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Photoacoustic microscopy: principles and biomedical applications. Biomed Eng Lett 2018; 8:203-213. [PMID: 30603203 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-018-0067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has become an increasingly popular technology for biomedical applications, providing anatomical, functional, and molecular information. In this concise review, we first introduce the basic principles and typical system designs of PAM, including optical-resolution PAM and acoustic-resolution PAM. The major imaging characteristics of PAM, i.e. spatial resolutions, penetration depth, and scanning approach are discussed in detail. Then, we introduce the major biomedical applications of PAM, including anatomical imaging across scales from cellular level to organismal level, label-free functional imaging using endogenous biomolecules, and molecular imaging using exogenous contrast agents. Lastly, we discuss the technical and engineering challenges of PAM in the translation to potential clinical impacts.
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52
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Luís Dean-Ben X, Razansky D. Localization optoacoustic tomography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:18004. [PMID: 30839533 PMCID: PMC6060052 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2018.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Localization-based imaging has revolutionized fluorescence optical microscopy and has also enabled unprecedented ultrasound images of microvascular structures in deep tissues. Herein, we introduce a new concept of localization optoacoustic tomography (LOT) that employs rapid sequential acquisition of three-dimensional optoacoustic images from flowing absorbing particles. We show that the new method enables breaking through the spatial resolution barrier of acoustic diffraction while further enhancing the visibility of structures under limited-view tomographic conditions. Given the intrinsic sensitivity of optoacoustics to multiple hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters, LOT may enable a new level of performance in studying functional and anatomical alterations of microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Luís Dean-Ben
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- School of Medicine and School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
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53
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Imai T, Shi J, Wong TTW, Li L, Zhu L, Wang LV. High-throughput ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy with multifocal excitation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-6. [PMID: 29546734 PMCID: PMC5852316 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.3.036007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy (UV-PAM) is a promising intraoperative tool for surgical margin assessment (SMA), one that can provide label-free histology-like images with high resolution. In this study, using a microlens array and a one-dimensional (1-D) array ultrasonic transducer, we developed a high-throughput multifocal UV-PAM (MF-UV-PAM). Our new system achieved a 1.6 ± 0.2 μm lateral resolution and produced images 40 times faster than the previously developed point-by-point scanning UV-PAM. MF-UV-PAM provided a readily comprehensible photoacoustic image of a mouse brain slice with specific absorption contrast in ∼16 min, highlighting cell nuclei. Individual cell nuclei could be clearly resolved, showing its practical potential for intraoperative SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Imai
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Junhui Shi
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lei Li
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Liren Zhu
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
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54
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Liu X, Wong TTW, Shi J, Ma J, Yang Q, Wang LV. Label-free cell nuclear imaging by Grüneisen relaxation photoacoustic microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:947-950. [PMID: 29444034 PMCID: PMC5839111 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) with ultraviolet (UV) laser illumination has recently been demonstrated as a promising tool that provides fast, label-free, and multilayered histologic imaging of human breast tissue. Thus far, the axial resolution has been determined ultrasonically. To enable optically defined axial resolution, we exploit the Grüneisen relaxation (GR) effect. By imaging mouse brain slices, we show that GRUV-PAM reveals detailed information about three-dimensional cell nuclear distributions and internal structures, which are important diagnostic features for cancers. Due to the nonlinear effect, GRUV-PAM also provides better contrast in images of cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Junhui Shi
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Corresponding author:
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55
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Lee S, Kwon O, Jeon M, Song J, Shin S, Kim H, Jo M, Rim T, Doh J, Kim S, Son J, Kim Y, Kim C. Super-resolution visible photoactivated atomic force microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17080. [PMID: 30167212 PMCID: PMC6062039 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Imaging the intrinsic optical absorption properties of nanomaterials with optical microscopy (OM) is hindered by the optical diffraction limit and intrinsically poor sensitivity. Thus, expensive and destructive electron microscopy (EM) has been commonly used to examine the morphologies of nanostructures. Further, while nanoscale fluorescence OM has become crucial for investigating the morphologies and functions of intracellular specimens, this modality is not suitable for imaging optical absorption and requires the use of possibly undesirable exogenous fluorescent molecules for biological samples. Here we demonstrate super-resolution visible photoactivated atomic force microscopy (pAFM), which can sense intrinsic optical absorption with ~8 nm resolution. Thus, the resolution can be improved down to ~8 nm. This system can detect not only the first harmonic response, but also the higher harmonic response using the nonlinear effect. The thermoelastic effects induced by pulsed laser irradiation allow us to obtain visible pAFM images of single gold nanospheres, various nanowires, and biological cells, all with nanoscale resolution. Unlike expensive EM, the visible pAFM system can be simply implemented by adding an optical excitation sub-system to a commercial atomic force microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Lee
- Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Owoong Kwon
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansik Jeon
- Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejung Song
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Shin
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeMi Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minguk Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Taiuk Rim
- Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwoo Son
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseok Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
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56
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Park K, Kim JY, Lee C, Jeon S, Lim G, Kim C. Handheld Photoacoustic Microscopy Probe. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13359. [PMID: 29042650 PMCID: PMC5645466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is a non-invasive, label-free method of in vivo imaging with microscopic resolution and high optical contrast. Based on intrinsic contrasts, OR-PAM has expanded to include in vivo vessel imaging, flow cytometry, physiological parameter analysis, and single-cell characterization. However, since conventional OR-PAM systems have a fixed tabletop configuration, a large system size, and slow imaging speed, their use in preclinical and clinical studies remains limited. In this study, using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, we developed a handheld PAM probe with a high signal-to-noise ratio and image rate. To enable broader application of the OR-PAM system, we reduced its size and combined its fast scanning capabilities into a small handheld probe that uses a 2-axis waterproof MEMS scanner (2A-WP-MEMS scanner). All acoustical, optical, and mechanical components are integrated into a single probe with a diameter of 17 mm and a weight of 162 g. This study shows phantom and in vivo images of various samples acquired with the probe, including carbon fibers, electrospun microfibers, and the ear, iris, and brain of a living mouse. In particular, this study investigated the possibility of clinical applications for melanoma diagnosis by imaging the boundaries and morphology of a human mole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjin Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changho Lee
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hwasun Hospital, 160 Baekseo-ro, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea
| | - Seungwan Jeon
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunbae Lim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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57
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Mattison SP, Mondragon E, Kaunas R, Applegate BE. Hybrid nonlinear photoacoustic and reflectance confocal microscopy for label-free subcellular imaging with a single light source. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4028-4031. [PMID: 28957189 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear photoacoustic microscopy is capable of achieving subcellular optically resolved absorption contrast in three dimensions but cannot provide structural context for the acquired images. We have developed a dual-modality imaging system that combines the optical absorption contrast of a nonlinear photoacoustic microscope with the optical scattering contrast of a reflectance confocal microscope. By integrating the confocal detection optics into the optical setup of the nonlinear photoacoustic microscope, the two systems were co-registered and may be acquired at the same time and with the same light source. Simultaneous images of fixed erythrocytes and fibroblasts were measured to demonstrate the complementary information that is provided by the two modalities.
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58
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Gurwich I, Sivan Y. Metal nanospheres under intense continuous-wave illumination: A unique case of nonperturbative nonlinear nanophotonics. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:012212. [PMID: 29347223 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.012212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that the standard perturbative (i.e., cubic) description of the thermal nonlinear response of a single metal nanosphere to intense continuous-wave (CW) illumination is sufficient only for a temperature rise of up to 100 degrees above room temperature. Beyond this regime, the slowing down of the temperature rise requires a nonperturbative description of the nonlinear response, even though the permittivity is linearly dependent on the temperature and despite the deep subwavelength effective propagation distances involved. Using experimental data, we show that, generically, the increase of the imaginary part of the metal permittivity dominates the increase of the host permittivity as well as the resonance shift due to the joint changes to the real parts of the metal and host. Thus, the main nonlinear effect is a decrease of the quality factor of the resonance. We further analyze the relative importance of the various contributions to the temperature rise and thermal nonlinearity, compare the nonlinearity of Au and Ag, demonstrate the potential effect of the nanoparticle morphology, and show that although the thermo-optical nonlinearity of the host typically plays a minor role, its thermal conductivity and its temperature dependence is important. Finally, we discuss the differences between CW and ultrafast thermal nonlinearities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gurwich
- Unit of Electro-optics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Y Sivan
- Unit of Electro-optics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
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59
