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Iglewski WJ, Franklin RM. Denaturation and renaturation of viral RNA. 3. Purification of the complementary strand of R17 RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:1019-24. [PMID: 5233833 PMCID: PMC335741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.3.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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53
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Pollet R, Knolle P, Weissmann C. Replication of viral RNA. XV. Purification and properties of Q-beta minus strands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:766-73. [PMID: 5233473 PMCID: PMC335699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.2.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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54
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Pace NR, Bishop DH, Spiegelman S. The kinetics of product appearance and template involvement in the in vitro replication of viral RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:711-8. [PMID: 5233468 PMCID: PMC335692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.2.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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55
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Iglewski WJ, Franklin RM. Denaturation and renaturation of viral ribonucleic acd. II. Characterization of the products resulting from annealing R17 ribonucleic acid with denatured replicative form or with denatured replicative intermediate. J Virol 1967; 1:804-9. [PMID: 5621476 PMCID: PMC375355 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.4.804-809.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ribonucleic acid (RNA) product resulting from annealing R17 RNA with denatured replicative form or replicative intermediate could be divided into two distinct types of RNA by precipitation in 1.5 m NaCl. The RNA found in the salt supernatant fluid was resistant to digestion by ribonuclease, had a sedimentation coefficient of 15S, and displayed a sharp thermal transition. The RNA in the salt supernatant fluid appeared to be identical to replicative form. The RNA found in the salt precipitate was resistant to digestion by ribonuclease, but possessed both single- and double-stranded characteristics. The RNA sedimented as a broad band in a sucrose gradient, with a sedimentation coefficient of 15S, and displayed a melting transition characteristic of a mixture of single- and double-stranded RNA. Mild ribonuclease digestion of the salt-precipitable RNA produced a ribonuclease-resistant material with sedimentation properties identical to the RNA found in the salt supernatant fluid.
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56
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Hotham-Iglewski B, Franklin RM. Replication of bacteriophage ribonucleic acid: alterations in polyribosome patterns and association of double-stranded RNA with polyribosomes in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage R17. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:743-9. [PMID: 4860757 PMCID: PMC335696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.2.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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57
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Iglewski WJ, Franklin RM. Denaturation and renaturation of viral ribonucleic acid. I. Annealing R17 ribonucleic acid with denatured replicative form or with denatured replicative intermediate. J Virol 1967; 1:793-803. [PMID: 5621475 PMCID: PMC375354 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.4.793-803.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purified replicative form (RF) and replicative intermediate (RI) prepared from Escherichia coli infected with R17 were denatured in 0.15 m NaCl, 0.015 m sodium citrate containing 65% dimethylsulfoxide. Denaturation of RF or RI was demonstrated spectrophotometrically, chromatographically, and by sedimentation analysis. Denatured RF or RI was annealed by carefully decreasing the temperature from 62 to 20 C. Annealing was accompanied by a decreased absorbance at 260 mmu. The decrease in absorbance during annealing appeared to be dependent upon the rate of cooling and the concentration of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Denatured RF or RI was annealed with R17 RNA which was labeled with (3)H-uridine. The annealed product was 73 to 82% resistant to 0.1 mug/ml of ribonuclease. Annealing R17 RNA with either denatured RF or RI resulted in the formation of a ribonuclease-resistant product with a sedimentation profile resembling that of native RI. Melting the annealed products in 85.7% dimethyl sulfoxide produced 27S single-stranded R17 RNA and a heterogeneous population of more slowly sedimenting RNA.
