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Gupta S, Silveira DA, Mombach JCM. Towards DNA-damage induced autophagy: A Boolean model of p53-induced cell fate mechanisms. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 96:102971. [PMID: 32987354 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
How a cell determines a given phenotype upon damaged DNA is an open problem. Cell fate decisions happen at cell cycle checkpoints and it is becoming clearer that the p53 pathway is a major regulator of cell fate decisions involving apoptosis or senescence upon DNA damage, especially at G1/S. However, recent results suggest that this pathway is also involved in autophagy induction upon DNA damage. To our knowledge, in this work we propose the first model of the DNA damage-induced G1/S checkpoint contemplating the decision between three phenotypes: apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy. The Boolean model is proposed based on experiments with U87 glioblastoma cells using the transfection of miR-16 that can induce a DNA damage response. The wild-type case of the model shows that DNA damage induces the checkpoint and the coexistence of the three phenotypes (tristable dynamics), each with a different probability. We also predict that the positive feedback involving ATM, miR-16, and Wip1 has an influence on the tristable state. The model predictions were compared to experiments of gain and loss of function in other three different cell lines (MCF-7, A549, and U2OS) presenting agreement. For p53-deficient cell lines such as HeLa, H1299, and PC-3, our model contemplates the experimental observation that the alternative AMPK pathway can compensate this deficiency. We conclude that at the G1/S checkpoint the p53 pathway (or, in its absence, the AMPK pathway) can regulate the induction of different phenotypes in a stochastic manner in the U87 cell line and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Gupta
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Shiloh Y. The cerebellar degeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: A case for genome instability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102950. [PMID: 32871349 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the molecular pathology of genome instability disorders has advanced our understanding of the complex mechanisms that safeguard genome stability and cellular homeostasis at large. Once the culprit genes and their protein products are identified, an ongoing dialogue develops between the research lab and the clinic in an effort to link specific disease symptoms to the functions of the proteins that are missing in the patients. Ataxi A-T elangiectasia (A-T) is a prominent example of this process. A-T's hallmarks are progressive cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, chronic lung disease, cancer predisposition, endocrine abnormalities, segmental premature aging, chromosomal instability and radiation sensitivity. The disease is caused by absence of the powerful protein kinase, ATM, best known as the mobilizer of the broad signaling network induced by double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. In parallel, ATM also functions in the maintenance of the cellular redox balance, mitochondrial function and turnover and many other metabolic circuits. An ongoing discussion in the A-T field revolves around the question of which ATM function is the one whose absence is responsible for the most debilitating aspect of A-T - the cerebellar degeneration. This review suggests that it is the absence of a comprehensive role of ATM in responding to ongoing DNA damage induced mainly by endogenous agents. It is the ensuing deterioration and eventual loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are very vulnerable to ATM absence due to a unique combination of physiological features, which kindles the cerebellar decay in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Cheng A, Tse KH, Chow HM, Gan Y, Song X, Ma F, Qian YXY, She W, Herrup K. ATM loss disrupts the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Autophagy 2020; 17:1998-2010. [PMID: 32757690 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1805860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) protein is found associated with multiple organelles including synaptic vesicles, endosomes and lysosomes, often in cooperation with ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related). Mutation of the ATM gene results in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), an autosomal recessive disorder with defects in multiple organs including the nervous system. Precisely how ATM deficiency leads to the complex phenotypes of A-T, however, remains elusive. Here, we reported that part of the connection may lie in autophagy and lysosomal abnormalities. We found that ATM was degraded through the autophagy pathway, while ATR was processed by the proteasome. Autophagy and lysosomal trafficking were both abnormal in atm-/- neurons and the deficits impacted cellular functions such as synapse maintenance, neuronal survival and glucose uptake. Upregulated autophagic flux was observed in atm-/- lysosomes, associated with a more acidic pH. Significantly, we found that the ATP6V1A (ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1 subunit A) proton pump was an ATM kinase target. In atm-/- neurons, lysosomes showed enhanced retrograde transport and accumulated in the perinuclear regions. We attributed this change to an unexpected physical interaction between ATM and the retrograde transport motor protein, dynein. As a consequence, SLC2A4/GLUT4 (solute carrier family 4 [facilitated glucose transporter], member 4) translocation to the plasma membrane was inhibited and trafficking to the lysosomes was increased, leading to impaired glucose uptake capacity. Together, these data underscored the involvement of ATM in a variety of neuronal vesicular trafficking processes, offering new and therapeutically useful insights into the pathogenesis of A-T.