51
|
Heuser BJ, Trinkle DR, Jalarvo N, Serio J, Schiavone EJ, Mamontov E, Tyagi M. Direct measurement of hydrogen dislocation pipe diffusion in deformed polycrystalline Pd using quasielastic neutron scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:025504. [PMID: 25062206 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.025504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The temperature-dependent diffusivity D(T) of hydrogen solute atoms trapped at dislocations-dislocation pipe diffusion of hydrogen-in deformed polycrystalline PdH(x) (x∼10(-3) [H]/[Pd]) has been quantified with quasielastic neutron scattering between 150 and 400 K. We observe diffusion coefficients for trapped hydrogen elevated by one to two orders of magnitude above bulk diffusion. Arrhenius diffusion behavior has been observed for dislocation pipe diffusion and regular bulk diffusion, the latter in well-annealed polycrystalline Pd. For regular bulk diffusion of hydrogen in Pd we find D(T)=D(0)exp(-E(a)/kT)=0.005exp(-0.23 eV/kT) cm(2)/s, in agreement with the known diffusivity of hydrogen in Pd. For hydrogen dislocation pipe diffusion we find D(T)≃10(-5)exp(-E(a)/kT) cm(2)/s, where E(a)=0.042 and 0.083 eV for concentrations of 0.52×10(-3) and 1.13×10(-3)[H]/[Pd], respectively. Ab initio computations provide a physical basis for the pipe diffusion pathway and confirm the reduced barrier height.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Heuser
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Dallas R Trinkle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Niina Jalarvo
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA and Juelich Centre for Neutron Science, Outstation at the Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Joseph Serio
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Emily J Schiavone
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eugene Mamontov
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Nie A, Gan LY, Cheng Y, Asayesh-Ardakani H, Li Q, Dong C, Tao R, Mashayek F, Wang HT, Schwingenschlögl U, Klie RF, Yassar RS. Atomic-scale observation of lithiation reaction front in nanoscale SnO2 materials. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6203-6211. [PMID: 23730945 DOI: 10.1021/nn402125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, taking advantage of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we show that the dynamic lithiation process of anode materials can be revealed in an unprecedented resolution. Atomically resolved imaging of the lithiation process in SnO2 nanowires illustrated that the movement, reaction, and generation of b = [1[overline]1[overline]1] mixed dislocations leading the lithiated stripes effectively facilitated lithium-ion insertion into the crystalline interior. The geometric phase analysis and density functional theory simulations indicated that lithium ions initial preference to diffuse along the [001] direction in the {200} planes of SnO2 nanowires introduced the lattice expansion and such dislocation behaviors. At the later stages of lithiation, the Li-induced amorphization of rutile SnO2 and the formation of crystalline Sn and LixSn particles in the Li2O matrix were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anmin Nie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ishii A, Li J, Ogata S. "Conjugate channeling" effect in dislocation core diffusion: carbon transport in dislocated BCC iron. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60586. [PMID: 23593255 PMCID: PMC3623912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dislocation pipe diffusion seems to be a well-established phenomenon. Here we demonstrate an unexpected effect, that the migration of interstitials such as carbon in iron may be accelerated not in the dislocation line direction , but in a conjugate diffusion direction. This accelerated random walk arises from a simple crystallographic channeling effect. is a function of the Burgers vector b, but not , thus a dislocation loop possesses the same everywhere. Using molecular dynamics and accelerated dynamics simulations, we further show that such dislocation-core-coupled carbon diffusion in iron has temperature-dependent activation enthalpy like a fragile glass. The 71° mixed dislocation is the only case in which we see straightforward pipe diffusion that does not depend on dislocation mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Ishii
- Akio Ishii Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (AI) (AI); (JL) (JL); (SO) (SO)
| | - Ju Li
- Ju Li Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AI) (AI); (JL) (JL); (SO) (SO)
| | - Shigenobu Ogata
- Shigenobu Ogata Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (AI) (AI); (JL) (JL); (SO) (SO)
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kang HK, Lee SR, Cho WI, Won Cho B. Effect of multilayer structure on cyclic performance of Si/Fe anode electrode in Lithium-ion secondary batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:1569-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42824e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
55
|
Gan B, Tin S. Rate dependence of the serrated flow in Ni-10Pd during high temperature instrumented microindentation. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2012; 100. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4712130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Instrumented indentation tests were conducted on a pure nickel and a Ni-10Pd solid solution at 450 °C with loading rates varying from 62.5 to 1000 mN/s. The load–depth curves from the pure nickel exhibited a smooth and continuous transition; while the load–depth curves from the Ni-10Pd were initially smooth and then became serrated after reaching a critical load. Increases in loading rates resulted in an earlier occurrence of the serrated flow with a higher load threshold. The mechanism responsible for the serration was delineated by accounting for the reconfiguration of dislocation substructures and the interactions between solutes and forest dislocations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gan
- Illinois Institute of Technology , 10 West 32nd Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - Sammy Tin
- Illinois Institute of Technology , 10 West 32nd Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Yilmaz A. The Portevin-Le Chatelier effect: a review of experimental findings. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2011; 12:063001. [PMID: 27877450 PMCID: PMC5090665 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/12/6/063001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect manifests itself as an unstable plastic flow during tensile tests of some dilute alloys under certain regimes of strain rate and temperature. The plastic strain becomes localized in the form of bands which move along a specimen gauge in various ways as the PLC effect occurs. Because the localization of strain causes degradation of the inherent structural properties and surface quality of materials, understanding the effect is crucial for the effective use of alloys. The characteristic behaviors of localized strain bands and techniques commonly used to study the PLC effect are summarized in this review. A brief overview of experimental findings, the effect of material properties and test parameters on the PLC effect, and some discussion on the mechanisms of the effect are included. Tests for predicting the early failure of structural materials due to embrittlement induced by the PLC effect are also discussed.
