51
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Barranco S, Pérez-Temprano MH. Merging homogeneous transition metal catalysis and hydrogen isotope exchange. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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52
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Li DC, Zeng JH, Yang YH, Zhan ZP. Transition metal-free radical trans-hydroboration of alkynes with NHC-boranes via visible-light photoredox catalysis. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00135k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-induced 4-CzIPN-catalyzed trans-hydroboration of alkynes with NHC-boranes to generate diverse (E)-alkenylboranes with high selectivity.
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53
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Sequential Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling of Chlorobenzamides/Chemoselective Amide Reduction and Reductive Deuteration to Benzylic Alcohols. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010223. [PMID: 36615417 PMCID: PMC9821805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzylic alcohols are among the most important intermediates in organic synthesis. Recently, the use of abundant metals has attracted significant attention due to the issues with the scarcity of platinum group metals. Herein, we report a sequential method for the synthesis of benzylic alcohols by a merger of iron catalyzed cross-coupling and highly chemoselective reduction of benzamides promoted by sodium dispersion in the presence of alcoholic donors. The method has been further extended to the synthesis of deuterated benzylic alcohols. The iron-catalyzed Kumada cross-coupling exploits the high stability of benzamide bonds, enabling challenging C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling with alkyl Grignard reagents that are prone to dimerization and β-hydride elimination. The subsequent sodium dispersion promoted reduction of carboxamides proceeds with full chemoselectivity for the C-N bond cleavage of the carbinolamine intermediate. The method provides access to valuable benzylic alcohols, including deuterium-labelled benzylic alcohols, which are widely used as synthetic intermediates and pharmacokinetic probes in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. The combination of two benign metals by complementary reaction mechanisms enables to exploit underexplored avenues for organic synthesis.
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54
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Ruck RT, Strotman NA, Krska SW. The Catalysis Laboratory at Merck: 20 Years of Catalyzing Innovation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T. Ruck
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supplies, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Chemistry Capabilities Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
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55
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Skolia E, Kokotos CG. Photochemical [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkenes with Maleimides: Highlighting the Differences between N-Alkyl vs N-Aryl Maleimides. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 3:96-103. [PMID: 37035280 PMCID: PMC10080724 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the last 15 years, there has been increased research interest in the use of light promoting organic transformations. [2 + 2] Cycloadditions are usually performed photochemically; however, literature precedent on the reaction between olefins and maleimides is limited to a handful of literature examples, focusing mainly on N-aliphatic maleimides or using metal catalysts for visible-light driven reactions of N-aromatic maleimides. Herein, we identify the differences in reactivity between N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides. For our optimized protocols, in the case of N-alkyl maleimides, the reaction with alkenes proceeds under 370 nm irradiation in the absence of an external photocatalyst, leading to products in high yields. In the case of N-aryl maleimides, the reaction with olefins requires thioxanthone as the photosensitizer under 440 nm irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
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56
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Zhang X, Yu Y, Li W, Shi L, Li H. Access to α-Hydroxy Amides via a Practical Metal-Free “One-Pot” Tandem Reaction Involving Aerobic C(sp 3)–H Hydroxylation and C(sp 2)–C(sp 3) Cleavage. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16263-16275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Döhler Food & Beverage Ingredients (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 739 Shennan Road, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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57
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Sheng FF, Gu JG, Liu KH, Zhang HH. Synthesis of β-Deuterated Amino Acids via Palladium-Catalyzed H/D Exchange. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16084-16089. [PMID: 36395460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite several synthetic approaches that have been developed for α-deuterated amino acids, the synthesis of β-deuterated amino acids has remained a challenge. Herein, we disclose a palladium catalyzed H/D exchange protocol for a β-deuterated N-protected amino amide, which can be converted to a β-deuterated amino acid simply by removal of protecting groups. This protocol is highly efficient, simply manipulated, and appliable for deuterium-labeling of many amino amides. In addition, deuterium labeling of phenylalanine derivatives was also successful when pivalic acid served as an additive to promote the H/D exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech. University (Nanjing Tech.), 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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58
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Bsharat O, Doyle MGJ, Munch M, Mair BA, Cooze CJC, Derdau V, Bauer A, Kong D, Rotstein BH, Lundgren RJ. Aldehyde-catalysed carboxylate exchange in α-amino acids with isotopically labelled CO 2. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1367-1374. [PMID: 36344821 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The isotopic labelling of small molecules is integral to drug development and for understanding biochemical processes. The preparation of carbon-labelled α-amino acids remains difficult and time consuming, with established methods involving label incorporation at an early stage of synthesis. This explains the high cost and scarcity of C-labelled products and presents a major challenge in 11C applications (11C t1/2 = 20 min). Here we report that aldehydes catalyse the isotopic carboxylate exchange of native α-amino acids with *CO2 (* = 14, 13, 11). Proteinogenic α-amino acids and many non-natural variants containing diverse functional groups undergo labelling. The reaction probably proceeds via the trapping of *CO2 by imine-carboxylate intermediates to generate iminomalonates that are prone to monodecarboxylation. Tempering catalyst electrophilicity was key to preventing irreversible aldehyde consumption. The pre-generation of the imine carboxylate intermediate allows for the rapid and late-stage 11C-radiolabelling of α-amino acids in the presence of [11C]CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odey Bsharat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael G J Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maxime Munch
