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Lakschevitz FS, Glogauer M. High-purity neutrophil isolation from human peripheral blood and saliva for transcriptome analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1124:469-83. [PMID: 24504969 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-845-4_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is a source of readily available neutrophils and can be used as a model to better understand the role of neutrophils in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, bronchitis, periodontitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this chapter we describe reproducible methods to obtain highly purified neutrophil samples from blood and saliva in humans to enable cell analysis using whole-genome microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia S Lakschevitz
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Konsavage WM, Roper JN, Ishmael FT, Yochum GS. The Myc 3' Wnt responsive element regulates neutrophil recruitment after acute colonic injury in mice. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2858-2867. [PMID: 23640071 PMCID: PMC4104363 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulates intestinal development, homeostasis, and regeneration after injury. Wnt/β-catenin signaling drives intestinal proliferation by activating expression of the c-Myc proto-oncogene (Myc) through the Myc 3' Wnt responsive DNA element (Myc 3' WRE). In a previous study, we found that deletion of the Myc 3' WRE in mice caused increased MYC expression and increased cellular proliferation in the colon. When damaged by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), the increased proliferative capacity of Myc 3' WRE(-/-) colonocytes resulted in a more rapid recovery compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In that study, we did not examine involvement of the immune system in colonic regeneration. PURPOSE To characterize the innate immune response in Myc 3' WRE(-/-) and WT mice during and after DSS-induced colonic injury. METHODS Mice were fed 2.5 % DSS in their drinking water for five days to induce colonic damage and were then returned to normal water for two or four days to recover. Colonic sections were prepared and neutrophils and macrophages were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Cytokine and chemokine levels were analyzed by probing a cytokine array with colonic lysates. RESULTS In comparison with WT mice, there was enhanced leukocyte infiltration into the colonic mucosal and submucosal layers of Myc 3' WRE(-/-) mice after DSS damage. Levels of activated neutrophils were substantially increased in damaged Myc 3' WRE(-/-) colons as were levels of the neutrophil chemoattractants C5/C5a, CXCL1, and CXCL2. CONCLUSION The Myc 3' WRE regulates neutrophil infiltration into DSS-damaged colons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M. Konsavage
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr. H171, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jennifer N. Roper
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr. H171, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Faoud T. Ishmael
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr. H171, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gregory S. Yochum
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr. H171, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Marcon R, Bento AF, Dutra RC, Bicca MA, Leite DFP, Calixto JB. Maresin 1, a proresolving lipid mediator derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, exerts protective actions in murine models of colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4288-98. [PMID: 24038091 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously reported that dietary fish oils, which are rich in the polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, can exert beneficial effects in inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of docosahexaenoic acid-derived lipid mediator maresin 1 (MaR1) in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)- and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Systemic treatment with MaR1 significantly attenuated both DSS- and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colonic inflammation by improving the disease activity index and reducing body weight loss and colonic tissue damage. MaR1 treatment also induced a significant decrease in levels of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ, in the acute protocol, as well as IL-1β and IL-6, but not TNF-α and INF-γ, in the chronic DSS colitis protocol. Additionally, MaR1 decreased ICAM-1 mRNA expression in both the acute and chronic protocols of DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of MaR1 seem to be associated with inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, incubation of LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophage cultures with MaR1 reduced neutrophil migration and reactive oxygen species production, besides decreasing IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and INF-γ production. Interestingly, macrophages incubated only with MaR1 showed a significant upregulation of mannose receptor C, type 1 mRNA expression, an M2 macrophage phenotype marker. These results indicate that MaR1 consistently protects mice against different models of experimental colitis, possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and consequently multiple inflammatory mediators, as well as by enhancing the macrophage M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Marcon
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88049-900, Brazil
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Ranganathan P, Jayakumar C, Manicassamy S, Ramesh G. CXCR2 knockout mice are protected against DSS-colitis-induced acute kidney injury and inflammation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1422-7. [PMID: 23986515 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00319.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ cross talk exists in many diseases of the human and animal models of human diseases. A recent study demonstrated that inflammatory mediators can cause acute kidney injury and neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-colitis. However, the chemokines and their receptors that may mediate distant organ effects in colitis are unknown. We hypothesized that keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC)/IL-8 receptor chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) mediates DSS-colitis-induced acute kidney injury. Consistent with our hypothesis, wild-type (WT) mice developed severe colitis with DSS treatment, which was associated with inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression and neutrophil infiltration in the colon. DSS-colitis in WT was accompanied by acute kidney injury and enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines in the kidney. However, CXCR2 knockout mice were protected against DSS-colitis as well as acute kidney injury. Moreover, the expression of cytokines and chemokines and neutrophil infiltration was blunted in CXCR2 knockout mice in the colon and kidney. Administration of recombinant KC exacerbated DSS-colitis-induced acute kidney injury. Our results suggest that KC/IL-8 and its receptor CXCR2 are critical and major mediators of organ cross talk in DSS colitis and neutralization of CXCR2 will help to reduce the incidence of acute kidney injury due to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punithavathi Ranganathan
- Dept. of Medicine/Vascular Biology Center, CB-3702, Georgia Regents Univ., 1459 Laney-Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912.
