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Perillo B, Tramontano A, Pezone A, Migliaccio A. LSD1: more than demethylation of histone lysine residues. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1936-1947. [PMID: 33318631 PMCID: PMC8080763 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) represents the first example of an identified nuclear protein with histone demethylase activity. In particular, it plays a special role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, as it removes methyl groups from mono- and dimethylated lysine 4 and/or lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2), behaving as a repressor or activator of gene expression, respectively. Moreover, it has been recently found to demethylate monomethylated and dimethylated lysine 20 in histone H4 and to contribute to the balance of several other methylated lysine residues in histone H3 (i.e., H3K27, H3K36, and H3K79). Furthermore, in recent years, a plethora of nonhistone proteins have been detected as targets of LSD1 activity, suggesting that this demethylase is a fundamental player in the regulation of multiple pathways triggered in several cellular processes, including cancer progression. In this review, we analyze the molecular mechanism by which LSD1 displays its dual effect on gene expression (related to the specific lysine target), placing final emphasis on the use of pharmacological inhibitors of its activity in future clinical studies to fight cancer. Further research into the complex structure and behavior of an enzyme involved in gene regulation could improve future cancer therapies. The modification of chromosomal proteins known as histones can fundamentally change gene expression and influence the progression of diseases such as cancer. Bruno Perillo at the Italian National Research Council, Naples, Italy, and co-workers reviewed understanding of the structurally complex enzyme lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 A (LSD1), which interacts with multiple targets including histones. LSD1 removes methyl groups from histones, fine-tuning gene expression and influencing protein activity. The overexpression of LSD1 is linked to cancer development, particularly in aggressive cancers, and inhibiting LSD1 has shown promise in slowing progression and cancer spread. The researchers call for further research into the complexities of LSD1 activity, both in cancers and normal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Perillo
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore" C.N.R, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche Università Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
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van den Berk P, Lancini C, Company C, Serresi M, Sanchez-Bailon MP, Hulsman D, Pritchard C, Song JY, Schmitt MJ, Tanger E, Popp O, Mertins P, Huijbers IJ, Jacobs H, van Lohuizen M, Gargiulo G, Citterio E. USP15 Deubiquitinase Safeguards Hematopoiesis and Genome Integrity in Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Leukemia Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108533. [PMID: 33378683 PMCID: PMC7788286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Altering ubiquitination by disruption of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) affects hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance. However, comprehensive knowledge of DUB function during hematopoiesis in vivo is lacking. Here, we systematically inactivate DUBs in mouse hematopoietic progenitors using in vivo small hairpin RNA (shRNA) screens. We find that multiple DUBs may be individually required for hematopoiesis and identify ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15) as essential for HSC maintenance in vitro and in transplantations and Usp15 knockout (KO) mice in vivo. USP15 is highly expressed in human hematopoietic tissues and leukemias. USP15 depletion in murine progenitors and leukemia cells impairs in vitro expansion and increases genotoxic stress. In leukemia cells, USP15 interacts with and stabilizes FUS (fused in sarcoma), a known DNA repair factor, directly linking USP15 to the DNA damage response (DDR). Our study underscores the importance of DUBs in preserving normal hematopoiesis and uncovers USP15 as a critical DUB in safeguarding genome integrity in HSCs and leukemia cells. In vivo shRNAs screens for deubiquitinases identify regulators of murine hematopoiesis Usp15 deletion compromises HSC maintenance and reconstitution potential in vivo USP15 loss affects genome integrity and growth of mHSPCs and human leukemia cells In human leukemia cells, USP15 stabilizes its interactor, FUS, a DNA repair factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul van den Berk
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Cesare Lancini
- Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Company
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michela Serresi
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Danielle Hulsman
- Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands; ONCODE Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Colin Pritchard
- Transgenic Core Facility, Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA), the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Division of Experimental Animal Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Jürgen Schmitt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Tanger
- Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Popp
- Proteomics Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Berlin Institute of Health, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Proteomics Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Berlin Institute of Health, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo J Huijbers
- Transgenic Core Facility, Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA), the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands; ONCODE Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gaetano Gargiulo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elisabetta Citterio
- Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands; ONCODE Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Takahashi S. Current Understandings of Myeloid Differentiation Inducers in Leukemia Therapy. Acta Haematol 2020; 144:380-388. [PMID: 33221808 DOI: 10.1159/000510980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy using all-trans retinoic acid for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is well established. Several attempts have been made to treat non-APL, AML patients by employing differentiation inducers, such as hypomethylating agents (HMAs), and low-dose cytarabine (Ara-C) (LDAC), with encouraging results. Other than HMAs and LDAC, various inducers of myeloid cell differentiation have been identified. This review describes and categorizes these inducers, which include glycosylation modifiers, epigenetic modifiers, vitamin derivatives, cytokines, and chemotherapeutic agents. Some of these inducers are currently being used in clinical trials. I highlight the potential applications of glycosylation modifiers and epigenetic modifiers, which are attracting increasing attention in their use as differentiation therapy against AML. Among the agents described in this review, epigenomic modifiers seem particularly promising, and particular attention should also be paid to glycosylation modifiers. These drugs may signal a new era for AML differentiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Takahashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan,
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