51
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Abramavicius D, Palmieri B, Voronine DV, Šanda F, Mukamel S. Coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy of excitons in molecular aggregates; quasiparticle versus supermolecule perspectives. Chem Rev 2009; 109:2350-408. [PMID: 19432416 PMCID: PMC2975548 DOI: 10.1021/cr800268n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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52
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Wu Q, Werley CA, Lin KH, Dorn A, Bawendi MG, Nelson KA. Quantitative phase contrast imaging of THz electric fields in a dielectric waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:9219-9225. [PMID: 19466172 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.009219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We apply phase contrast imaging to enable, sharply focused visualization of terahertz waves in electro-optic media. The approach allows quantitative characterization of THz waves in the 60 GHz - 4.5 THz frequency range in a thin dielectric slab and in-focus observation of THz waves in polaritonic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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53
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Kupka D, Schlup P, Bartels RA. Simplified ultrafast pulse shaper for tailored polarization states using a birefringent prism. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:053110. [PMID: 19485495 DOI: 10.1063/1.3130046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new polarization pulse shaping method utilizing a birefringent prism as both the spectrally dispersing and polarization separating element is presented and analyzed. The method of appropriate prism design is first examined, followed by calibration technique and experimental demonstration of the pulse shaper. Using phase-only modulation by means of a spatial light modulator, we obtain near-transform limited pulses. Furthermore, a sinusoidal spectral phase imparted on the pulse is retrieved and qualitatively compares well with the theoretical target field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kupka
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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54
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Wiederhecker GS, Brenn A, Fragnito HL, Russell PSJ. Coherent control of ultrahigh-frequency acoustic resonances in photonic crystal fibers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:203903. [PMID: 18518538 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.203903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh frequency acoustic resonances (approximately 2 GHz) trapped within the glass core (approximately 1 microm diameter) of a photonic crystal fiber are selectively excited through electrostriction using laser pulses of duration 100 ps and energy 500 pJ. Using precisely timed sequences of such driving pulses, we achieve coherent control of the acoustic resonances by constructive or destructive interference, demonstrating both enhancement and suppression of the vibrations. A sequence of 27 resonantly-timed pulses provides a 100-fold increase in the amplitude of the vibrational mode. The results are explained and interpreted using a semianalytical theory, and supported by precise numerical simulations of the complex light-matter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Wiederhecker
- Max-Planck Research Group (IOIP), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Guenther-Scharowsky Str. 1/Bau 24, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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55
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Durach M, Rusina A, Stockman MI, Nelson K. Toward full spatiotemporal control on the nanoscale. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:3145-9. [PMID: 17727301 DOI: 10.1021/nl071718g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an approach to implement full coherent control on nanometer length scales. It is based on spatiotemporal modulation of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) fields at the thick edge of a nanowedge. The SPP wavepackets propagating toward the sharp edge of this nanowedge are compressed and adiabatically concentrated at a nanofocus, forming an ultrashort pulse of local fields. The profile of the focused waveform as a function of time and one spatial dimension is completely coherently controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Durach
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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56
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Frumker E, Silberberg Y. Femtosecond pulse shaping using a two-dimensional liquid-crystal spatial light modulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2007; 32:1384-6. [PMID: 17546129 DOI: 10.1364/ol.32.001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a programmable, high-rate scanning femtosecond pulse shaper based on a two-dimensional liquid crystal on a silicon spatial light modulator (SLM). While horizontal resolution of 1920 addressable pixels provides superior fidelity for generating complex waveforms, scanning across the vertical dimension (1080 pixels) has been used to facilitate at least 3 orders of magnitude speed increase as compared with typical liquid-crystal SLM-based pulse shapers. An update rate in excess of 100 kHz is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Frumker
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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57
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Amir W, Planchon TA, Durfee CG, Squier JA. Complete characterization of a spatiotemporal pulse shaper with two-dimensional Fourier transform spectral interferometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2007; 32:939-41. [PMID: 17375160 DOI: 10.1364/ol.32.000939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal pulse shaping is characterized with two-dimensional Fourier transform spectral interferometry. A deformable-mirror-based bidimensional pulse shaper is used to create simple spatiotemporal structures on a femtosecond pulse, structures that are directly calculated from the measured spatiospectral phases and intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Amir
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
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58