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Braeden A Mair
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Armin Bauer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Duanyang Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Rylan J Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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59
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Hu CH, Li Y. Visible-Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylation of α-Oxo Carboxylic Acids to C1-Deuterated Aldehydes and Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2022; 88:6401-6406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Hu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
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60
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Xue J, Zhang YS, Huan Z, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Catalytic Vilsmeier-Haack Reactions for C1-Deuterated Formylation of Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15539-15546. [PMID: 36348629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction is a powerful tool to introduce formyl groups into electron-rich arenes, but its wide application is significantly restricted by stoichiometric employment of caustic POCl3. Herein, we reported a catalytic version of the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction enabled by a P(III)/P(V)═O cycle. This catalytic reaction provides a facile and efficient route for the direct construction of C1-deuterated indol-3-carboxaldehyde under mild conditions with stoichiometric DMF-d7 as the deuterium source. The products feature a remarkably higher deuteration level (>99%) than previously reported ones and are not contaminated by the likely unselective deuteration at other sites. The present transformation can also be used to transfer other carbonyl groups. Further downstream derivatizations of these deuterated products manifested their potential applications in the synthesis of deuterated bioactive molecules. Mechanistic insight was disclosed from studies of kinetics and intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Shan Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Huan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Keyan West Road, Tianjin 300192, China
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61
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Edelmann MR. Radiolabelling small and biomolecules for tracking and monitoring. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32383-32400. [PMID: 36425706 PMCID: PMC9650631 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiolabelling small molecules with beta-emitters has been intensively explored in the last decades and novel concepts for the introduction of radionuclides continue to be reported regularly. New catalysts that induce carbon/hydrogen activation are able to incorporate isotopes such as deuterium or tritium into small molecules. However, these established labelling approaches have limited applicability for nucleic acid-based drugs, therapeutic antibodies, or peptides, which are typical of the molecules now being investigated as novel therapeutic modalities. These target molecules are usually larger (significantly >1 kDa), mostly multiply charged, and often poorly soluble in organic solvents. However, in preclinical research they often require radiolabelling in order to track and monitor drug candidates in metabolism, biotransformation, or pharmacokinetic studies. Currently, the most established approach to introduce a tritium atom into an oligonucleotide is based on a multistep synthesis, which leads to a low specific activity with a high level of waste and high costs. The most common way of tritiating peptides is using appropriate precursors. The conjugation of a radiolabelled prosthetic compound to a functional group within a protein sequence is a commonly applied way to introduce a radionuclide or a fluorescent tag into large molecules. This review highlights the state-of-the-art in different radiolabelling approaches for oligonucleotides, peptides, and proteins, as well as a critical assessment of the impact of the label on the properties of the modified molecules. Furthermore, applications of radiolabelled antibodies in biodistribution studies of immune complexes and imaging of brain targets are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Edelmann
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Isotope Synthesis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd CH-4070 Basel Switzerland
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62
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Braga FC, Ramos TO, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Synthesis of Fentanyl under Continuous Photoflow Conditions. Org Lett 2022; 24:8331-8336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C. Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Tiago O. Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Timothy J. Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
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63
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Oroz P, Navo CD, Avenoza A, Busto JH, Corzana F, Jiménez-Osés G, Peregrina JM. Towards Enantiomerically Pure Unnatural α-Amino Acids via Photoredox Catalytic 1,4-Additions to a Chiral Dehydroalanine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14308-14318. [PMID: 36179039 PMCID: PMC9639051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemo- and diastereoselective 1,4-conjugate additions of anionic and radical C-nucleophiles to a chiral bicyclic dehydroalanine (Dha) are described. Of particular importance, radical carbon photolysis by a catalytic photoredox process using a simple method with a metal-free photocatalyst provides exceptional yields and selectivities at room temperature. Moreover, these 1,4-conjugate additions offer an excellent starting point for synthesizing enantiomerically pure carbon-β-substituted unnatural α-amino acids (UAAs), which could have a high potential for applications in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Oroz
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis
Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Claudio D. Navo
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Alberto Avenoza
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis
Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Jesús H. Busto
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis
Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis
Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain,Ikerbasque, Basque
Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Peregrina
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis
Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain,