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Moothanchery M, Sharma A, Pramanik M. Switchable Acoustic and Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy for In Vivo Small-animal Blood Vasculature Imaging. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28671655 DOI: 10.3791/55810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a fast-growing invivo imaging modality that combines both optics and ultrasound, providing penetration beyond the optical mean free path (~1 mm in skin) with high resolution. By combining optical absorption contrast with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound in a single modality, this technique can penetrate deep tissues. Photoacoustic microscopy systems can have either a low acoustic resolution and probe deeply or a high optical resolution and probe shallowly. It is challenging to achieve high spatial resolution and large depth penetration with a single system. This work presents an AR-OR-PAM system capable of both high-resolution imaging at shallow depths and low-resolution deep-tissue imaging of the same sample in vivo. A lateral resolution of 4 µm with 1.4 mm imaging depth using optical focusing and a lateral resolution of 45 µm with 7.8 mm imaging depth using acoustic focusing were successfully demonstrated using the combined system. Here, in vivo small-animal blood vasculature imaging is performed to demonstrate its biological imaging capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohesh Moothanchery
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Arunima Sharma
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University;
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60
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Deán-Ben XL, Gottschalk S, Mc Larney B, Shoham S, Razansky D. Advanced optoacoustic methods for multiscale imaging of in vivo dynamics. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2158-2198. [PMID: 28276544 PMCID: PMC5460636 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of dynamic functional and molecular events in an unperturbed in vivo environment is essential for understanding the complex biology of living organisms and of disease state and progression. To this end, optoacoustic (photoacoustic) sensing and imaging have demonstrated the exclusive capacity to maintain excellent optical contrast and high resolution in deep-tissue observations, far beyond the penetration limits of modern microscopy. Yet, the time domain is paramount for the observation and study of complex biological interactions that may be invisible in single snapshots of living systems. This review focuses on the recent advances in optoacoustic imaging assisted by smart molecular labeling and dynamic contrast enhancement approaches that enable new types of multiscale dynamic observations not attainable with other bio-imaging modalities. A wealth of investigated new research topics and clinical applications is further discussed, including imaging of large-scale brain activity patterns, volumetric visualization of moving organs and contrast agent kinetics, molecular imaging using targeted and genetically expressed labels, as well as three-dimensional handheld diagnostics of human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - S Gottschalk
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - B Mc Larney
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - S Shoham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - D Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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61
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Sathiyamoorthy K, Strohm EM, Kolios MC. Low-power noncontact photoacoustic microscope for bioimaging applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:46001. [PMID: 28384702 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.4.046001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An inexpensive noncontact photoacoustic (PA) imaging system using a low-power continuous wave laser and a kilohertz-range microphone has been developed. The system operates in both optical and PA imaging modes and is designed to be compatible with conventional optical microscopes. Aqueous coupling fluids are not required for the detection of the PA signals; air is used as the coupling medium. The main component of the PA system is a custom designed PA imaging sensor that consists of an air-filled sample chamber and a resonator chamber that isolates a standard kilohertz frequency microphone from the input laser. A sample to be examined is placed on the glass substrate inside the chamber. A laser focused to a small spot by a 40 × objective onto the substrate enables generation of PA signals from the sample. Raster scanning the laser over the sample with micrometer-sized steps enables high-resolution PA images to be generated. A lateral resolution of 1.37 ?? ? m was achieved in this proof of concept study, which can be further improved using a higher numerical aperture objective. The application of the system was investigated on a red blood cell, with a noise-equivalent detection sensitivity of 43,887 hemoglobin molecules ( 72.88 × 10 ? 21 ?? mol or 72.88 zeptomol). The minimum pressure detectable limit of the system was 19.1 ?? ? Pa . This inexpensive, compact noncontact PA sensor is easily integrated with existing commercial optical microscopes, enabling optical and PA imaging of the same sample. Applications include forensic measurements, blood coagulation tests, and monitoring the penetration of drugs into human membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sathiyamoorthy
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, CanadabInstitute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, CanadacKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric M Strohm
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, CanadabInstitute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, CanadacKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, CanadabInstitute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, CanadacKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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62
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Upputuri PK, Pramanik M. Recent advances toward preclinical and clinical translation of photoacoustic tomography: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:41006. [PMID: 27893078 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.4.041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kumar Upputuri
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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63