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58
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Kelly RB, Sinsheimer RL. The replication of bacteriophage MS2. VII. Non-conservative replication of double-stranded RNA. J Mol Biol 1967; 26:169-79. [PMID: 6034771 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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59
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Erikson RL, Erikson E. Structure and function of bacteriophage R17 replicative intermediate ribonucleic acid. II. Properties of the parental labeled molecule. J Virol 1967; 1:523-8. [PMID: 5623971 PMCID: PMC375271 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.3.523-528.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Replicative intermediate ribonucleic acid (RNA), designated RI, which contained parental RNA labeled with (32)P was separated by filtration through agarose from the nucleic acids prepared from (32)P-labeled RNA phage-infected Escherichia coli. A larger amount of ribonuclease-sensitive parental label was found in the rapidly sedimenting forms of RI than in the slower sedimenting forms, indicating that parental RNA is displaced to form a single-stranded tail. This result indicates that some phage RNA is generated by asymmetric semiconservative replication of RI, but it does not mean that a portion of the RI duplexes cannot be conserved during generation of phage RNA. Parental RNA was also found in double-stranded RNA with no apparent tails which sedimented with an S value of 13. This RNA was soluble in 2 m NaCl, and its sedimentation rate was unaffected by ribonuclease; nevertheless, single-strand scissions were produced by ribonuclease and were detected after the duplex was converted to its component single strands.
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60
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Hudson JB, Paranchych W. Effect of bacteriophage R17 infection on host-directed synthesis of ribosomal ribonucleates. J Virol 1967; 1:529-37. [PMID: 4918239 PMCID: PMC375273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.3.529-537.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies were performed on the synthesis of ribosomal ribonucleates in cells of Escherichia coli K-12 infected by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) bacteriophage R17. Host-specific RNA was measured in the presence of phage RNA by in vitro hybridization of the purified ribonucleates with E. coli deoxyribonucleic acid. The results showed that, although the overall rate of RNA synthesis was only slightly affected by phage infection, the level of host RNA synthesis was decreased by 70 to 80%. Fractionation of the purified ribonucleates by sucrose gradient sedimentation, followed by hybridization of fractions sedimenting in the 23S and 16S regions, revealed that the level of ribosomal RNA synthesis was also decreased by 70 to 80%, and that this inhibition occurred during the first 15 to 20 min after infection. These findings are discussed in light of what is known about the inhibition of host RNA synthesis by other virus systems.
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63
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Bishop DH, Claybrook JR, Pace NR, Spiegelman S. An analysis by gel electrophoresis of Q-beta-RNA complexes formed during the latent period of an in vitro synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 57:1474-81. [PMID: 5231754 PMCID: PMC224497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.5.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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64
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Godson GN, Sinsheimer RL. The replication of bacteriophage MS2. VI. Interaction between bacteriophage RNA and cellular components in MS2-infected Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1967; 23:495-521. [PMID: 5340247 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(67)80121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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65
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66
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Franklin RM. Replication of bacteriophage ribonucleic acid: some physical properties of single-stranded, double-stranded, and branched viral ribonucleic acid. J Virol 1967; 1:64-75. [PMID: 5623959 PMCID: PMC375566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.1.64-75.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Replicative intermediate (RI) is considered to be the double-stranded ribo-nucleic acid (RNA) template for synthesis of viral RNA, with bound nascent single-stranded viral RNA. A theoretical description of RI is based on the analysis of a steady state of biopolymerization on a template which determines not only nucleotide sequence, but also chain length. The hydrodynamic properties of RI isolated from Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage R17 are compared with those of RNA isolated from R17 (single-stranded RNA) and of replicative form (RF) isolated from E. coli infected with R17. RF is double-stranded RNA template without any single-stranded component. Whereas S for R17 RNA is a function of the ionic strength (Gamma/2) of the solvent, S is almost invariant with Gamma/2 for RF. By contrast S for RI lies between the sedimentation constants for R17 RNA and RF and S varies with Gamma/2 as does R17 RNA. The weight distribution of S for RI demonstrates the heterogeneity of this material, and the variation in the weight distribution with ionic strength demonstrates the duality of structure in RI. Using S and [eta], the Mw for RI is estimated to be 2.6 x 10(6) daltons, as compared with the theoretical value of 2.9 x 10(6) daltons.