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64
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Deprotection of benzyl-derived groups via photochemically mesolytic cleavage of C–N and C–O bonds. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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65
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Shen Z, Vargas-Rivera MA, Rigby EL, Chen S, Ellman JA. Visible Light-Mediated, Diastereoselective Epimerization of Morpholines and Piperazines to More Stable Isomers. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12860-12868. [PMID: 36406894 PMCID: PMC9668057 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a photocatalyzed epimerization of morpholines and piperazines that proceeds by reversible hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and provides an efficient strategy for editing the stereochemical configurations of these saturated nitrogen heterocycles, which are prevalent in drugs. The more stable morpholine and piperazine isomers are obtained from the more synthetically accessible but less stable stereoisomers, and a broad scope is demonstrated in terms of substitution patterns and functional group compatibility. The observed distributions of diastereomers correlate well with the relative energies of the diastereomer pairs as determined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Mechanistic studies, including luminescence quenching, deuterium labeling reactions, and determination of reversibility support a thiyl radical mediated HAT pathway for the epimerization of morpholines. Investigation of piperazine epimerization established that the mechanism is more complex and led to the development of thiol free conditions for the highly stereoselective epimerization of N,N'-dialkyl piperazines for which a previously unrecognized radical chain HAT mechanism is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zican Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth L. Rigby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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66
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One-pot H/D exchange and low-coordinated iron electrocatalyzed deuteration of nitriles in D 2O to α,β-deuterio aryl ethylamines. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5951. [PMID: 36216818 PMCID: PMC9550836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a step-economical approach for efficient synthesis of α,β-deuterio aryl ethylamines (α,β-DAEAs) with high deuterium ratios using an easy-to-handle deuterated source under ambient conditions is highly desirable. Here we report a room-temperature one-pot two-step transformation of aryl acetonitriles to α,β-DAEAs with up to 92% isolated yield and 99% α,β-deuterium ratios using D2O as a deuterium source. The process involves a fast α-C - H/C - D exchange and tandem electroreductive deuteration of C ≡ N over an in situ formed low-coordinated Fe nanoparticle cathode. The moderate adsorptions of nitriles/imine intermediates and the promoted formation of active hydrogen (H*) on unsaturated Fe sites facilitate the electroreduction process. In situ Raman confirms co-adsorption of aryl rings and the C ≡ N group on the Fe surface. A proposed H*-addition pathway is confirmed by the detected hydrogen and carbon radicals. Wide substrate scope, parallel synthesis of multiple α,β-DAEAs, and successful preparation of α,β-deuterated Melatonin and Komavine highlight the potential.
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67
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Mayer TS, Taeufer T, Brandt S, Rabeah J, Pospech J. Photomediated Hydro- and Deuterodecarboxylation of Pharmaceutically Relevant and Natural Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2022; 88:6347-6353. [PMID: 36126247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a photomediated hydro- and deuterodecarboxylation of different primary, secondary, and tertiary carboxylic acids catalyzed by an organic pyrimidopteridine photoredox catalyst. The reaction was optimized by a statistical design of experiment (DoE). Under optimized reaction conditions, the conversion of commercially available nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in tablet form and on gram scale was realized. The scope of the application comprises primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic biologically active carboxylic acids. A deuterium incorporation of up to 95% by using D2O as inexpensive deuterium source was achieved. A sensitivity assessment as well as experiments aiding the elucidation of the reaction mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea S Mayer
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Taeufer
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sina Brandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jola Pospech
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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68
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Itoga M, Yamanishi M, Udagawa T, Kobayashi A, Maekawa K, Takemoto Y, Naka H. Iridium-catalyzed α-selective deuteration of alcohols. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8744-8751. [PMID: 35975159 PMCID: PMC9350590 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01805e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of chemoselective C(sp3)-H deuteration is of particular interest in synthetic chemistry. We herein report the α-selective, iridium(iii)-bipyridonate-catalyzed hydrogen(H)/deuterium(D) isotope exchange of alcohols using deuterium oxide (D2O) as the primary deuterium source. This method enables the direct, chemoselective deuteration of primary and secondary alcohols under basic or neutral conditions without being affected by coordinative functional groups such as imidazole and tetrazole. Successful substrates for deuterium labelling include the pharmaceuticals losartan potassium, rapidosept, guaifenesin, and diprophylline. The deuterated losartan potassium shows higher stability towards the metabolism by CYP2C9 than the protiated analogue. Kinetic and DFT studies indicate that the direct deuteration proceeds through dehydrogenation of alcohol to the carbonyl intermediate, conversion of [IrIII-H] to [IrIII-D] with D2O, and deuteration of the carbonyl intermediate to give the α-deuterated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeko Itoga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Masako Yamanishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Taro Udagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University Yanagido 1-1 Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Ayane Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts Kodo, Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Keiko Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts Kodo, Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Naka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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Abstract