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Upputuri PK, Krisnan M, Pramanik M. Microsphere enabled subdiffraction-limited optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy: a simulation study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:45001. [PMID: 27901548 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.4.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ORPAM) is a high-resolution hybrid imaging modality having potential for microscale in vivo imaging. Optical diffraction limits the lateral resolution of ORPAM. A photonic nanojet (PNJ) was used to break this diffraction limit. A single round microsphere can generate a PNJ with subwavelength waist, but its short axial length limits its applications to surface imaging only. We investigate different sphere designs to achieve ultralong nanojets that will make the nanojet more viable in far-field applications, such as photoacoustic imaging. The PNJ properties, including effective length, waist size, working distance, and peak intensity, can be tuned and controlled by changing the sphere design and its refractive index. A truncated multilayer microsphere design could generate an ultraelongated PNJ with length larger than ∼172λ (∼138 μm) while retaining a large working distance ∼32λ (∼26 μm). Through simulation study, we observed ∼11-fold enhancement in lateral resolution with 5 μm round sphere (refractive index 2.2) when used in a conventional ORPAM setup with NA=0.1 and λ=800 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kumar Upputuri
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Moganasundari Krisnan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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64
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Performance Characterization of a Switchable Acoustic Resolution and Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy System. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17020357. [PMID: 28208676 PMCID: PMC5336060 DOI: 10.3390/s17020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a scalable bioimaging modality; one can choose low acoustic resolution with deep penetration depth or high optical resolution with shallow imaging depth. High spatial resolution and deep penetration depth is rather difficult to achieve using a single system. Here we report a switchable acoustic resolution and optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-OR-PAM) system in a single imaging system capable of both high resolution and low resolution on the same sample. Lateral resolution of 4.2 µm (with ~1.4 mm imaging depth) and lateral resolution of 45 μm (with ~7.6 mm imaging depth) was successfully demonstrated using a switchable system. In vivo blood vasculature imaging was also performed for its biological application.
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65
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Pérez-Cota F, Smith RJ, Moradi E, Marques L, Webb KF, Clark M. High resolution 3D imaging of living cells with sub-optical wavelength phonons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39326. [PMID: 27996028 PMCID: PMC5171858 DOI: 10.1038/srep39326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free imaging of living cells below the optical diffraction limit poses great challenges for optical microscopy. Biologically relevant structural information remains below the Rayleigh limit and beyond the reach of conventional microscopes. Super-resolution techniques are typically based on the non-linear and stochastic response of fluorescent labels which can be toxic and interfere with cell function. In this paper we present, for the first time, imaging of live cells using sub-optical wavelength phonons. The axial imaging resolution of our system is determined by the acoustic wavelength (λa = λprobe/2n) and not on the NA of the optics allowing sub-optical wavelength acoustic sectioning of samples using the time of flight. The transverse resolution is currently limited to the optical spot size. The contrast mechanism is significantly determined by the mechanical properties of the cells and requires no additional contrast agent, stain or label to image the cell structure. The ability to breach the optical diffraction limit to image living cells acoustically promises to bring a new suite of imaging technologies to bear in answering exigent questions in cell biology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pérez-Cota
- Optics and photonics group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham,University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard J. Smith
- Optics and photonics group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham,University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emilia Moradi
- Optics and photonics group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham,University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Leonel Marques
- Optics and photonics group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham,University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kevin F. Webb
- Optics and photonics group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham,University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Matt Clark
- Optics and photonics group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham,University Park, Nottingham, UK
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66
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Tzang O, Piestun R. Lock-in detection of photoacoustic feedback signal for focusing through scattering media using wave-front shaping. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:28122-28130. [PMID: 27906377 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.028122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wave-front shaping techniques enable focusing and imaging through scattering media. Unfortunately, most approaches require invasive feedback inside or behind the sample, or use of spatial correlations (memory effect) limiting the application to specific types of samples. Recent approaches overcome these limitations by taking advantage of acoustic waves via the photoacoustic (PA) effect or via photon tagging. We present a fully analog signal processing lock-in scheme for PA detection to improve focusing through scattering media and to efficiently extract nonlinear photoacoustic signals towards wave-front optimization. Our implementation improves PA feedback performance in terms of SNR, speed, and resolution.