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Aeschlimann M, Bauer M, Bayer D, Brixner T, García de Abajo FJ, Pfeiffer W, Rohmer M, Spindler C, Steeb F. Adaptive subwavelength control of nano-optical fields. Nature 2007; 446:301-4. [PMID: 17361179 DOI: 10.1038/nature05595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive shaping of the phase and amplitude of femtosecond laser pulses has been developed into an efficient tool for the directed manipulation of interference phenomena, thus providing coherent control over various quantum-mechanical systems. Temporal resolution in the femtosecond or even attosecond range has been demonstrated, but spatial resolution is limited by diffraction to approximately half the wavelength of the light field (that is, several hundred nanometres). Theory has indicated that the spatial limitation to coherent control can be overcome with the illumination of nanostructures: the spatial near-field distribution was shown to depend on the linear chirp of an irradiating laser pulse. An extension of this idea to adaptive control, combining multiparameter pulse shaping with a learning algorithm, demonstrated the generation of user-specified optical near-field distributions in an optimal and flexible fashion. Shaping of the polarization of the laser pulse provides a particularly efficient and versatile nano-optical manipulation method. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of this concept experimentally, by tailoring the optical near field in the vicinity of silver nanostructures through adaptive polarization shaping of femtosecond laser pulses and then probing the lateral field distribution by two-photon photoemission electron microscopy. In this combination of adaptive control and nano-optics, we achieve subwavelength dynamic localization of electromagnetic intensity on the nanometre scale and thus overcome the spatial restrictions of conventional optics. This experimental realization of theoretical suggestions opens a number of perspectives in coherent control, nano-optics, nonlinear spectroscopy, and other research fields in which optical investigations are carried out with spatial or temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Aeschlimann
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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59
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Kubo A, Pontius N, Petek H. Femtosecond microscopy of surface plasmon polariton wave packet evolution at the silver/vacuum interface. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:470-5. [PMID: 17298016 DOI: 10.1021/nl0627846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A movie of the dispersive and dissipative propagation of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) wave packets at a silver/vacuum interface is recorded by the interferometric time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy with 60 nm spatial resolution and 330 as frame interval. The evolution of SPP wave packets is imaged through a two-path interference created by a pair of 10 fs phase correlated pump-probe light pulses at 400 nm. The wave packet evolution is simulated using the complex dielectric function of silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kubo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Petersen Institute for NanoScience and Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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60
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Nuernberger P, Vogt G, Brixner T, Gerber G. Femtosecond quantum control of molecular dynamics in the condensed phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2470-97. [PMID: 17508081 DOI: 10.1039/b618760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the progress in controlling quantum dynamical processes in the condensed phase with femtosecond laser pulses. Due to its high particle density the condensed phase has both high relevance and appeal for chemical synthesis. Thus, in recent years different methods have been developed to manipulate the dynamics of condensed-phase systems by changing one or multiple laser pulse parameters. Single-parameter control is often achieved by variation of the excitation pulse's wavelength, its linear chirp or its temporal subpulse separation in case of pulse sequences. Multiparameter control schemes are more flexible and provide a much larger parameter space for an optimal solution. This is realized in adaptive femtosecond quantum control, in which the optimal solution is iteratively obtained through the combination of an experimental feedback signal and an automated learning algorithm. Several experiments are presented that illustrate the different control concepts and highlight their broad applicability. These fascinating achievements show the continuous progress on the way towards the control of complex quantum reactions in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nuernberger
- Universität Würzburg, Physikalisches Institut, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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61
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Hergenröder R, Miclea M, Hommes V. Controlling semiconductor nanoparticle size distributions with tailored ultrashort pulses. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 17:4065-4071. [PMID: 21727539 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/16/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The laser generation of size-controlled semiconductor nanoparticle formation under gas phase conditions is investigated. It is shown that the size distribution can be changed if picosecond pulse sequences of tailored ultra short laser pulses (<200 fs) are employed. By delivering the laser energy in small packages, a temporal energy flux control at the target surface is achieved, which results in the control of the thermodynamic pathway the material takes. The concept is tested with silicon and germanium, both materials with a predictable response to double pulse sequences, which allows deduction of the materials' response to complicated pulse sequences. An automatic, adaptive learning algorithm was employed to demonstrate a future strategy that enables the definition of more complex optimization targets such as particle size on materials less predictable than semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hergenröder
- ISAS-Institute for Analytical Sciences, Material Analysis, Bunsen-Kichhoff Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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62
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Cavalleri A, Wall S, Simpson C, Statz E, Ward DW, Nelson KA, Rini M, Schoenlein RW. Tracking the motion of charges in a terahertz light field by femtosecond X-ray diffraction. Nature 2006; 442:664-6. [PMID: 16900195 DOI: 10.1038/nature05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In condensed matter, light propagation near resonances is described in terms of polaritons, electro-mechanical excitations in which the time-dependent electric field is coupled to the oscillation of charged masses. This description underpins our understanding of the macroscopic optical properties of solids, liquids and plasmas, as well as of their dispersion with frequency. In ferroelectric materials, terahertz radiation propagates by driving infrared-active lattice vibrations, resulting in phonon-polariton waves. Electro-optic sampling with femtosecond optical pulses can measure the time-dependent electrical polarization, providing a phase-sensitive analogue to optical Raman scattering. Here we use femtosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction, a phase-sensitive analogue to inelastic X-ray scattering, to measure the corresponding displacements of ions in ferroelectric lithium tantalate, LiTaO(3). Amplitude and phase of all degrees of freedom in a light field are thus directly measured in the time domain. Notably, extension of other X-ray techniques to the femtosecond timescale (for example, magnetic or anomalous scattering) would allow for studies in complex systems, where electric fields couple to multiple degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cavalleri