Deuterated chemicals are becoming irreplaceable in pharmaceutical engineering, material science and synthetic chemistry. Many excellent reviews have discussed acid/base-dependent or metal-catalyzed deuteration reactions, but radical deuterations have been discussed less. With the development of radical chemistry, there has been a rapid growth in radical deuterium-labelling technology. Diverse mild, cheap and efficient strategies for deuterium atom installation have been reported, and this review summarizes the recent achievements of radical deuteration classified by the reaction types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yantao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. .,Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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70
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Shi Q, Xu M, Chang R, Ramanathan D, Peñin B, Funes-Ardoiz I, Ye J. Visible-light mediated catalytic asymmetric radical deuteration at non-benzylic positions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4453. [PMID: 35915119 PMCID: PMC9343372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Site- and enantioselective incorporation of deuterium into organic compounds is of broad interest in organic synthesis, especially within the pharmaceutical industry. While catalytic approaches relying on two-electron reaction manifolds have allowed for stereoselective delivery of a formal deuteride (D–) or deuteron (D+) at benzylic positions, complementary strategies that make use of one-electron deuterium atom transfer and target non-benzylic positions remain elusive. Here we report a photochemical approach for asymmetric radical deuteration by utilizing readily available peptide- or sugar-derived thiols as the catalyst and inexpensive deuterium oxide as the deuterium source. This metal-free platform enables four types of deuterofunctionalization reactions of exocyclic olefins and allows deuteration at non-benzylic positions with high levels of enantioselectivity and deuterium incorporation. Computational studies reveal that attractive non-covalent interactions are responsible for stereocontrol. We anticipate that our findings will open up new avenues for asymmetric deuteration. Catalytic asymmetric deuterations rely largely on two-electron reaction manifolds and are mostly limited to benzylic positions. Here, a metal-free platform using peptide- or sugar-derived chiral thiols and deuterium oxide allows for asymmetric open-shell deuteration at non-benzylic positions under visible-light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Meichen Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rui Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Devenderan Ramanathan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Beatriz Peñin
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Juntao Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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71
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Skolia E, Gkizis PL, Kokotos CG. A sustainable photochemical aerobic sulfide oxidation: access to sulforaphane and modafinil. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5836-5844. [PMID: 35838682 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01066f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxide-containing molecules are an important class of compounds in the pharmaceutical industry and many efforts have been made to develop new and green protocols, targeting the chemoselective transformation of sulfides into sulfoxides. Photochemistry is a rapidly expanding research field employing light as the energy source. Photochemical aerobic processes possess additional advantages to photochemistry and may find applications in the chemical industries. Herein, a 370 nm catalyst-free aerobic protocol was developed, using 2-Me-THF as the green solvent. At the same time, two low-catalyst-loading anthraquinone-based processes (under a CFL lamp or 427 nm irradiation) in 2-Me-THF were developed. Furthermore, a broad range of substrates was tested. We also implemented our protocols towards the synthesis of the pharmaceutical active ingredients (APIs) sulforaphane and modafinil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece. .,Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece. .,Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece. .,Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
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72
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Zhao B, Wang Q, Zhu T, Feng B, Ma M. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of C-1 Deuterated Aldehydes from (Hetero) Arenes Mediated by C (sp 2)-H Thianthrenation. Org Lett 2022; 24:5608-5613. [PMID: 35880900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed deuterated formylation of aryl sulfonium salts is prepared conveniently from readily available arenes, which enables the expedient synthesis of a series of structurally diverse C-1 deuterated aldehydes with 96%-99% deuterium incorporation. The easy to handle and cost-effective DCOONa provides a deuterium source, which can be introduced onto the formyl units with excellent selectivity under the palladium-catalytic redox neutral conditions. This catalytic route can accomplish the direct late-stage C-H functionalization of bioactive molecules and natural product derivatives assisted by C (sp2)-H thianthrenation. Moreover, on the basis of this practical approach, several deuterated drugs and analogues could be prepared with excellent levels of deuterium incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qiuzhu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bin Feng
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Baise University, Baise 533000, China
| | - Mengtao Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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73
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Li N, Li J, Qin M, Li J, Han J, Zhu C, Li W, Xie J. Highly selective single and multiple deuteration of unactivated C(sp 3)-H bonds. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4224. [PMID: 35869077 PMCID: PMC9307835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective deuteration of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds is a highly attractive but challenging subject of research in pharmaceutical chemistry, material science and synthetic chemistry. Reported herein is a practical, highly selective and economical efficient hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds by synergistic photocatalysis and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis. With the easily prepared PMP-substituted amides as nitrogen-centered radical precursors, a wide range of structurally diverse amides can undergo predictable radical H/D exchange smoothly with inexpensive D2O as the sole deuterium source, giving rise to the distal tertiary, secondary and primary C(sp3)-H bonds selectively deuterated products in yields of up to 99% and excellent D-incorporations. In addition to precise monodeuteration, this strategy can also achieve multideuteration of the substrates contain more than one remote C(sp3)-H bond, which opens a method to address multi-functionalization of distal unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mingzhe Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China.