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67
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Wang LV, Yao J. A practical guide to photoacoustic tomography in the life sciences. Nat Methods 2016; 13:627-38. [PMID: 27467726 PMCID: PMC4980387 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The life sciences can benefit greatly from imaging technologies that connect microscopic discoveries with macroscopic observations. One technology uniquely positioned to provide such benefits is photoacoustic tomography (PAT), a sensitive modality for imaging optical absorption contrast over a range of spatial scales at high speed. In PAT, endogenous contrast reveals a tissue's anatomical, functional, metabolic, and histologic properties, and exogenous contrast provides molecular and cellular specificity. The spatial scale of PAT covers organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and small animals. Consequently, PAT is complementary to other imaging modalities in contrast mechanism, penetration, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution. We review the fundamentals of PAT and provide practical guidelines for matching PAT systems with research needs. We also summarize the most promising biomedical applications of PAT, discuss related challenges, and envision PAT's potential to lead to further breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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68
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Fujita K. Follow-up review: recent progress in the development of super-resolution optical microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2016; 65:275-81. [PMID: 27385787 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of super-resolution microscopy brought a huge impact to various research fields ranging from the fundamental science to medical and industrial applications. The technological development is still ongoing with involving different scientific disciplines and often changing the standard of optical imaging. In this review, I would like to introduce the recent research progress in super-resolution microscopy as a follow-up for the featured issue in Microscopy (Vol. 64, No. 4, 2015) with discussions especially on the current trends and new directions in the technological development.
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69
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Samant P, Chen J, Xiang L. Characterization of the temperature rise in a single cell during photoacoustic tomography at the nanoscale. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:75009. [PMID: 27405264 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.075009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We are developing a label-free nanoscale photoacoustic tomography (nPAT) for imaging a single living cell. nPAT uses a laser-induced acoustic pulse to generate a nanometer-scale image. The primary motivation behind this imaging technique is the imaging of biological cells in the context of diagnosis without fluorescent tagging. During this procedure, thermal damage due to the laser pulse is a potential risk that may damage the cells. A physical model is built to estimate the temperature rise and thermal relaxation during the imaging procedure. Through simulations using finite element methods, two lasers (532 nm at 5 ps pulse duration and 830 nm at 0.2 ps pulse duration) were simulated for imaging red blood cells (RBCs). We demonstrate that a single 5-ps pulse laser with a 400-Hz repetition rate will generate a steady state temperature rise of less than a Kelvin on the surface of the RBCs. All the simulation results show that there is no significant temperature rise in an RBC in either single pulse or multiple pulse illumination with a 532-nm laser with 219 W fluence. Therefore, our simulation results demonstrate the thermal safety of an nPAT system. The photoacoustic signal generated by this laser is on the order of 2.5 kPa, so it should still be large enough to generate high-resolution images with nPAT. Frequency analysis of this signal shows a peak at 1.47 GHz, with frequencies as high as 3.5 GHz still being present in the spectrum. We believe that nPAT will open an avenue for disease diagnosis and cell biology studies at the nanometer-level.