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
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63
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Karageorgiev P, Neher D, Schulz B, Stiller B, Pietsch U, Giersig M, Brehmer L. From anisotropic photo-fluidity towards nanomanipulation in the optical near-field. NATURE MATERIALS 2005; 4:699-703. [PMID: 16113680 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An increase in random molecular vibrations of a solid owing to heating above the melting point leads to a decrease in its long-range order and a loss of structural symmetry. Therefore conventional liquids are isotropic media. Here we report on a light-induced isothermal transition of a polymer film from an isotropic solid to an anisotropic liquid state in which the degree of mechanical anisotropy can be controlled by light. Whereas during irradiation by circular polarized light the film behaves as an isotropic viscoelastic fluid, it shows considerable fluidity only in the direction parallel to the light field vector under linear polarized light. The fluidization phenomenon is related to photoinduced motion of azobenzene-functionalized molecular units, which can be effectively activated only when their transition dipole moments are oriented close to the direction of the light polarization. We also describe here how the photofluidization allows nanoscopic elements of matter to be precisely manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karageorgiev
- Institute of Physics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
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64
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Kubo A, Onda K, Petek H, Sun Z, Jung YS, Kim HK. Femtosecond imaging of surface plasmon dynamics in a nanostructured silver film. NANO LETTERS 2005; 5:1123-7. [PMID: 15943454 DOI: 10.1021/nl0506655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Light interacting with nanostructured metals excites the collective charge density fluctuations known as surface plasmons (SP). Through excitation of the localized SP eigenmodes incident light is trapped on the nanometer spatial and femtosecond temporal scales and its field is enhanced. Here we demonstrate the imaging and quantum control of SP dynamics in a nanostructured silver film. By inducing and imaging the nonlinear two-photon photoemission from the sample with a pair of identical 10-fs laser pulses while scanning the pulse delay, we record a movie of SP fields at a rate of 330-attoseconds/frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kubo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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65
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Ward DW, Beers JD, Feurer T, Statz ER, Stoyanov NS, Nelson KA. Coherent control of phonon-polaritons in a terahertz resonator fabricated with femtosecond laser machining. OPTICS LETTERS 2004; 29:2671-2673. [PMID: 15552680 DOI: 10.1364/ol.29.002671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using femtosecond laser machining, we fabricated a terahertz resonant cavity in LiNbO3. Optical pulse sequences with variable repetition rates, generated through a novel pulse-shaping method, are used for characterization of the cavity resonances and for amplification of terahertz phonon-polaritons in the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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66
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Stoyanov N, Feurer T, Ward D, Statz E, Nelson K. Direct Visualization of a Polariton Resonator in the THz Regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2004; 12:2387-2396. [PMID: 19475075 DOI: 10.1364/opex.12.002387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report fabrication of a THz phonon-polariton resonator in a single crystal of LiNbO3 using femtosecond laser machining with high energy pulses. Fundamental and overtone resonator modes are excited selectively and monitored through spatiotemporal imaging. The resonator is integrated into a single solid-state platform that can include THz generation, manipulation, readout and other functionalities.
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67
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Brixner T, Krampert G, Pfeifer T, Selle R, Gerber G, Wollenhaupt M, Graefe O, Horn C, Liese D, Baumert T. Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:208301. [PMID: 15169385 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.208301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the use of time-dependent light polarization opens a new level of control over quantum systems. With potassium dimer molecules from a supersonic molecular beam, we show that a polarization-shaped laser pulse increases the ionization yield beyond that obtained with an optimally shaped linearly polarized laser pulse. This is due to the different multiphoton ionization pathways in K2 involving dipole transitions which favor different polarization directions of the exciting laser field. This experiment is a qualitative extension of quantum control mechanisms which opens up new directions giving access to the three-dimensional temporal response of molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brixner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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68
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Dantus M, Lozovoy VV. Experimental Coherent Laser Control of Physicochemical Processes. Chem Rev 2004; 104:1813-59. [PMID: 15080713 DOI: 10.1021/cr020668r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Dantus
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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69
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Vaughan JC, Feurer T, Nelson KA. Automated spatiotemporal diffraction of ultrashort laser pulses. OPTICS LETTERS 2003; 28:2408-2410. [PMID: 14680198 DOI: 10.1364/ol.28.002408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We exploit the close similarities between time-frequency and position-wave-vector correspondences to control the spatiotemporal diffraction pattern of ultrashort laser pulses. This approach permits novel, automated generation of sophisticated two-dimensional femtosecond waveforms. A two-dimensional space-time version of a Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm is used to iteratively determine the phase pattern in position-frequency space that produces a user-defined intensity profile in wave-vector-time space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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