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55
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Stockley JA, Walton GM, Lord JM, Sapey E. Aberrant neutrophil functions in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the neutrophil as an immunotherapeutic target. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1211-7. [PMID: 23994347 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, progressive and debilitating chronic inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, with significant systemic manifestations and co-morbidities. Smoking cigarettes is the main risk factor, but only a fifth of smokers have clinically significant airflow obstruction and the inflammation persists after smoking cessation. This suggests that smoking (and exposure to other inhaled toxins) may be necessary but not sufficient to cause COPD. Neutrophils are believed central to COPD and their accumulation and degranulation are associated with tissue damage, increased inflammation and disordered tissue repair. It was assumed that neutrophil activity and function were appropriate in COPD, responding to the presence of high levels of inflammation in the lung. However more recent studies of neutrophil function (including migration, reactive oxygen species generation, degranulation, phagocytosis and extracellular trap (NET) production) suggest that there is a general impairment in COPD neutrophil responses that predispose towards increased inflammation and reduced bacterial clearance. This may be amenable to correction and manipulating neutrophil intracellular pathways (such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase signalling) appears to restore some key COPD neutrophil responses. Targeting neutrophil intra-cellular signalling may provide a means to normalise neutrophil behaviour in COPD. This could lead to improvements in disease outcomes by reducing extraneous inflammatory burden. However further studies are needed to determine if these findings are relevant in vivo and whether this would impact positively upon health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Stockley
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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56
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Rationale and Means to Target Pro-Inflammatory Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) Signaling in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:929-59. [PMID: 24276377 PMCID: PMC3817732 DOI: 10.3390/ph6080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that chronic inflammation underpins the development of a number of human cancers, with pro-inflammatory signaling within the tumor microenvironment contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. CXCL8 is an ELR+ pro-inflammatory CXC-chemokine which mediates its effects via signaling through two G protein-coupled receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2. Elevated CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling within the tumor microenvironment of numerous cancers is known to enhance tumor progression via activation of signaling pathways promoting proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion and cell survival. This review provides an overview of established roles of CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling in cancer and subsequently, discusses the possible strategies of targeting CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling in cancer, covering indirect strategies (e.g., anti-inflammatories, NFκB inhibitors) and direct CXCL8 or CXCR1/2 inhibition (e.g., neutralizing antibodies, small molecule receptor antagonists, pepducin inhibitors and siRNA strategies). Reports of pre-clinical cancer studies and clinical trials using CXCL8-CXCR1/2-targeting strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases will be discussed. The future translational opportunities for use of such agents in oncology will be discussed, with emphasis on exploitation in stratified populations.
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Interaction of Lactobacillus fermentum BGHI14 with rat colonic mucosa: implications for colitis induction. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5735-44. [PMID: 23851097 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01807-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to test the colonic mucosal response of rats to oral supplementation with Lactobacillus fermentum BGHI14 and to correlate the tissue reaction to trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS)-induced colitis with mucosal barrier alterations caused by bacterial ingestion. An immune cell-mediated reaction of healthy colonic tissue was noticed after bacterial feeding. After prolonged bacterial treatment, the observed reaction had retreated to normality, but the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) remained elevated. These data point to the chronic low-grade inflammation that could be caused by long-term probiotic consumption. Although no detrimental effects of bacterial pretreatment were noticed in colitic rats, at least in the acute state of disease, the results obtained in our study point to the necessity of reassessment of existing data on the safety of probiotic preparations. Additionally, probiotic effects in experimental colitis models might depend on time coordination of disease induction with treatment duration.