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; A-T: ataxia-telangiectasia; ALG2: asparagine-linked glycosylation 2 (alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase); AMPK: adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATM: ataxia telangiectasia mutated; ATP6V1A: ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1 subunit A; ATR: ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related; BFA1: bafilomycin A1; CC3: cleaved-CASP3; CGN: cerebellar granule neuron; CLQ: chloroquine; CN: neocortical neuron; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; DYNLL1: the light chain1 of dynein; EIF4EBP1/4E-BP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; Etop: etoposide; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HBS: HEPES-buffered saline; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; HOMER1: homer protein homolog 1; KU: KU-60019; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3B-II: LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate; Lyso: lysosome; LysopH-GFP: lysopHluorin-GFP; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP2: microtubule associated protein 2; MAPK14: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; MAPK8/JNK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin 1; OSBPL1A: oxysterol binding protein like 1A; PIKK: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase related kinase; Rapa: rapamycin; RILP: rab interacting lysosomal protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SEM: standard error of mean; SLC2A4/GLUT4: solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4; TSC2/tuberin: TSC complex subunit 2; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; VE: VE-822; WCL: whole-cell lysate; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Cheng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.,Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Hei Tse
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.,Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yunqiao Gan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Xuan Song
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Fulin Ma
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | | | - Weiyi She
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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54
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Ryu SW, Stewart R, Pectol DC, Ender NA, Wimalarathne O, Lee JH, Zanini CP, Harvey A, Huibregtse JM, Mueller P, Paull TT. Proteome-wide identification of HSP70/HSC70 chaperone clients in human cells. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000606. [PMID: 32687490 PMCID: PMC7392334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family of chaperones are the front line of protection from stress-induced misfolding and aggregation of polypeptides in most organisms and are responsible for promoting the stability, folding, and degradation of clients to maintain cellular protein homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate quantitative identification of HSP70 and 71 kDa heat shock cognate (HSC70) clients using a ubiquitin-mediated proximity tagging strategy and show that, despite their high degree of similarity, these enzymes have largely nonoverlapping specificities. Both proteins show a preference for association with newly synthesized polypeptides, but each responds differently to changes in the stoichiometry of proteins in obligate multi-subunit complexes. In addition, expression of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutant protein induces changes in HSP70 and HSC70 client association and aggregation toward polypeptides with predicted disorder, indicating that there are global effects from a single misfolded protein that extend to many clients within chaperone networks. Together these findings show that the ubiquitin-activated interaction trap (UBAIT) fusion system can efficiently isolate the complex interactome of HSP chaperone family proteins under normal and stress conditions. Development of a ubiquitin-based system to comprehensively identify substrates of HSP70 enzymes in human cells reveals that constitutive HSC70 and stress-induced HSP70 have different binding preferences and respond dynamically to changes in misfolded protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung W. Ryu
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rose Stewart
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - D. Chase Pectol
- The Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicolette A. Ender
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Oshadi Wimalarathne
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos P. Zanini
- Department of Statistics & Data Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antony Harvey
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jon M. Huibregtse
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Mueller
- Department of Statistics & Data Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tanya T. Paull
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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55