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67
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68
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69
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Weissmann C, Ochoa S. Replication of phage RNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1967; 6:353-99. [PMID: 5337481 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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70
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71
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Erikson RL, Erikson E, Gordon JA. Structure and function of bacteriophage R17 replicative intermediate RNA. I. Studies on sedimentation and infectivity. J Mol Biol 1966; 22:257-68. [PMID: 5972771 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(66)90131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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72
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Nonoyama M, Ikeda Y. Mode of phage RNA replication studied by the annealing method. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 129:548-53. [PMID: 5337972 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(66)90069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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73
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Arlinghaus RB, Polatnick J, Vande Woude GF. Studies on foot-and-mouth disease virus ribonucleic acid synthesis. Virology 1966; 30:541-50. [PMID: 4288419 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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74
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75
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76
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77
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Bishop DH. Ribonucleic acid synthesis by Escherichia coli C 3000/L after infection by the ribonucleic acid coliphage ZIK/1, and properties of the coliphage-induced double-stranged ribonucleic acid. Biochem J 1966; 100:601-13. [PMID: 5338876 PMCID: PMC1265191 DOI: 10.1042/bj1000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
1. The efficiency of extracting nucleic acids from Escherichia coli after five methods of obtaining cell lysis was determined. 2. The recovery of various nucleic acid species isolated after chromatography on methylated albumin-coated kieselguhr was also examined. 3. Double-stranded coliphage-induced RNA was isolated from infected bacteria and its resistance to ribonuclease digestion under various conditions determined. 4. The involvement of double-stranded RNA during the infection process was demonstrated. 5. The time-course of the syntheses in infected cells of double-stranded RNA, DNA, single-stranded coliphage and 16s ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal 23s RNA was examined. 6. It was demonstrated that the syntheses of DNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA decreased 10-15min. after infection. 7. Synthesis of coliphage RNA commenced 10-15min. after infection and double-stranded RNA was also synthesized from about 10min. after coliphage adsorption.
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78
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Lodish HF, Zinder ND. Mutants of the bacteriophage f2. 8. Control mechanisms for phage-specific syntheses. J Mol Biol 1966; 19:333-48. [PMID: 5969069 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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79
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Abstract
1. The physical characteristics of single- and double-stranded coliphage RNA with regard to their sedimentation behaviour in gradients of sucrose in high or low ionic conditions were examined. The effect of heat on their sedimentation characteristics was also determined. 2. Single-stranded coliphage RNA was found to exist in three different forms having sedimentation coefficients 28s, 20s and 12s. The latter two were interchangeable, depending on ionic strength. All three were almost equally infectious to spheroplasts. 3. Double-stranded coliphage RNA was found to be non-infectious to spheroplasts and had sedimentation coefficients 15s and 12s. Thermal denaturation gave rise to infectious single-stranded 12s RNA. 4. Four possible hypotheses on the mechanism of replication of coliphage RNA are discussed.