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Ranganathan P, Jayakumar C, Santhakumar M, Ramesh G. Netrin-1 regulates colon-kidney cross talk through suppression of IL-6 function in a mouse model of DSS-colitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1187-97. [PMID: 23445618 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00702.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ cross talk is increasingly appreciated in human disease, and inflammatory mediators are shown to mediate distant organ injury in many disease models. Colitis and intestinal injury are known to be mediated by infiltrating immune cells and their secreted cytokines. However, its effect on other organs, such as the kidney, has never been studied. In the current study, we examined the effect of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-colitis on kidney injury and inflammation. In addition, we hypothesized that netrin-1 could modulate colon-kidney cross talk through regulation of inflammation and apoptosis. Consistent with our hypothesis, DSS-colitis induced acute kidney injury in mice. Epithelial-specific overexpression of netrin-1 suppressed both colitis and colitis-induced acute kidney injury, which was associated with reduced weight loss, neutrophil infiltration into colon mucosa, intestinal permeability, epithelial cell apoptosis, and cytokine and chemokine production in netrin-1 transgenic mice colon and kidney. To determine whether netrin-1-protective effects were mediated through suppression of IL-6, IL-6 knockout mice were treated with DSS and acute kidney injury was determined. IL-6 knockout was resistant to colitis and acute kidney injury. Moreover, administration of IL-6 to netrin-1 transgenic mice did not affect the netrin-1-protective effects on the colon and kidney, suggesting that netrin-1 may reduce both IL-6 production and its activity. The present study identifies previously unrecognized cross talk between the colon and kidney, and netrin-1 may limit distant organ injury by suppressing inflammatory mediators and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punithavathi Ranganathan
- Dept. of Medicine/Vascular Biology Center, CB-3702, Georgia Regents Univ., 1459 Laney-Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Werner L, Guzner-Gur H, Dotan I. Involvement of CXCR4/CXCR7/CXCL12 Interactions in Inflammatory bowel disease. Theranostics 2013; 3:40-6. [PMID: 23382785 PMCID: PMC3563080 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional movement of cells in the human body is orchestrated via chemokines. This migration was initially identified in pathological and immunological processes but quickly extended to homeostatic cell trafficking. One such chemokine is the ubiquitous CXCL12 (initially called SDF1-α) which signals via the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. In the last decade CXCL12 was recognized to participate not only in embryonic development and homeostatic maintenance, but also in progression of inflammation. A role for CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 in inflammatory bowel diseases was recently shown. The current review discusses up to date knowledge of CXCL12 in inflammation, focusing on the involvement of CXCL12 and its receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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60
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ZHANG HAIFENG, ZHONG WANE, ZHOU GUOXIONG, DING XIAOLING, CHEN HAIQING. Expression of chemokine CCL20 in ulcerative colitis. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1255-60. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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61
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Jamieson T, Clarke M, Steele CW, Samuel MS, Neumann J, Jung A, Huels D, Olson MF, Das S, Nibbs RJ, Sansom OJ. Inhibition of CXCR2 profoundly suppresses inflammation-driven and spontaneous tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3127-44. [PMID: 22922255 PMCID: PMC3428079 DOI: 10.1172/jci61067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR2 is a key mediator of neutrophil migration that also plays a role in tumor development. However, CXCR2 influences tumors through multiple mechanisms and might promote or inhibit tumor development depending on context. Here, we used several mouse models of spontaneous and inflammation-driven neoplasia to define indispensable roles for CXCR2 in benign and malignant tumors. CXCR2-activating chemokines were part of the secretome of cultured primary benign intestinal adenomas (ApcMin/+) and highly expressed by all tumors in all models. CXCR2 deficiency profoundly suppressed inflammation-driven tumorigenesis in skin and intestine as well as spontaneous adenocarcinoma formation in a model of invasive intestinal adenocarcinoma (AhCreER;Apcfl/+;Ptenfl/fl mice). Pepducin-mediated CXCR2 inhibition reduced tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice. Ly6G+ neutrophils were the dominant source of CXCR2 in blood, and CXCR2 deficiency attenuated neutrophil recruitment. Moreover, systemic Ly6G+ cell depletion purged CXCR2-dependent tumor-associated leukocytes, suppressed established skin tumor growth and colitis-associated tumorigenesis, and reduced ApcMin/+ adenoma formation. CXCR2 is thus a potent protumorigenic chemokine receptor that directs recruitment of tumor-promoting leukocytes into tissues during tumor-inducing and tumor-driven inflammation. Similar leukocyte populations were also found in human intestinal adenomas, which suggests that CXCR2 antagonists may have therapeutic and prophylactic potential in the treatment of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenoma/chemically induced
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Inbred Strains
- Azoxymethane
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Colitis/chemically induced
- Colitis/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Contact/pathology
- Dextran Sulfate
- Gene Expression
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophils/enzymology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Papilloma/chemically induced
- Papilloma/metabolism
- Papilloma/pathology