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Yamada S, Hinch AG, Kamido H, Zhang Y, Edelmann W, Keeney S. Molecular structures and mechanisms of DNA break processing in mouse meiosis. Genes Dev 2020; 34:806-818. [PMID: 32354835 PMCID: PMC7263140 DOI: 10.1101/gad.336032.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exonucleolytic resection, critical to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs) by recombination, is not well understood, particularly in mammalian meiosis. Here, we define structures of resected DSBs in mouse spermatocytes genome-wide at nucleotide resolution. Resection tracts averaged 1100 nt, but with substantial fine-scale heterogeneity at individual hot spots. Surprisingly, EXO1 is not the major 5' → 3' exonuclease, but the DSB-responsive kinase ATM proved a key regulator of both initiation and extension of resection. In wild type, apparent intermolecular recombination intermediates clustered near to but offset from DSB positions, consistent with joint molecules with incompletely invaded 3' ends. Finally, we provide evidence for PRDM9-dependent chromatin remodeling leading to increased accessibility at recombination sites. Our findings give insight into the mechanisms of DSB processing and repair in meiotic chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Yamada
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Anjali Gupta Hinch
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Hisashi Kamido
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Winfried Edelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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56
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Kao CH, Ryu SW, Kim MJ, Wen X, Wimalarathne O, Paull TT. Growth-Regulated Hsp70 Phosphorylation Regulates Stress Responses and Prion Maintenance. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00628-19. [PMID: 32205407 PMCID: PMC7261718 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00628-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of protein homeostasis in eukaryotes under normal growth and stress conditions requires the functions of Hsp70 chaperones and associated cochaperones. Here, we investigate an evolutionarily conserved serine phosphorylation that occurs at the site of communication between the nucleotide-binding and substrate-binding domains of Hsp70. Ser151 phosphorylation in yeast Hsp70 (Ssa1) is promoted by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1) during normal growth. Phosphomimetic substitutions at this site (S151D) dramatically downregulate heat shock responses, a result conserved with HSC70 S153 in human cells. Phosphomimetic forms of Ssa1 also fail to relocalize in response to starvation conditions, do not associate in vivo with Hsp40 cochaperones Ydj1 and Sis1, and do not catalyze refolding of denatured proteins in vitro in cooperation with Ydj1 and Hsp104. Despite these negative effects on HSC70/HSP70 function, the S151D phosphomimetic allele promotes survival of heavy metal exposure and suppresses the Sup35-dependent [PSI+ ] prion phenotype, consistent with proposed roles for Ssa1 and Hsp104 in generating self-nucleating seeds of misfolded proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that Cdk1 can downregulate Hsp70 function through phosphorylation of this site, with potential costs to overall chaperone efficiency but also advantages with respect to reduction of metal-induced and prion-dependent protein aggregate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsuan Kao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Seung W Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Min J Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Xuemei Wen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Oshadi Wimalarathne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Lee JH, Paull TT. Mitochondria at the crossroads of ATM-mediated stress signaling and regulation of reactive oxygen species. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101511. [PMID: 32244177 PMCID: PMC7115119 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase responds to DNA double-strand breaks and other forms of cellular stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent work in the field has uncovered links between mitochondrial ROS and ATM activation, suggesting that ATM acts as a sensor for mitochondrial derived ROS and regulates ROS accumulation in cells through this pathway. In addition, characterization of cells from Ataxia-telangiectasia patients as well as ATM-deficient mice and cell models suggest a role for ATM in modulating mitochondrial gene expression and function. Here we review ROS responses related to ATM function, recent evidence for ATM roles in mitochondrial maintenance and turnover, and the relationship between ATM and regulation of protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Mou J, Hu T, Wang Z, Chen W, Wang Y, Zhang W. ATM gene polymorphisms are associated with poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer receiving radiation therapy. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7465-7479. [PMID: 32329754 PMCID: PMC7202543 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the prognostic significance of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 720 Han Chinese non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who underwent radiation or chemoradiation therapy. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were significantly associated with two ATM SNPs, rs664143 and rs189037. Patients with the rs664143 GA or AA genotype had poorer DFS (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.86, P = 0.021) and OS (HR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.12-1.78, P = 0.040) than those with the rs664143 GG phenotype. Patients with the rs189037 AG/GG genotypes had poorer prognoses than those with the rs189037 AA genotype (AG/GG vs. AA: DFS, HR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.06-1.95, P=0.019; OS, HR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.16-1.17-2.21, P=0.004). These results were confirmed by subgroup analysis based on clinical factors such as smoking, histology, tumor stage, treatment, and radiation dose, all of which were significantly associated with DFS and OS rates in NSCLC patients. These findings show that ATM rs664143 and rs189037 variants determine prognosis in NSCLC patients that have undergone radiation or chemoradiation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Mou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiwu Wang
