior tibial plateau. For extended-knee postures, normal patellar positions (Insall-Salvatti ratio 0.8-1.2) concentrated contact on the middle third of the patellar cartilage. However, in flexed knee postures, both normal and baja patellar positions shifted pressure toward the superior edge of the patella. Moving the patella into alta restored pressure to the middle region of the patellar cartilage as crouch increased. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates the potential to dramatically reduce tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage loading by surgically correcting crouch gait, and highlights the interaction between patella position and knee posture in modulating the location of patellar contact during functional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C E Brandon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Darryl G Thelen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
| | - Colin R Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Tom F Novacheck
- Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Michael H Schwartz
- Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Rachel L Lenhart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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65
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Wang L, Li D, Jin Z. Load application for the contact mechanics analysis and wear prediction of total knee replacement. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2017; 231:444-454. [PMID: 28427318 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917693880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tibiofemoral contact forces in total knee replacement have been measured at the medial and lateral sites respectively using an instrumented prosthesis, and predicted from musculoskeletal multibody dynamics models with a reasonable accuracy. However, it is uncommon that the medial and lateral forces are applied separately to replace a total axial load according to the ISO standard in the majority of current finite element analyses. In this study, we quantified the different effects of applying the medial and lateral loads separately versus the traditional total axial load application on contact mechanics and wear prediction of a patient-specific knee prosthesis. The load application position played an important role under the medial-lateral load application. The loading set which produced the closest load distribution to the multibody dynamics model was used to predict the contact mechanics and wear for the prosthesis and compared with the total axial load application. The medial-lateral load distribution using the present method was found to be closer to the multibody dynamics prediction than the traditional total axial load application, and the maximum contact pressure and contact area were consistent with the corresponding load variation. The predicted total volumetric wear rate and area were similar between the two load applications. However, the split of the predicted wear volumes on the medial and the lateral sides was different. The lateral volumetric wear rate was 31.46% smaller than the medial from the traditional load application prediction, while from the medial-lateral load application, the lateral side was only 11.8% smaller than the medial. The medial-lateral load application could provide a new and more accurate method of load application for patient-specific preclinical contact mechanics and wear prediction of knee implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxian Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dichen Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongmin Jin
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,2 Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,3 Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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66
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Alterations of musculoskeletal models for a more accurate estimation of lower limb joint contact forces during normal gait: A systematic review. J Biomech 2017; 63:8-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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67
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Sensitivity of medial and lateral knee contact force predictions to frontal plane alignment and contact locations. J Biomech 2017; 57:125-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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68
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Schmitz A, Piovesan D. Development of an Open-Source, Discrete Element Knee Model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:2056-67. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2585926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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