- Peroxidase/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/chemically induced
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
- Tumor Burden
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jamieson
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mairi Clarke
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Colin W. Steele
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael S. Samuel
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - David Huels
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael F. Olson
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sudipto Das
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert J.B. Nibbs
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
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STAT3 genotypic variation and cellular STAT3 activation and colon leukocyte recruitment in pediatric Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 55:32-43. [PMID: 22197944 PMCID: PMC3996847 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e318246be78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genotypic variation in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) increases risk for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and STAT3-dependent inflammatory networks are induced in the colon in these patients. We hypothesized that STAT3 "A" risk allele carriage would be associated with increased cellular STAT3 activation and colon leukocyte recruitment. METHODS Colonic expression of genes regulating STAT3 signaling and leukocyte recruitment and function was measured in pediatric patients with Crohn disease (CD) stratified by STAT3 genotype. The frequency of colonic pSTAT3* and CXCR2* neutrophils was determined using immunohistochemistry. STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation (pSTAT3) was measured in circulating leukocytes by flow cytometry, and mechanisms regulating STAT3 activation were tested in IBD Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphocytes (EBL). RESULTS Colonic expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), the STAT3 target gene SOCS3, the neutrophil chemoattractants IL-8, CXCL1, and CXCL3, and the neutrophil products S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 were increased in patients carrying the STAT3 "A" risk allele. The frequency of neutrophils expressing the cognate receptor for IL-8, CXCR2, was increased in colonic biopsies from patients carrying the risk allele, and the frequency of pSTAT3* or CXCR2* neutrophils correlated with histologic severity. The frequency of CD4 lymphocytes and granulocytes expressing pSTAT3 was increased in patients carrying the STAT3 "A" risk allele. EBLs from patients carrying the STAT3 "A" risk allele exhibited increased basal and IL-6-stimulated STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, increased transcription of STAT3 and SOCS3 after IL-6 stimulation, and increased membrane localization of the IL-6 receptor, GP130, and Janus-associated kinase 2. CONCLUSIONS The STAT3 "A" risk allele is associated with increased cellular STAT3 activation and upregulation of pathways that promote recruitment of CXCR2* neutrophils to the gut.
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63
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Schmidt EP, Lee WL, Zemans RL, Yamashita C, Downey GP. On, around, and through: neutrophil-endothelial interactions in innate immunity. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 26:334-47. [PMID: 22013192 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript will review our current understanding of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil) interactions with the endothelium during immune and inflammatory responses, focusing on the molecular mechanisms regulating neutrophil adhesion to and migration through the endothelium in response to infection or tissue injury. This is a complex and dynamic area of research and one that has been the topic of several recent comprehensive reviews to which the interested reader is referred (64, 118, 131). By design, this review will begin with a brief review of some basic aspects of neutrophil biology and endothelial adhesion to provide a foundation. The remainder of the review will focus on selected areas of this complex field, specifically the role of the endothelial glycocalyx in regulating neutrophil adhesion and the mechanisms and consequences of migration of neutrophils between (paracellular) and through (transcellular) endothelial cells during egress from the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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64
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Stillie RM, Sapp HL, Stadnyk AW. TNFR1 Deficiency Protects Mice from Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Coupled with a Decreased Level of Oxidative Damage in the Colon: Implications for Anti-TNF Therapy of Unremitting Colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2012.326119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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65
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Neutrophil infiltration of the colon is independent of the FPR1 yet FPR1 deficient mice show differential susceptibilities to acute versus chronic induced colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1802-12. [PMID: 22383080 PMCID: PMC3383957 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for formylated peptides, formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), potently activates and serves as a chemoattractant receptor for neutrophils. AIM Given the abundance of neutrophils in the inflamed colon, our aim was to determine if the FPR1 mediates colonic neutrophil migration, using the dextran sodium sulfate (DDS)-induced model of colitis. METHODS Formyl peptide receptor 1 gene-deficient mice were administered DDS in drinking water for a single 5-day period (acute) or in two 5-day periods separated by 16 days (chronic). At the end of the treatment their colons were excised, measured, and prepared for histological evaluation. RESULTS FPR1(-/-) mice experienced less severe acute colonic pathology than C57BL/6 (wildtype) mice. The opposite was observed following the second colitis cycle, with FPR1(-/-) mice developing worse pathology than wildtype mice. Both strains had similar numbers of infiltrating neutrophils in ulcerated areas of the colon after a single DSS cycle, but FPR1(-/-) mice had significantly more neutrophils in the ulcerated mucosa after two cycles. There was no difference in the capacity of neutrophils from each strain to migrate to chemoattractants. Since the FPR1(-/-) mice had larger ulcers compared to the wildtype mice, we propose that the FPR1(-/-) mice failed to recover at the same rate as wildtype mice. This apparent difference in restitution could not be attributed to observable differences in annexin A1. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that neutrophil migration into the inflamed mouse colon does not depend on FPR1 but that FPR1 contributes in other pathological mechanisms that are harmful during acute inflammation but protective during chronic inflammation.
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66
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Wu Y, Wang S, Farooq SM, Castelvetere MP, Hou Y, Gao JL, Navarro JV, Oupicky D, Sun F, Li C. A chemokine receptor CXCR2 macromolecular complex regulates neutrophil functions in inflammatory diseases. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:5744-55. [PMID: 22203670 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.315762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in a wide range of human diseases such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, arteriosclerosis, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. Neutrophilic accumulation in the inflamed tissues is an essential component of normal host defense against infection, but uncontrolled neutrophilic infiltration can cause progressive damage to the tissue epithelium. The CXC chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its specific ligands have been reported to play critical roles in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory diseases. However, it is unclear how CXCR2 is coupled specifically to its downstream signaling molecules and modulates cellular functions of neutrophils. Here we show that the PDZ scaffold protein NHERF1 couples CXCR2 to its downstream effector phospholipase C (PLC)-β2, forming a macromolecular complex, through a PDZ-based interaction. We assembled a macromolecular complex of CXCR2·NHERF1·PLC-β2 in vitro, and we also detected such a complex in neutrophils by co-immunoprecipitation. We further observed that the CXCR2-containing macromolecular complex is critical for the CXCR2-mediated intracellular calcium mobilization and the resultant migration and infiltration of neutrophils, as disrupting the complex with a cell permeant CXCR2-specific peptide (containing the PDZ motif) inhibited intracellular calcium mobilization, chemotaxis, and transepithelial migration of neutrophils. Taken together, our data demonstrate a critical role of the PDZ-dependent CXCR2 macromolecular signaling complex in regulating neutrophil functions and suggest that targeting the CXCR2 multiprotein complex may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for certain inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Schicho R, Bashashati M, Bawa M, McHugh D, Saur D, Hu HM, Zimmer A, Lutz B, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB, McCafferty DM, Sharkey KA, Storr M. The atypical cannabinoid O-1602 protects against experimental colitis and inhibits neutrophil recruitment. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1651-64. [PMID: 21744421 PMCID: PMC3116968 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids are known to reduce intestinal inflammation. Atypical cannabinoids produce pharmacological effects via unidentified targets. We were interested in whether the atypical cannabinoid O-1602, reportedly an agonist of the putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55, reduces disease severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6N and CD1 mice. METHODS DSS (2.5% and 4%) was supplied in drinking water for 1 week while TNBS (4 mg) was applied as a single intrarectal bolus. RESULTS Both treatments caused severe colitis. Injection of O-1602 (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) significantly reduced macroscopic and histological colitis scores, and myeloperoxidase activity. The protective effect was still present in cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB₁) and 2 (CB₂) double knockout mice and mice lacking the GPR55 gene. To investigate a potential mechanism underlying the protection by O-1602 we performed neutrophil chemotactic assays. O-1602 concentration-dependently inhibited migration of murine neutrophils to keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), and the N-formyl-peptide receptor ligand WKYMVm. The inhibitory effect of O-1602 was preserved in neutrophils from CB₁/CB₂ double knockout and GPR55 knockout mice. No differences were seen in locomotor activity between O-1602-treated and control mice, indicating lack of central sedation by this compound. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that O-1602 is protective against experimentally induced colitis and inhibits neutrophil recruitment independently of CB₁, CB₂, and GPR55 receptors. Thus, atypical cannabinoids represent a novel class of therapeutics that may be useful for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (III), Alberta, Canada,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Mohammad Bashashati
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and III, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Misha Bawa
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Douglas McHugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Huang-Ming Hu
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and III, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada,Division of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan, China
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Donna-Marie McCafferty
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Keith A. Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and III, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Martin Storr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (III), Alberta, Canada