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, Tangshan People’s Hospital, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Training Department, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
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59
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Petr MA, Tulika T, Carmona-Marin LM, Scheibye-Knudsen M. Protecting the Aging Genome. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:117-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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60
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Tanino R, Amano Y, Tong X, Sun R, Tsubata Y, Harada M, Fujita Y, Isobe T. Anticancer Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles against Human Small-Cell Lung Cancer in an Orthotopic Mouse Model. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:502-512. [PMID: 31784453 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer, a highly malignant form of lung cancer, often responds to first-line treatments but relapses in most cases with resistance to further treatments. We tested zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles against small-cell lung cancer and other cancer cell lines, in light of reported anticancer effects in vitro Because of a strong safety record, ZnO nanoparticles are frequently used in biomedical research, including in cellular imaging and drug delivery, and have been used for many years in several commercial products such as skin care agents. Strikingly, ZnO nanoparticles were genotoxic against small-cell lung cancer cells, resulting in low viability, even in cells orthotopically grafted onto mouse models. However, the nanoparticles were less cytotoxic against normal lung-derived cells and did not elicit observable adverse effects after intravenous administration. ZnO nanoparticles were also found to induce highly reactive oxygen species and DNA leakage from nuclei. This study is the first comprehensive evaluation of the anticancer effects of ZnO nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo and highlights new therapeutic opportunities against small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tanino
- Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Amano
- Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Xuexia Tong
- Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Rong Sun
- Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yukari Tsubata
- Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Harada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujita
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Takeshi Isobe
- Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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61
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Kumar N, Qian W, Van Houten B. Sick mitochondria cause telomere damage: implications for disease. Mol Cell Oncol 2019; 7:1678362. [PMID: 31993494 PMCID: PMC6961657 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1678362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria have been implicated in a variety of human pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. However, the precise role of mitochondrial-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these maladies is unclear. Using a light-activated mitochondrially targeted approach, we recently reported direct evidence that damaged mitochondria produce a wave of secondary ROS, causing rapid and preferential telomere dysfunction but not gross nuclear DNA damage (Fig 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Kumar
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Qian
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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62
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Wu Q, Wang H, Liu L, Zhu K, Yu W, Guo J. Hsa_circ_0001546 acts as a miRNA-421 sponge to inhibit the chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells via ATM/Chk2/p53-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:303-309. [PMID: 31668372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new class of noncoding RNAs, play a crucial role in tumor initiation and development. Hsa_circ_0001546 is a novel circular RNA that was downregulated in gastric cancer (GC) tissues, however its function and mechanism in GC has not been studied. Our study verified that circ_0001546 was decreased in GC and correlated with the poor prognosis. Next, Pull-down assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay verified that miR-421 was a target of circ_0001546 while ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) was target by miR-421. Overexpression of circ_0001546 inhibited the proliferation and chemoresistance of HGC-27 cells, and increased the expression of ATM. In addition, circ_0001546 overexpression reversed the effect of miR-421 overexpression. What is more, circ_0001546 inhibits the chemoresistance of HGC-27 cells to L-OPH (Oxaliplatin) may through the activation of the ATM/checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2)/p53-dependent signaling pathway. In summary, our study proved that circ_0001546 sponges miR-421 to upregulate the expression level of ATM and inhibit the proliferation and chemoresistance through the activation of the ATM/Chk2/p53-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, PR China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, PR China
| | - Kongxi Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, PR China
| | - Weihua Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, PR China.