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74
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Li H, Lai Z, Peng M, Ning L, Dong Q, Hou Y, An J. One-Pot Sequential Hydrogen Isotope Exchange/Reductive Deuteration for the Preparation of α,β-Deuterated Alcohols using Deuterium Oxide. Org Lett 2022; 24:5319-5323. [PMID: 35856804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot sequential hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE)/reductive deuteration approach was developed for the preparation of α,β-deuterated alcohols using ketones as the precursors. The HIE step can also be used for the synthesis of α-deuterated ketones. This method has been applied in the synthesis of four deuterated drug and MS internal standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zemin Lai
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengqi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Ning
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qixin Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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75
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76
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Wu C, Guo X, Duan Y, Lyu W, Hu H, Hu D, Chen K, Sun Z, Gao T, Yang X, Dai Q. Ultrasensitive Mid-Infrared Biosensing in Aqueous Solutions with Graphene Plasmons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110525. [PMID: 35460109 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Identifying nanoscale biomolecules in aqueous solutions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provides an in situ and noninvasive method for exploring the structure, reactions, and transport of biologically active molecules. However, this remains a challenge due to the strong and broad IR absorption of water which overwhelms the respective vibrational fingerprints of the biomolecules. In this work, a tunable IR transparent microfluidic system with graphene plasmons is exploited to identify ≈2 nm-thick proteins in physiological conditions. The acquired in situ tunability makes it possible to eliminate the IR absorption of water outside the graphene plasmonic hotspots by background subtraction. Most importantly, the ultrahigh confinement of graphene plasmons (confined to ≈15 nm) permits the implementation of nanoscale sensitivity. Then, the deuterium effects on monolayer proteins are characterized within an aqueous solution. The tunable graphene-plasmon-enhanced FTIR technology provides a novel platform for studying biological processes in an aqueous solution at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wei Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hai Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Debo Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering and QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Teng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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77
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Kazerouni AM, Brandes DS, Davies CC, Cotter LF, Mayer JM, Chen S, Ellman JA. Visible Light-Mediated, Highly Diastereoselective Epimerization of Lactams from the Most Accessible to the More Stable Stereoisomer. ACS Catal 2022; 12:7798-7803. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaan M. Kazerouni
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Daniel S. Brandes
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Cassondra C. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Laura F. Cotter
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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78
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Liu B, Wang G, Xu Z, Wang M, Nie Y, Luo Z. Ionic liquid/boronic acid system enabled deuteration with D2O. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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79
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Peng X, Xu K, Zhang Q, Liu L, Tan J. Dehydroalanine modification sees the light: a photochemical conjugate addition strategy. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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80
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Hu L, Li R, Deng W, Sun Z. Visible-light induced green synthesis of γ-deuterated carbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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81
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Transition metal-free photocatalytic reductive deuteration of ketone derivatives. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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82
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Levernier E, Tatoueix K, Garcia-Argote S, Pfeifer V, Kiesling R, Gravel E, Feuillastre S, Pieters G. Easy-to-Implement Hydrogen Isotope Exchange for the Labeling of N-Heterocycles, Alkylkamines, Benzylic Scaffolds, and Pharmaceuticals. JACS AU 2022; 2:801-808. [PMID: 35557763 PMCID: PMC9088292 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Facilitating access to deuterated and tritiated complex molecules is of paramount importance due to the fundamental role of isotopically labeled compounds in drug discovery and development. Deuterated analogues of drugs are extensively used as internal standards for quantification purposes or as active pharmaceutical ingredients, whereas tritiated drugs are essential for preclinical ADME studies. In this report, we describe the labeling of prevalent substructures in FDA-approved drugs such as azines, indoles, alkylamine moieties, or benzylic carbons by the in situ generation of Rh nanoparticles able to catalyze both C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H activation processes. In this easy-to-implement labeling process, Rh nanocatalysts are formed by decomposition of a commercially available rhodium dimer under a deuterium or tritium gas atmosphere (1 bar or less), using the substrate itself as a surface ligand to control the aggregation state of the resulting metallic clusters. It is noteworthy that the size of the nanoparticles observed is surprisingly independent of the substrate used and is homogeneous, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy experiments. This method has been successfully applied to the one-step synthesis of (1) deuterated pharmaceuticals usable as internal standards for MS quantification and (2) tritiated drug analogues with very high molar activities (up to 113 Ci/mmol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Levernier
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kevin Tatoueix
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Garcia-Argote
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Viktor Pfeifer
- Boehringer
Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Ralf Kiesling
- Boehringer
Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Edmond Gravel
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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83
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Spiliopoulou N, Gkizis PL, Triandafillidi I, Nikitas NF, Batsika CS, Bisticha A, Kokotos CG. A Unified Mechanism for the PhCOCOOH-mediated Photochemical Reactions: Revisiting its Action and Comparison to Known Photoinitiators. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200023. [PMID: 35137984 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since 2014, we have introduced in literature the use of phenylglyoxylic acid (PhCOCOOH), a small and commercially available organic molecule, as a potent promoter in a variety of photochemical processes. Although PhCOCOOH has a broad scope of photochemical reactions that can promote, the understanding of its mode of action in our early contributions was moderate. Herein, we are restudying and revisiting the mechanism of action of PhCOCOOH in most of these early contributions, providing a unified mechanism of action. Furthermore, the understanding of its action as a photoinitiator opened a new comparison study with known and commercially available photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Charikleia S Batsika