Collapse
|
57
|
Holmberg VC, Collier KA, Korgel BA. Real-time observation of impurity diffusion in silicon nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:3803-8. [PMID: 21786784 DOI: 10.1021/nl201879u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state diffusion of the transition metal impurities, gold (Au), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu), in silicon (Si) nanowires was studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Compared to diffusion in a bulk crystal, Au diffusion is extremely slow when the amount of metal is limited but significantly enhanced when an unlimited supply is available. Cu and Ni diffusion leads to rapid silicide formation but slows considerably with physical encapsulation by a volume-restricting carbon shell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C Holmberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Zhong L, Liu XH, Wang GF, Mao SX, Huang JY. Multiple-stripe lithiation mechanism of individual SnO2 nanowires in a flooding geometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:248302. [PMID: 21770606 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.248302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The atomic scale lithiation mechanism of individual SnO2 nanowires in a flooding geometry was revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The lithiation was initiated by the formation of multiple stripes with a width of a few nanometers parallel to the (020) plane traversing the entire wires, serving as multiple reaction fronts for later stages of lithiation. Inside the stripes, we identified a high density of dislocations and enlarged interplanar spacing, which provided an effective path for lithium ion transport. The density of the stripes increased with further lithiation, and eventually they merged with one another, causing a large elongation, volume expansion, and the crystalline-to-amorphous phase transformation. This lithiation mechanism characterized by multiple stripes and multiple reaction fronts was unexpected and differed completely from the expected core-shell lithiation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Wang Z, Gu L, Phillipp F, Wang JY, Jeurgens LPH, Mittemeijer EJ. Metal-catalyzed growth of semiconductor nanostructures without solubility and diffusivity constraints. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:854-859. [PMID: 21328479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201002997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zumin Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Huang JY, Zhong L, Wang CM, Sullivan JP, Xu W, Zhang LQ, Mao SX, Hudak NS, Liu XH, Subramanian A, Fan H, Qi L, Kushima A, Li J. In Situ Observation of the Electrochemical Lithiation of a Single SnO2 Nanowire Electrode. Science 2010; 330:1515-20. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1195628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1293] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the creation of a nanoscale electrochemical device inside a transmission electron microscope—consisting of a single tin dioxide (SnO2) nanowire anode, an ionic liquid electrolyte, and a bulk lithium cobalt dioxide (LiCoO2) cathode—and the in situ observation of the lithiation of the SnO2 nanowire during electrochemical charging. Upon charging, a reaction front propagated progressively along the nanowire, causing the nanowire to swell, elongate, and spiral. The reaction front is a “Medusa zone” containing a high density of mobile dislocations, which are continuously nucleated and absorbed at the moving front. This dislocation cloud indicates large in-plane misfit stresses and is a structural precursor to electrochemically driven solid-state amorphization. Because lithiation-induced volume expansion, plasticity, and pulverization of electrode materials are the major mechanical effects that plague the performance and lifetime of high-capacity anodes in lithium-ion batteries, our observations provide important mechanistic insight for the design of advanced batteries.
Collapse
|
61
|
Razumov IK. The synthesis of metastable phases in plastic deformation of alloys. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024410090062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
62
|
Zhang F, Walker AM, Wright K, Gale JD. Defects and dislocations in MgO: atomic scale models of impurity segregation and fast pipe diffusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
63
|
Lucas A, Derycke I, Lambin P, Vigneron JP, Leherte L, Elanany M, André JM, Larin A, Vercauteren D. Confinement in molecular sieves: The pioneering physical concepts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2009.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
64
|
Legros M, Cabié M, Gianola DS. In situ deformation of thin films on substrates. Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:270-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
65
|
Kraska T. Direct Observation of Single Ostwald Ripening Processes by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:12408-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kraska
- Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Luxemburger Strasse 116, D-50939 Köln, Germany
| |
Collapse
|