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68
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Muise AM, Walters T, Xu W, Shen-Tu G, Guo CH, Fattouh R, Lam GY, Wolters VM, Bennitz J, Van Limbergen J, Renbaum P, Kasirer Y, Ngan BY, Turner D, Denson LA, Sherman PM, Duerr RH, Cho J, Lees CW, Satsangi J, Wilson DC, Paterson AD, Griffiths AM, Glogauer M, Silverberg MS, Brumell JH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms that increase expression of the guanosine triphosphatase RAC1 are associated with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:633-41. [PMID: 21684284 PMCID: PMC3152589 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS RAC1 is a guanosine triphosphatase that has an evolutionarily conserved role in coordinating immune defenses, from plants to mammals. Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with dysregulation of immune defenses. We studied the role of RAC1 in inflammatory bowel diseases using human genetic and functional studies and animal models of colitis. METHODS We used a candidate gene approach to HapMap-Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in a discovery cohort; findings were confirmed in 2 additional cohorts. RAC1 messenger RNA expression was examined from peripheral blood cells of patients. Colitis was induced in mice with conditional disruption of Rac1 in phagocytes by administration of dextran sulfate sodium. RESULTS We observed a genetic association between RAC1 with ulcerative colitis in a discovery cohort, 2 independent replication cohorts, and in combined analysis for the single nucleotide polymorphisms rs10951982 (P(combined UC) = 3.3 × 10(-8), odds ratio = 1.43 [95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.63]) and rs4720672 (P(combined UC) = 4.7 × 10(-6), odds ratio = 1.36 [95% confidence interval: 1.19-1.58]). Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who had the rs10951982 risk allele had increased expression of RAC1 compared to those without this allele. Conditional disruption of Rac1 in macrophage and neutrophils of mice protected against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS Human studies and knockout mice demonstrated a role for the guanosine triphosphatase RAC1 in the development of ulcerative colitis; increased expression of RAC1 was associated with susceptibility to colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleixo M Muise
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Thomas Walters
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Wei Xu
- Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, 5-507, Princess Margaret Hospital 610 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9
| | - Grace Shen-Tu
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Cong-Hui Guo
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Ramzi Fattouh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Grace Y Lam
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto
| | - Victorien M Wolters
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Joshua Bennitz
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Johan Van Limbergen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Paul Renbaum
- Genetic Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, P.O.B 3235, Jerusalem 91031
| | - Yair Kasirer
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, P.O.B 3235, Jerusalem 91031
| | - Bo-Yee Ngan
- Department of Pathology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto
| | - Dan Turner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, P.O.B 3235, Jerusalem 91031
| | - Lee A Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Fellowship Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center MLC 2010 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Philip M Sherman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | - Richard H Duerr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian, Mezzanine Level, C-Wing, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Judy Cho
- Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Yale University
| | - Charlie W Lees
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Jack Satsangi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - David C Wilson
- Child Life and Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | | | - Anne M Griffiths
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
| | | | - Mark S Silverberg
- Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Disease Group, University of Toronto Group, Dr. Zane Cohen Digestive Diseases Clinical Research Centre, 600 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5
| | - John H Brumell
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto
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Koelink PJ, Overbeek SA, Braber S, de Kruijf P, Folkerts G, Smit MJ, Kraneveld AD. Targeting chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory diseases: an extensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:1-18. [PMID: 21839114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The traffic of the different types of immune cells is an important aspect in the immune response. Chemokines are soluble peptides that are able to attract cells by interaction with chemokine receptors on their target cells. Several different chemokines and receptors exist enabling the specific trafficking of different immune cells. In chronic inflammatory disorders there is abundance of immune cells present at the inflammatory site. This review focuses on the role of chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory disorders of the lungs, intestine, joints, skin and nervous system and the potential of targeting these receptors as therapeutic intervention in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J Koelink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Larmonier C, Midura-Kiela M, Ramalingam R, Laubitz D, Janikashvili N, Larmonier N, Ghishan F, Kiela P. Modulation of neutrophil motility by curcumin: implications for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:503-15. [PMID: 20629184 PMCID: PMC2958245 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils (PMN) are the first cells recruited at the site of inflammation. They play a key role in the innate immune response by recognizing, ingesting, and eliminating pathogens and participate in the orientation of the adaptive immune responses. However, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) transepithelial neutrophil migration leads to an impaired epithelial barrier function, perpetuation of inflammation, and tissue destruction via oxidative and proteolytic damage. Curcumin (diferulolylmethane) displays a protective role in mouse models of IBD and in human ulcerative colitis, a phenomenon consistently accompanied by a reduced mucosal neutrophil infiltration. METHODS We investigated the effect of curcumin on mouse and human neutrophil polarization and motility in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Curcumin attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated expression and secretion of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), and MIP-1α in colonic epithelial cells (CECs) and in macrophages. Curcumin significantly inhibited PMN chemotaxis against MIP-2, KC, or against conditioned media from LPS-treated macrophages or CEC, a well as the IL-8-mediated chemotaxis of human neutrophils. At nontoxic concentrations, curcumin inhibited random neutrophil migration, suggesting a direct effect on neutrophil chemokinesis. Curcumin-mediated inhibition of PMN motility could be attributed to a downregulation of PI3K activity, AKT phosphorylation, and F-actin polymerization at the leading edge. The inhibitory effect of curcumin on neutrophil motility was further demonstrated in vivo in a model of aseptic peritonitis. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that curcumin interferes with colonic inflammation partly through inhibition of the chemokine expression and through direct inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis and chemokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.B. Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - M.T. Midura-Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - R. Ramalingam
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - D. Laubitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - N. Janikashvili
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - N. Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - F.K. Ghishan
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - P.R. Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
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71
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Induction and activation of adaptive immune populations during acute and chronic phases of a murine model of experimental colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:79-89. [PMID: 20467900 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) is commonly used to induce intestinal inflammation in rodents. Despite its continuing importance as a model system for examining IBD pathogenesis, the mucosal and systemic immune responses have not been comprehensively documented. AIMS The purpose of this study was to dissect functional and phenotypic changes in both immune compartments associated with acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 3% DSS for 6 days followed by 20 days of water, and organs (spleens, MLN and colons) were harvested during both acute and chronic phases of colitis to examine innate and adaptive cell populations. RESULTS As early as 1 day post DSS, significant changes in the percentage, distribution and activation status of all innate cell populations examined were noted. These striking differences continued in systemic and mucosal lymphoid tissues throughout the acute phase (days 5-12). Significantly, during the late acute and chronic phases T and B cells accumulated in the colon. In contrast, in the spleens of chronically inflamed mice T and B cells were significantly decreased whereas neutrophils, macrophages, and IL-6 and IL-17 positive cells were increased. CONCLUSIONS Our data provides important insights into the mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by DSS administration. Notably, we show that adaptive immune responses are induced during both acute and chronic colitis. This will facilitate a more informed and sophisticated use of this model both for investigating basic mechanisms of intestinal inflammation and for the evaluation of potential new therapeutic agents for IBD.
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Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased numbers of human tryptase-β (hTryptase-β)-positive mast cells (MCs) in the gastrointestinal tract. The amino acid sequence of mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-6 is most similar to that of hTryptase-β. We therefore hypothesized that this mMCP, or the related tryptase mMCP-7, might have a prominent proinflammatory role in experimental colitis. The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis models were used to evaluate the differences between C57BL/6 (B6) mouse lines that differ in their expression of mMCP-6 and mMCP-7 with regard to weight loss, colon histopathology, and endoscopy scores. Microarray analyses were performed, and confirmatory real-time PCR, ELISA, and/or immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on a number of differentially expressed cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The mMCP-6-null mice that had been exposed to DSS had significantly less weight loss as well as significantly lower pathology and endoscopy scores than similarly treated mMCP-6-expressing mice. This difference in colitis severity was confirmed endoscopically in the TNBS-treated mice. Evaluation of the distal colon segments revealed that numerous proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines that preferentially attract neutrophils, and MMPs that participate in the remodeling of the ECM were all markedly increased in the colons of DSS-treated WT mice relative to untreated WT mice and DSS-treated mMCP-6-null mice. Collectively, our data show that mMCP-6 (but not mMCP-7) is an essential MC-restricted mediator in chemically induced colitis and that this tryptase acts upstream of many of the factors implicated in IBD.