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bisticha
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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84
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Ou W, Qiu C, Su C. Photo- and electro-catalytic deuteration of feedstock chemicals and pharmaceuticals: A review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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85
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Sulfur-promoted, one-pot, and metal-free conversion of aromatic aldehydes to nitriles using an inorganic ammonium salt as the nitrogen source. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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86
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Zheng Y, He XC, Gao J, Xie ZZ, Wang ZW, Liu ZL, Chen K, Xiang HY, Chen XQ, Yang H. Programmable iodization/deuterolysis sequences of phosphonium ylides to access deuterated benzyl iodides and aromatic aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4215-4218. [PMID: 35274648 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a tunable iodization/deuterolysis protocol for phosphonium ylides by employing D2O as the deuterium source was designed. Notably, this process could be manipulated by tuning the base, thus leading to two valuable deuterated building blocks - benzyl iodides and aromatic aldehydes with broad substrate scope, good functional group compatibility and excellent deuteration degree. Concise syntheses of a series of deuterated drug analogues have been achieved based on the developed deuteration reaction platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Chen He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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87
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Prakash G, Paul N, Oliver GA, Werz DB, Maiti D. C-H deuteration of organic compounds and potential drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3123-3163. [PMID: 35320331 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01496f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
C-H deuteration has been intricately developed to satisfy the urgent need for site-selectively deuterated organic frameworks. Deuteration has been primarily used to study kinetic isotope effects of reactions but recently its significance in pharmaceutical chemistry has been discovered. Deuterium labelled compounds have stolen the limelight since the inception of the first FDA-approved deuterated drug, for the treatment of chorea-associated Huntington's disease, and their pharmacological importance was realised by chemists, although surprisingly very late. Various approaches were developed to carry out site-selective deuteration. However, the most common and efficient method is hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE). This review summarises deuteration methods of various organic motifs containing C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds utilizing C-H bond functionalisation as a key step along with a variety of catalysts, and exemplifies their biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Nilanjan Paul
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Gwyndaf A Oliver
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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88
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Chilamari M, Immel JR, Chen PH, Alghafli BM, Bloom S. Flavin Metallaphotoredox Catalysis: Synergistic Synthesis in Water. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4175-4181. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob R. Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Bayan M. Alghafli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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89
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Murugesan K, Donabauer K, Narobe R, Derdau V, Bauer A, König B. Photoredox-Catalyzed Site-Selective Generation of Carbanions from C(sp 3)–H Bonds in Amines. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathiravan Murugesan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Karsten Donabauer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Rok Narobe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Armin Bauer
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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90
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Wang X, Tong WY, Huang B, Cao S, Li Y, Jiao J, Huang H, Yi Q, Qu S, Wang X. Convergent Synthesis of 1,4-Dicarbonyl Z-Alkenes through Three-Component Coupling of Alkynes, α-Diazo Sulfonium Triflate, and Water. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4952-4965. [PMID: 35274949 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a general protocol for the convergent synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyl Z-alkenes form alkynes using α-diazo sulfonium triflate and water. The C═O, C═C, and C-H bonds are formed under mild conditions with a wide range of functional groups tolerated. The reaction exhibits excellent Z-selectivity and complete regioselectivity. The resulting 1,4-dicarbonyl Z-alkenes can smoothly undergo follow-up conversion to a variety of heteroaromatic scaffolds. Moreover, the reaction also provides a facile access to the corresponding deuterated Z-alkenes and deuterated heteroarenes with a high level of deuterium incorporation (90-97% D-inc.) by directly using D2O, thus rendering the method highly valuable. The comprehensive mechanistic studies indicate that a free carbyne radical intermediate is formed via the photocatalytic single electron transfer process, and KH2PO4 plays a crucial role in significant improvements on yield and selectivity based on density-functional theory calculations, providing a new direction for radical coupling reactions of diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yan Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Bing Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Si Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jingchao Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Qiu Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shuanglin Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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91
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Yang H, Huang Z, Lehnherr D, Lam YH, Ren S, Strotman NA. Efficient Aliphatic Hydrogen-Isotope Exchange with Tritium Gas through the Merger of Photoredox and Hydrogenation Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5010-5022. [PMID: 35263094 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Employment of a combination of an organophotoredox catalyst with Wilkinson's catalyst (Rh(PPh3)3Cl) has given rise to an unprecedented method for hydrogen-isotope exchange (HIE) of aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds of complex pharmaceuticals using T2 gas directly. Wilkinson's catalyst, commonly used for catalytic hydrogenations, was exploited as a precatalyst for activation of D2 or T2 and hydrogen atom transfer. In this combined methodology and mechanistic study, we demonstrate that by coupling photocatalysis with Rh catalysis, carbon-centered radicals generated via photoredox catalysis can be intercepted by Rh-hydride intermediates to deliver an effective hydrogen atom donor for hydrogen-isotope labeling of complex molecules in one step. By optimizing the ratio of the photocatalyst and Wilkinson's catalyst to balance the rate of the dual catalytic cycles, we can achieve efficient HIE and high recovery yield. This protocol was readily applied to direct HIE of C(sp3)-H bonds in 10 complex drug molecules, showing high isotope incorporation efficiency and exceptionally good functional group tolerance and demonstrating this approach as a practical and attractive labeling method for deuteration and tritiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zheng Huang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sumei Ren