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63
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in aging, inflammation, and cancer. Mitochondria are an important source of ROS; however, the spatiotemporal ROS events underlying oxidative cellular damage from dysfunctional mitochondria remain unresolved. To this end, we have developed and validated a chemoptogenetic approach that uses a mitochondrially targeted fluorogen-activating peptide (Mito-FAP) to deliver a photosensitizer MG-2I dye exclusively to this organelle. Light-mediated activation (660 nm) of the Mito-FAP-MG-2I complex led to a rapid loss of mitochondrial respiration, decreased electron transport chain complex activity, and mitochondrial fragmentation. Importantly, one round of singlet oxygen produced a persistent secondary wave of mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide lasting for over 48 h after the initial insult. By following ROS intermediates, we were able to detect hydrogen peroxide in the nucleus through ratiometric analysis of the oxidation of nuclear cysteine residues. Despite mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and nuclear oxidative stress induced by dysfunctional mitochondria, there was a lack of gross nuclear DNA strand breaks and apoptosis. Targeted telomere analysis revealed fragile telomeres and telomere loss as well as 53BP1-positive telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIFs), indicating that DNA double-strand breaks occurred exclusively in telomeres as a direct consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. These telomere defects activated ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-mediated DNA damage repair signaling. Furthermore, ATM inhibition exacerbated the Mito-FAP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and sensitized cells to apoptotic cell death. This profound sensitivity of telomeres through hydrogen peroxide induced by dysregulated mitochondria reveals a crucial mechanism of telomere-mitochondria communication underlying the pathophysiological role of mitochondrial ROS in human diseases.
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Corcoles-Saez I, Ferat JL, Costanzo M, Boone CM, Cha RS. Functional link between mitochondria and Rnr3, the minor catalytic subunit of yeast ribonucleotide reductase. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:286-294. [PMID: 31172013 PMCID: PMC6545439 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.06.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an essential holoenzyme required for de novo synthesis of dNTPs. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes for two catalytic subunits, Rnr1 and Rnr3. While Rnr1 is required for DNA replication and DNA damage repair, the function(s) of Rnr3 is unknown. Here, we show that carbon source, an essential nutrient, impacts Rnr1 and Rnr3 abundance: Non-fermentable carbon sources or limiting concentrations of glucose down regulate Rnr1 and induce Rnr3 expression. Oppositely, abundant glucose induces Rnr1 expression and down regulates Rnr3. The carbon source dependent regulation of Rnr3 is mediated by Mec1, the budding yeast ATM/ATR checkpoint response kinase. Unexpectedly, this regulation is independent of all currently known components of the Mec1 DNA damage response network, including Rad53, Dun1, and Tel1, implicating a novel Mec1 signalling axis. rnr3Δ leads to growth defects under respiratory conditions and rescues temperature sensitivity conferred by the absence of Tom6, a component of the mitochondrial TOM (translocase of outer membrane) complex responsible for mitochondrial protein import. Together, these results unveil involvement of Rnr3 in mitochondrial functions and Mec1 in mediating the carbon source dependent regulation of Rnr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Corcoles-Saez
- School of Medical Sciences, North West Cancer Research Institute, Bangor University, Deniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Luc Ferat
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Avenue de la Terrasse, Paris, France
| | - Michael Costanzo
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Charles M Boone
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Rita S Cha
- School of Medical Sciences, North West Cancer Research Institute, Bangor University, Deniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
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Rubis B, Luczak MW, Krawic C, Zhitkovich A. Vitamin C increases DNA breaks and suppresses DNA damage-independent activation of ATM by bleomycin. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 136:12-21. [PMID: 30926564 PMCID: PMC6488359 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycin is a redox-active drug with anticancer and other clinical applications. It is also frequently used as a tool in fundamental research on cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). A conversion of bleomycin into its DNA-breaking form requires Fe, one-electron donors and O2. Here, we examined how a major biological antioxidant ascorbate (reduced vitamin C), which is practically absent in standard cell culture, impacts cellular responses to bleomycin. We found that restoration of physiological levels of vitamin C in human cancer cells increased their killing by bleomycin in 2D cultures and 3D tumor spheroids. Higher cytotoxicity of bleomycin occurred in cells with normal and shRNA-depleted p53. Cellular vitamin C enhanced the ability of bleomycin by produce DSBs, which was established by direct measurements of these lesions in three cell lines. Vitamin C-restored cancer cells also showed a higher sensitivity to killing by low-dose bleomycin in combination with inhibitors of DSB repair-activating ATM or DNA-PK kinases. The presence of ascorbate in bleomycin-treated cells suppressed a DSB-independent activation of the ATM-CHK2 axis by blocking superoxide radical. In vitro studies detected a greatly superior ability of ascorbate over other cellular reducers to catalyze DSB formation by bleomycin. Ascorbate was faster than other antioxidants in promoting two