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73
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Jiang GL, Im WB, Donde Y, Wheeler LA. Comparison of Prostaglandin E 2 Receptor Subtype 4 Agonist and Sulfasalazine in Mouse Colitis Prevention and Treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:546-552. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.173252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Kobayashi Y. The regulatory role of nitric oxide in proinflammatory cytokine expression during the induction and resolution of inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1157-62. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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75
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Stadnyk AW. When expression is not enough: the evolving thoughts on Fas/FasL and epithelial cell apoptosis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1061-2. [PMID: 20027648 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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76
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Melgar S, Shanahan F. Inflammatory bowel disease—From mechanisms to treatment strategies. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:463-77. [DOI: 10.3109/08916931003674709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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77
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Im E, Choi YJ, Kim CH, Fiocchi C, Pothoulakis C, Rhee SH. The angiogenic effect of probiotic Bacillus polyfermenticus on human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells is mediated by IL-8. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G999-G1008. [PMID: 20501448 PMCID: PMC2777460 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00204.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is required for wound healing and repair, but dysregulated angiogenesis is involved in gastrointestinal inflammation. Bacillus polyfermenticus (B.P.) is a probiotic bacterium clinically used for a variety of intestinal disorders in East Asia. Here we investigated the effect of B.P. on angiogenesis of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMECs) and wound healing in intestinal mucosa. Exposure of HIMECs to the conditioned medium of B.P. cultures (B.P. CM) increased cell migration, permeability, and tube formation. Production of the proangiogenic cytokine IL-8 was increased by B.P. CM, and neutralizing antibodies against IL-8 or IL-8 receptor CXCR2 reduced tube formation as well as actin stress fiber formation. B.P. CM also increased NF-kappaB activation, and inhibitors of NF-kappaB suppressed B.P. CM-induced tube formation and IL-8 production. Furthermore, B.P. facilitated recovery of mice from colitis as shown by increased body weight and reduced rectal bleeding and histological severity. B.P. also increased angiogenesis and mouse IL-8 production in the mucosal layer. Collectively, these results show that B.P. increases angiogenesis of HIMECs in a NF-kappaB/IL-8/CXCR2-dependent manner. Moreover, B.P. promotes angiogenesis in the mucosa during recovery of mice from colitis, suggesting that this probiotic may be clinically used to facilitate intestinal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunok Im
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Yoon Jeong Choi
- 1Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- 1Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- 2The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- 1Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- 1Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
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Stillie R, Farooq SM, Gordon JR, Stadnyk AW. The functional significance behind expressing two IL-8 receptor types on PMN. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:529-43. [PMID: 19564575 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PMN are critical to innate immunity and are fundamental to antibacterial defense. To localize to sites of infection, PMN possess receptors that detect chemoattractant stimuli elicited at the site, such as chemokines, complement split products, or bioactive lipids. Signaling through these receptors stimulates chemotaxis toward the site of infection but also activates a number of biochemical processes, with the result that PMN kill invading bacteria. PMN possess two receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, for the N-terminal ELR motif-containing CXC chemokines, although only two chemokine members bind both receptors and the remainder binding only CXCR2. This peculiar pattern in receptor specificity has drawn considerable interest and investigation into whether signaling through each receptor might impart unique properties on the PMN. Indeed, at first glance, CXCR1 and CXCR2 appear to be functionally redundant; however, there are differences. Considering these proinflammatory activities of activating PMN through chemokine receptors, there has been great interest in the possibility that blocking CXCR1 and CXCR2 on PMN will provide a therapeutic benefit. The literature examining CXCR1 and CXCR2 in PMN function during human and modeled diseases will be reviewed, asking whether the functional differences can be perceived based on alterations in the role PMN play in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- RoseMarie Stillie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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