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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92
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Kang QK, Li Y, Chen K, Zhu H, Wu WQ, Lin Y, Shi H. Rhodium-Catalyzed Stereoselective Deuteration of Benzylic C-H Bonds via Reversible η 6 -Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117381. [PMID: 35006640 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a convenient method for benzylic H/D exchange of a wide variety of substrates bearing primary, secondary, or tertiary C-H bonds via a reversible η6 -coordination strategy. A doubly cationic [CpCF3 RhIII ]2+ catalyst that serves as an arenophile facilitates deprotonation of inert benzylic hydrogen atoms (pKa >40 in DMSO) without affecting other hydrogen atoms, such as those on aromatic rings or in α-positions of carboxylate groups. Notably, the H/D exchange reactions feature high stereoretention. We demonstrated the potential utility of this method by using it for deuterium labeling of ten pharmaceuticals and their analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Kai Kang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuntong Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yunzhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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93
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Li H, He Y, Zhang D, Yang L, Zhang J, Long RL, Lu J, Wei J, Yang L, Wei S, Yi D, Zhang Z, Fu Q. Hydrogen bond serving as a protecting group to enable the photocatalytic [2+2] cycloaddition of redox-active aliphatic-amine-containing indole derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3194-3197. [PMID: 35171972 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06935g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox-sensitive functionalities such as aliphatic amines with low oxidation potentials and easily oxidized by photocatalysts are generally not compatible with photocatalytic reactions. We describe a hydrogen-bond-assisted visible-light-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition of redox-sensitive aliphatic-amine-containing indole derivatives providing a range of cyclobutane-fused polycyclic indoline derivatives, especially bridged-cyclic indolines. Mechanistic studies indicated that the success of the reaction was based on on the formation of H-bonds between the N-atom and alcohol proton of TFE or HFIP, with this formation preventing or blocking the single-electron transfer from the aliphatic amine functionality to the excited photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Yishu He
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Rui-Ling Long
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Ji Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jun Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Siping Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Dong Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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94
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Galeotti M, Salamone M, Bietti M. Electronic control over site-selectivity in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based C(sp 3)-H functionalization promoted by electrophilic reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2171-2223. [PMID: 35229835 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds represents one of the most investigated approaches to develop new synthetic methodology. Among the available strategies for intermolecular C-H bond functionalization, increasing attention has been devoted to hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based procedures promoted by radical or radical-like reagents, that offer the opportunity to introduce a large variety of atoms and groups in place of hydrogen under mild conditions. Because of the large number of aliphatic C-H bonds displayed by organic molecules, in these processes control over site-selectivity represents a crucial issue, and the associated factors have been discussed. In this review article, attention will be devoted to the role of electronic effects on C(sp3)-H bond functionalization site-selectivity. Through an analysis of the recent literature, a detailed description of the HAT reagents employed in these processes, the associated mechanistic features and the selectivity patterns observed in the functionalization of substrates of increasing structural complexity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
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95
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Park Y, Tian L, Kim S, Pabst TP, Kim J, Scholes GD, Chirik PJ. Visible-Light-Driven, Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer: Mechanistic Studies, Identification of Intermediates, and Catalyst Improvements. JACS AU 2022; 2:407-418. [PMID: 35252990 PMCID: PMC8889617 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The harvesting of visible light is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of weak chemical bonds involving hydrogen that are below the thermodynamic threshold for spontaneous H2 evolution. Piano-stool iridium hydride complexes are effective for the blue-light-driven hydrogenation of organic substrates and contra-thermodynamic dearomative isomerization. In this work, a combination of spectroscopic measurements, isotopic labeling, structure-reactivity relationships, and computational studies has been used to explore the mechanism of these stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. Photophysical measurements on the iridium hydride catalysts demonstrated the generation of long-lived excited states with principally metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character. Transient absorption spectroscopic studies with a representative substrate, anthracene revealed a diffusion-controlled dynamic quenching of the MLCT state. The triplet state of anthracene was detected immediately after the quenching events, suggesting that triplet-triplet energy transfer initiated the photocatalytic process. The key role of triplet anthracene on the post-energy transfer step was further demonstrated by employing photocatalytic hydrogenation with a triplet photosensitizer and a HAT agent, hydroquinone. DFT calculations support a concerted hydrogen atom transfer mechanism in lieu of stepwise electron/proton or proton/electron transfer pathways. Kinetic monitoring of the deactivation channel established an inverse kinetic isotope effect, supporting reversible C(sp2)-H reductive coupling followed by rate-limiting ligand dissociation. Mechanistic insights enabled design of a piano-stool iridium hydride catalyst with a rationally modified supporting ligand that exhibited improved photostability under blue light irradiation. The complex also provided improved catalytic performance toward photoinduced hydrogenation with H2 and contra-thermodynamic isomerization.