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70
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Langer G, Buchegger B, Jacak J, Klar TA, Berer T. Frequency domain photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2692-702. [PMID: 27446698 PMCID: PMC4948622 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on simultaneous frequency domain optical-resolution photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy with sub-µm lateral resolution. With the help of a blood smear, we show that photoacoustic and fluorescence images provide complementary information. Furthermore, we compare theoretically predicted signal-to-noise ratios of sinusoidal modulation in frequency domain with pulsed excitation in time domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Langer
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Bianca Buchegger
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Applied Health & Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Berer
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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71
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Zhou Y, Yao J, Wang LV. Tutorial on photoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:61007. [PMID: 27086868 PMCID: PMC4834026 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.6.061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has become one of the fastest growing fields in biomedical optics. Unlike pure optical imaging, such as confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy, PAT employs acoustic detection to image optical absorption contrast with high-resolution deep into scattering tissue. So far, PAT has been widely used for multiscale anatomical, functional, and molecular imaging of biological tissues. We focus on PAT’s basic principles, major implementations, imaging contrasts, and recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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72
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Strohm EM, Moore MJ, Kolios MC. High resolution ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging of single cells. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2016; 4:36-42. [PMID: 27114911 PMCID: PMC4833469 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
High resolution ultrasound and photoacoustic images of stained neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes from a blood smear were acquired using a combined acoustic/photoacoustic microscope. Photoacoustic images were created using a pulsed 532 nm laser that was coupled to a single mode fiber to produce output wavelengths from 532 nm to 620 nm via stimulated Raman scattering. The excitation wavelength was selected using optical filters and focused onto the sample using a 20× objective. A 1000 MHz transducer was co-aligned with the laser spot and used for ultrasound and photoacoustic images, enabling micrometer resolution with both modalities. The different cell types could be easily identified due to variations in contrast within the acoustic and photoacoustic images. This technique provides a new way of probing leukocyte structure with potential applications towards detecting cellular abnormalities and diseased cells at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Strohm
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
| | - Michael J. Moore
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
| | - Michael C. Kolios
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada
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73
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Liu Y, Nie L, Chen X. Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging: From Multiscale Biomedical Applications Towards Early-Stage Theranostics. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:420-433. [PMID: 26924233 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has ushered in a new era of observational biotechnology and has facilitated the exploration of fundamental biological mechanisms and clinical translational applications, which has attracted tremendous attention in recent years. By converting laser into ultrasound emission, PAI combines rich optical contrast, high ultrasonic spatial resolution, and deep penetration depth in a single modality. This evolutional technique enables multiscale and multicontrast visualization from cells to organs, anatomy to function, and molecules to metabolism with high sensitivity and specificity. The state-of-the-art developments and applications of PAI are described in this review. Future prospects for clinical use are also highlighted. Collectively, PAI holds great promise to drive biomedical applications towards early-stage theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (CMITM), School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Liming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (CMITM), School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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74
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Abstract
Since its invention in the 17th century, optical microscopy has revolutionized biomedical studies by scrutinizing the biological realm on cellular levels, taking advantage of its excellent light-focusing capability. However, most biological tissues scatter light highly. As light travels in tissue, cumulative scattering events cause the photons to lose their original propagation direction and, thus, their ability to be focused, which has largely limited the penetration depth of optical microscopy. Conventional planar optical microscopy can provide penetration of only ~100 ?m before photons begin to be scattered. The penetration of modern optical microcopy, such as confocal microscopy and multiphoton microscopy, is still limited to approximately the optical diffusion limit (~1 mm in the skin as approximated by one optical transport mean free path), where scattered photons retain a strong memory of the original propagation direction. So far, it still remains a challenge for pure optical methods to achieve high-resolution in vivo imaging beyond the diffusion limit (i.e., superdepth imaging).
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75
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Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines rich optical absorption contrast with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound at depths in tissue. The high scalability of PAT has enabled anatomical imaging of biological structures ranging from organelles to organs. The inherent functional and molecular imaging capabilities of PAT have further allowed it to measure important physiological parameters and track critical cellular activities. Integration of PAT with other imaging technologies provides complementary capabilities and can potentially accelerate the clinical translation of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
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76
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Upputuri PK, Pramanik M. Pulsed laser diode based optoacoustic imaging of biological tissues. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/1/4/045010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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77
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Chen SL, Guo LJ, Wang X. All-optical photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2015; 3:143-150. [PMID: 31467845 PMCID: PMC6713062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has gained considerable attention within the biomedical imaging community during the past decade. Detecting laser-induced photoacoustic waves by optical sensing techniques facilitates the idea of all-optical PAM (AOPAM), which is of particular interest as it provides unique advantages for achieving high spatial resolution using miniaturized embodiments of the imaging system. The review presents the technology aspects of optical-sensing techniques for ultrasound detection, such as those based on optical resonators, as well as system developments of all-optical photoacoustic systems including PAM, photoacoustic endoscopy, and multi-modality microscopy. The progress of different AOPAM systems and their representative applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Liang Chen
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - L. Jay Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Corresponding author at: Tel.: +1734-647-2728; fax: +1734-764-8541.