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80
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Baltimore D, Girard M. An intermediate in the synthesis of poliovirus RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 56:741-8. [PMID: 4291014 PMCID: PMC224435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.56.2.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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81
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Erikson RL. Fractionation of viral-specific ribonucleic acid by cesium sulfate equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation. J Mol Biol 1966; 18:372-81. [PMID: 5338759 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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82
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83
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Erikson RL, Franklin RM. Symposium on replication of viral nucleic acids. I. Formation and properties of a replicative intermediate in the biosynthesis of viral ribonucleic acid. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1966; 30:267-78. [PMID: 5327757 PMCID: PMC440996 DOI: 10.1128/br.30.2.267-278.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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84
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Plagemann PG, Swim HE. Symposium on replication of viral nucleic acids. 3. Replication of mengovirus ribonucleic acid. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1966; 30:288-308. [PMID: 4287031 PMCID: PMC440998 DOI: 10.1128/br.30.2.288-308.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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85
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Franklin RM. Purification and properties of the replicative intermediate of the RNA bacteriophage R17. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:1504-11. [PMID: 5227669 PMCID: PMC224351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.6.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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86
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87
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Erikson RL, Gordon JA. Replication of bacteriophage RNA: purification of the replicative intermediate by agarose column chromatography-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1966; 23:422-8. [PMID: 5961082 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(66)90744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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88
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89
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Billeter MA, Weissmann C, Warner RC. Replication of viral ribonucleic acid. IX. Properties of double-stranded RNA from Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage MS2. J Mol Biol 1966; 17:145-73. [PMID: 5335753 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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90
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Weissmann C, Feix G. Replication of viral RNA. XI. Synthesis of viral "minus" strands in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:1264-8. [PMID: 5334203 PMCID: PMC224310 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.5.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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91
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Ralph RK, Clark MF. Intracellular location of double-stranded plant viral ribonucleic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 119:29-36. [PMID: 5960408 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(66)90034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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92
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Abstract
Events occurring after infection of bacteria with wild-type and a temperature-sensitive mutant phage indicate that there are two enzymatic activities necessary to replicate phage RNA. One converts single strands into double strands, while the other uses double strands to svnthesize viral RNA. The mutant is deficient in the first activity, probably because the mutation is in the gene specifying the requisite enzyme. On the basis of these and other results, a model is presented for the replication of phage RNA.
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93
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Francke B, Hofschneider PH. Uber infektiöse Substrukturen aus Escherichia coli Bakteriophagen. VII. Formation of a biologically intact replicative form in ribonucleic acid bacteriophage (M12)-infected cells. J Mol Biol 1966; 16:544-52. [PMID: 5954176 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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94
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Horiuchi K, Lodish HF, Zinder ND. Mutants of the bacteriophage f2. Virology 1966; 28:438-47. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/1965] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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95
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Franklin RM, Granboulan N. Ultrastructure of Escherichia coli cells infected with bacteriophage R17. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:834-48. [PMID: 5327373 PMCID: PMC314937 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.2.834-848.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Franklin, Richard M. (Institut de Recherches sur le Cancer, Villejuif, Seine, France), and Nicole Granboulan. Ultrastructure of Escherichia coli cells infected with bacteriophage R17. J. Bacteriol. 91:834-848. 1966-Ultrastructural changes in Escherichia coli cells infected with ribonucleic acid (RNA) bacteriophage R17 were studied under conditions of one-step growth. No morphological alterations were seen during the latent period. During the period of rapid viral synthesis, a fibrillar lesion surrounded by ribonucleoprotein particles was observed in a polar region. Late in infection, paracrystalline arrays of virions were found in over 90% of the cells. When protein synthesis was blocked by in over 90% of the cells. When protein synthesis was blocked by chloramphenicol at 20 min postinfection, allowing continued viral RNA synthesis without production of coat protein, a dense fibrillar area appeared in a paranuclear region. Cytochemical studies were done on cells embedded in hydroxypropyl methacrylate, a water-miscible embedding agent. The paracrystalline arrays of virions were digested after extensive treatment with either pepsin or ribonuclease. Shorter digestion with the pepsin resulted in better definition of the crystal regions. The fibrillar area found in chloramphenicol-treated cells was digested by ribonuclease but not by pepsin, and was also resistant to lead extraction. This region probably represents a pool of virus-specific RNA.
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96
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97
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98
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Lodish HF, Horiuchi K, Zinder ND. Mutants of the bacteriophage f2. V. On the production of noninfectious phage particles. Virology 1965; 27:139-55. [PMID: 5840889 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(65)90154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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99
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Bishop JM, Summers DF, Levintow L. Characterization of ribonuclease-resistant RNA from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:1273-81. [PMID: 4286834 PMCID: PMC219860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.4.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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100
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Borst P, Weissmann C. Replication of viral RNA, 8. Studies on the enzymatic mechanism of replication of MS2 RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:982-7. [PMID: 5217476 PMCID: PMC219774 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.3.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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