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96
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Gao Y, Yang R, Wang C, Liu C, Wu Y, Li H, Zhang B. Field-induced reagent concentration and sulfur adsorption enable efficient electrocatalytic semihydrogenation of alkynes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9477. [PMID: 35196082 PMCID: PMC8865775 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient electrocatalytic alkyne semihydrogenation with potential/time-independent selectivity and Faradaic efficiency (FE) is vital for industrial alkene productions. Here, sulfur-tuned effects and field-induced reagent concentration are proposed to promote electrocatalytic alkyne semihydrogenation. Density functional theory calculations reveal that bulk sulfur anions intrinsically weaken alkene adsorption, and surface thiolates lower the activation energy of water and the Gibbs free energy for H* formation. The finite element method shows high-curvature structured catalyst concentrates K+ by enhancing electric field at the tips, accelerating more H* formation from water electrolysis via sulfur anion-hydrated cation networks, and promoting alkyne transformations. So, self-supported Pd nanotips with sulfur modifiers are developed for electrochemical alkyne semihydrogenation with up to 97% conversion yield, 96% selectivity, 75% FE, and a reaction rate of 465.6 mmol m-2 hour-1. Wide potential window and time irrelevance for high alkene selectivity, good universality, and easy access to deuterated alkenes highlight the promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cuibo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongmeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huizhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding author.
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97
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Triandafillidi I, Nikitas NF, Gkizis PL, Spiliopoulou N, Kokotos CG. Hexafluoroisopropanol-Promoted or Brønsted Acid-Mediated Photochemical [2+2] Cycloadditions of Alkynes with Maleimides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102441. [PMID: 34978379 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of light stimulating organic transformations has been known for more than a century, there is an increasing research interest on expanding the established knowledge. While [2+2] cycloadditions are promoted photochemically, literature precedent on the reaction between alkynes and maleimides is limited and only a handful of examples exist, focusing mainly on N-aliphatic maleimides. Herein, the differences in reactivity between N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides were identified, and the use of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as viable solutions was proposed in order to achieve high yields. In the case of N-alkyl maleimides, both HFIP-mediated or TFA-promoted reactions were established using LED 370 nm irradiation, without the use of an external photocatalyst. In the case of N-aryl maleimides, thioxanthone (THX) was employed as the energy transfer photocatalyst along with LED 427 nm irradiation and HFIP. Mechanistic studies were performed, supporting the pivotal role of HFIP or TFA, in acquiring good to high yields in both classes of maleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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98
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Liu J, Yu Y, Huang X. Selective Access of Deuterated Dibenzo‐Fused ε‐Lactones and ε‐Lactams via Palladium Carbene Migratory Insertion Enabled 1,4‐Pd Shift. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Liu
- FIRSM: Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter CHINA
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter CHINA
| | - Xueliang Huang
- Hunan Normal University - Erliban Campus: Hunan Normal University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineerring Lushan Road 36Yuelu district 410081 Changsha CHINA
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99
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Kopf S, Bourriquen F, Li W, Neumann H, Junge K, Beller M. Recent Developments for the Deuterium and Tritium Labeling of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6634-6718. [PMID: 35179363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds labeled with hydrogen isotopes play a crucial role in numerous areas, from materials science to medicinal chemistry. Indeed, while the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium gives rise to improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties in drugs and enables the preparation of internal standards for analytical mass spectrometry, the use of tritium-labeled compounds is a key technique all along drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry. For these reasons, the interest in new methodologies for the isotopic enrichment of organic molecules and the extent of their applications are equally rising. In this regard, this Review intends to comprehensively discuss the new developments in this area over the last years (2017-2021). Notably, besides the fundamental hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions and the use of isotopically labeled analogues of common organic reagents, a plethora of reductive and dehalogenative deuteration techniques and other transformations with isotope incorporation are emerging and are now part of the labeling toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kopf
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Kokel A, Kadish D, Török B. Preparation of Deuterium Labeled Compounds by Pd/C-Al-D 2O Facilitated Selective H-D Exchange Reactions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030614. [PMID: 35163883 PMCID: PMC8840159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemo/regioselective H-D exchange of amino acids and synthetic building blocks by an environmentally benign Pd/C-Al-D2O catalytic system is described. Due to the importance of isotope labeled compounds in medicinal chemistry and structural biology, notably their use as improved drug candidates and biological probes, the efficient and selective deuteration methods are of great interest. The approach is based on selective H-D exchange reactions where the deuterium source is simple D2O. D2 gas is generated in situ from the reaction of aluminum and D2O, while the commercially available palladium catalyst assists the H-D exchange reaction. The high selectivity and efficiency, as well as the simplicity and safe nature of the procedure make this method an environmentally benign alternative to current alternatives.
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