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78
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Shi J, Wang L, Noordam C, Wang LV. Bessel-beam Grueneisen relaxation photoacoustic microscopy with extended depth of field. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:116002. [PMID: 26524679 PMCID: PMC4672341 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.116002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The short focal depth of a Gaussian beam limits the volumetric imaging speed of optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). A Bessel beam, which is diffraction free, provides a long focal depth, but its side lobes deteriorate image quality when the Bessel beam is directly employed to excite photoacoustic (PA) signals in OR-PAM. We present a nonlinear approach based on the Grueneisen relaxation effect to suppress the side-lobe artifacts in PA imaging. This method extends the focal depth of OR-PAM and speeds up volumetric imaging. We experimentally demonstrated a 1-mm focal depth with a 7-μm lateral resolution and volumetrically imaged a carbon fiber and red blood cell samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Shi
- Washington University, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Campus Box 1097, One Brooking Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Lidai Wang
- Washington University, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Campus Box 1097, One Brooking Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cedric Noordam
- Washington University, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Campus Box 1097, One Brooking Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
- University of Twente, Optical Sciences, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Campus Box 1097, One Brooking Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
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79
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Tzang O, Cheshnovsky O. New modes in label-free super resolution based on photo-modulated reflectivity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:20926-20932. [PMID: 26367945 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.020926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in far-field super-resolution (SR) microscopy rely on, and therefore are limited by the ability to control the fluorescence of label molecules. We demonstrated a far field label-free SR methodology that relies on the nonlinear response of the reflectance to photo-modulation by a pump laser. Here we extend our approach in two directions. We show that the method can be further simplified and improved by using a single beam rather than a pump and probe or by adding spatial probe modulation to improve resolution. Additionally, we demonstrate SR in sectioning and further investigate the dynamics of non-linearity in photo-modulated reflectance. These new modalities of nonlinear photo-modulated reflectivity (NPMR) enhance its applicability using lower orders of nonlinear response.
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80
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Tzang O, Azoury D, Cheshnovsky O. Super resolution methodology based on temperature dependent Raman scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:17929-17940. [PMID: 26191853 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.017929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in far-field super-resolution (SR) microscopy rely on, and therefore are limited by the ability to control the fluorescence of label molecules. We suggest a new, label-free, far-field SR microscopy based on temperature dependence of Raman scattering. Here, we present simulation and experimental characterization of the method. In an ultrafast pump-probe scheme, a spatial temperature profile is optically excited throughout the diffraction-limited spot; the Raman spectrum is probed with an overlapping laser. Thermally induced shifts, recorded in a specific spectral region of interest (ROI), enable spatial discrimination between areas of different temperature. Our simulations show spatial resolution that surpasses the diffraction limit by more than a factor of 2. Our method is compatible with material characterization in ambient, vacuum and liquid, thin and thick samples alike.
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81
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Danielli A, Maslov K, Favazza CP, Xia J, Wang LV. Nonlinear photoacoustic spectroscopy of hemoglobin. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2015; 106:203701. [PMID: 26045627 PMCID: PMC4441705 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As light intensity increases in photoacoustic imaging, the saturation of optical absorption and the temperature dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient result in a measurable nonlinear dependence of the photoacoustic (PA) signal on the excitation pulse fluence. Here, under controlled conditions, we investigate the intensity-dependent photoacoustic signals from oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin at varied optical wavelengths and molecular concentrations. The wavelength and concentration dependencies of the nonlinear PA spectrum are found to be significantly greater in oxygenated hemoglobin than in deoxygenated hemoglobin. These effects are further influenced by the hemoglobin concentration. These nonlinear phenomena provide insights into applications of photoacoustics, such as measurements of average inter-molecular distances on a nm scale or with a tuned selection of wavelengths, a more accurate quantitative PA tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Danielli
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Christopher P Favazza
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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82
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Tzang O, Pevzner A, Marvel RE, Haglund RF, Cheshnovsky O. Super-resolution in label-free photomodulated reflectivity. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1362-1367. [PMID: 25603405 DOI: 10.1021/nl504640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new, label-free, far-field super-resolution method based on an ultrafast pump-probe scheme oriented toward nanomaterial imaging. A focused pump laser excites a diffraction-limited spatial temperature profile, and the nonlinear changes in reflectance are probed. Enhanced spatial resolution is demonstrated with nanofabricated silicon and vanadium dioxide nanostructures. Using an air objective, resolution of 105 nm was achieved, well beyond the diffraction limit for the pump and probe beams and offering a novel kind of dedicated nanoscopy for materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Tzang
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and ‡The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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