steps in activation of bleomycin. Our results demonstrate strong activation effects of vitamin C on bleomycin, shifting its toxicity further toward DNA damage and making it more sensitive to manipulations of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Rubis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Michal W Luczak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Casey Krawic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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Mock A, Rapp C, Warta R, Abdollahi A, Jäger D, Sakowitz O, Brors B, von Deimling A, Jungk C, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C. Impact of post-surgical freezing delay on brain tumor metabolomics. Metabolomics 2019; 15:78. [PMID: 31087206 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Translational cancer research has seen an increasing interest in metabolomic profiling to decipher tumor phenotypes. However, the impact of post-surgical freezing delays on mass spectrometric metabolomic measurements of the cancer tissue remains elusive. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of post-surgical freezing delays on cancer tissue metabolomics and to investigate changes per metabolite and per metabolic pathway. METHODS We performed untargeted metabolomics on three cortically located and bulk-resected glioblastoma tissues that were sequentially frozen as duplicates at up to six different time delays (0-180 min, 34 samples). RESULTS Statistical modelling revealed that 10% of the metabolome (59 of 597 metabolites) changed significantly after a 3 h delay. While carbohydrates and energy metabolites decreased, peptides and lipids increased. After a 2 h delay, these metabolites had changed by as much as 50-100%. We present the first list of metabolites in glioblastoma tissues that are sensitive to post-surgical freezing delays and offer the opportunity to define individualized fold change thresholds for future comparative metabolomic studies. CONCLUSION More researchers should take these pre-analytical factors into consideration when analyzing metabolomic data. We present a strategy for how to work with metabolites that are sensitive to freezing delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mock
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Rapp
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Warta
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Sakowitz
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology & Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Jungk
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Liang N, He Q, Liu X, Sun H. Multifaceted roles of ATM in autophagy: From nonselective autophagy to selective autophagy. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:177-184. [PMID: 30847960 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is best known for its critical nuclear roles in the DNA damage response (DDR), cell cycle checkpoints, and the maintenance of gene stability. In this review, we highlight the multifaceted cytoplasmic functions of ATM in autophagy. We focused on the functions of ATM in nonselective autophagy in cancer. An Oncomine database analysis showed a tight association between ATM and autophagy in various cancers. In particular, its mechanisms in nonselective autophagy, those induced by ionizing radiation (IR), are illustrated in detail and involve the MAPK14 pathway, mTOR pathway, and Beclin1/PI3KIII complexes. Recently, an increasing number of studies revealed that autophagy could also be highly selective. We additionally emphasized the novel roles of ATM in selective autophagy, including mitophagy, pexophagy, and lipophagy. The regulation of these processes mainly involves ATM-PEX5, ATM-AMPK-TSC2-mTORC1-ULK1, PPM1D-ATM-MTOR, PINK I/Parkin, and NAD+/SIRT1. We aimed to provide new perspectives on the importance of ATM in the diverse field of autophagy. The intricate regulation of ATM in autophagy still requires further investigation, which would enhance our understanding of its role in cell dynamics and homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Our review highlighted the multifaceted cytoplasmic functions of ATM on autophagy. First, we focused on the functions of ATM in nonselective autophagy within cancer especially those induced by IR, involving the MAPK14 pathway, mTOR pathway, and Beclin1/PI3KIII complexes. These provided a theoretical understanding of tumour radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity. In addition, we emphasized the novel roles of ATM in selective autophagy, including mitophagy, pexophagy, and lipophagy. This review provides new perspectives on the importance of ATM in the diverse field of autophagy, which would provide more information on its role in whole cell dynamics and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qiao He
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
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68
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Alnajjar KS, Sweasy JB. A new perspective on oxidation of DNA repair proteins and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 76:60-69. [PMID: 30818170 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are formed as byproducts of many endogenous cellular processes, in response to infections, and upon exposure to various environmental factors. An increase in RONS can saturate the antioxidation system and leads to oxidative stress. Consequently, macromolecules are targeted for oxidative modifications, including DNA and protein. The oxidation of DNA, which leads to base modification and formation of abasic sites along with single and double strand breaks, has been extensively investigated. Protein oxidation is often neglected and is only recently being recognized as an important regulatory mechanism of various DNA repair proteins. This is a review of the current state of research on the regulation of DNA repair by protein oxidation with emphasis on the correlation between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh S Alnajjar
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States.
| | - Joann B Sweasy
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
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Corti A, Sota R, Dugo M, Calogero RA, Terragni B, Mantegazza M, Franceschetti S, Restelli M, Gasparini P, Lecis D, Chrzanowska KH, Delia D. DNA damage and transcriptional regulation in iPSC-derived neurons from Ataxia Telangiectasia patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:651. [PMID: 30679601 PMCID: PMC6346060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T) is neurodegenerative syndrome caused by inherited mutations inactivating the ATM kinase, a master regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR). What makes neurons vulnerable to ATM loss remains unclear. In this study we assessed on human iPSC-derived neurons whether the abnormal accumulation of DNA-Topoisomerase 1 adducts (Top1ccs) found in A-T impairs transcription elongation, thus favoring neurodegeneration. Furthermore, whether neuronal activity-induced immediate early genes (IEGs), a process involving the formation of DNA breaks, is affected by ATM deficiency. We found that Top1cc trapping by CPT induces an ATM-dependent DDR as well as an ATM-independent induction of IEGs and repression especially of long genes. As revealed by nascent RNA sequencing, transcriptional elongation and recovery were found to proceed with the same rate, irrespective of gene length and ATM status. Neuronal activity induced by glutamate receptors stimulation, or membrane depolarization with KCl, triggered a DDR and expression of IEGs, the latter independent of ATM. In unperturbed A-T neurons a set of genes (FN1, DCN, RASGRF1, FZD1, EOMES, SHH, NR2E1) implicated in the development, maintenance and physiology of central nervous system was specifically downregulated, underscoring their potential involvement in the neurodegenerative process in A-T patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Raina Sota
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaele A Calogero
- Universita' degli Studi di Torino, Bioinformatics and Genomics Unit, Molecular Biotechnology Centre, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Terragni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Department of Neurophysiopathology and Diagnostic Epileptology, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC) LabEx ICST, CNRS UMR7275, Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, Sophia Antipolis, France.,University Côte d'Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Department of Neurophysiopathology and Diagnostic Epileptology, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Restelli
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gasparini
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via G Venezian 1, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Krystyna H Chrzanowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy. .,IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy.
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Versatility of the Mec1 ATM/ATR signaling network in mediating resistance to replication, genotoxic, and proteotoxic stresses. Curr Genet 2019; 65:657-661. [PMID: 30610294 PMCID: PMC6510830 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated/ATM and Rad3-related (ATM/ATR) family proteins are evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinases best known for their roles in mediating the DNA damage response. Upon activation, ATM/ATR phosphorylate numerous targets to stabilize stalled replication forks, repair damaged DNA, and inhibit cell cycle progression to ensure survival of the cell and safeguard integrity of the genome. Intriguingly, separation of function alleles of the human ATM and MEC1, the budding yeast ATM/ATR, were shown to confer widespread protein aggregation and acute sensitivity to different types of proteotoxic agents including heavy metal, amino acid analogue, and an aggregation-prone peptide derived from the Huntington’s disease protein. Further analyses unveiled that ATM and Mec1 promote resistance to perturbation in protein homeostasis via a mechanism distinct from the DNA damage response. In this minireview, we summarize the key findings and discuss ATM/ATR as a multifaceted signalling protein capable of mediating cellular response to both DNA and protein damage.
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71
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Tal E, Alfo M, Zha S, Barzilai A, De Zeeuw CI, Ziv Y, Shiloh Y. Inactive Atm abrogates DSB repair in mouse cerebellum more than does Atm loss, without causing a neurological phenotype. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 72:10-17. [PMID: 30348496 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genome instability syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is caused by null mutations in the ATM gene, that lead to complete loss or inactivation of the gene's product, the ATM protein kinase. ATM is the primary mobilizer of the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) - a broad signaling network in which many components are ATM targets. The major clinical feature of A-T is cerebellar atrophy, characterized by relentless loss of Purkinje and granule cells. In Atm-knockout (Atm-KO) mice, complete loss of Atm leads to a very mild neurological phenotype, suggesting that Atm loss is not sufficient to markedly abrogate cerebellar structure and function in this organism. Expression of inactive ("kinase-dead") Atm (AtmKD) in mice leads to embryonic lethality, raising the question of whether conditional expression of AtmKD in the murine nervous system would lead to a more pronounced neurological phenotype than Atm loss. We generated two mouse strains in which AtmKD was conditionally expressed as the sole Atm species: one in the CNS and one specifically in Purkinje cells. Focusing our analysis on Purkinje cells, the dynamics of DSB readouts indicated that DSB repair was delayed longer in the presence of AtmKD compared to Atm loss. However, both strains exhibited normal life span and displayed no gross cerebellar histological abnormalities or significant neurological phenotype. We conclude that the presence of AtmKD is indeed more harmful to DSB repair than Atm loss, but the murine central nervous system can reasonably tolerate the extent of this DSB repair impairment. Greater pressure needs to be exerted on genome stability to obtain a mouse model that recapitulates the severe A-T neurological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Tal
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Marina Alfo
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Art & Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yael Ziv
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, New York, United States.
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Corcoles-Saez I, Dong K, Johnson AL, Waskiewicz E, Costanzo M, Boone C, Cha RS. Essential Function of Mec1, the Budding Yeast ATM/ATR Checkpoint-Response Kinase, in Protein Homeostasis. Dev Cell 2018; 46:495-503.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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73
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Milanese C, Cerri S, Ulusoy A, Gornati SV, Plat A, Gabriels S, Blandini F, Di Monte DA, Hoeijmakers JH, Mastroberardino PG. Activation of the DNA damage response in vivo in synucleinopathy models of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:818. [PMID: 30050065 PMCID: PMC6062587 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of DNA damage and repair in aging processes is well established. Aging is an unequivocal risk factor for chronic neurodegenerative diseases, underscoring the relevance of investigations into the role that DNA alterations may have in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Consistently, even moderate impairment of DNA repair systems facilitates the onset of pathological features typical of PD that include derangement of the dopaminergic system, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alpha-synuclein stress. The latter establishes a connection between reduced DNA repair capacity and a cardinal feature of PD, alpha-synuclein pathology. It remains to be determined, however, whether alpha-synuclein stress activates in vivo the canonical signaling cascade associated with DNA damage, which is centered on the kinase ATM and substrates such as γH2Ax and 53BP1. Addressing these issues would shed light on age-related mechanisms impinging upon PD pathogenesis and neurodegeneration in particular. We analyzed two different synucleinopathy PD mouse models based either on intranigral delivery of AAV-expressing human alpha-synuclein, or intrastriatal injection of human alpha-synuclein pre-formed fibrils. In both cases, we detected a significant increase in γH2AX and 53BP1 foci, and in phospho-ATM immunoreactivity in dopaminergic neurons, which collectively indicate DNA damage and activation of the DNA damage response. Mechanistic experiments in cell cultures indicate that activation of the DNA damage response is caused, at least in part, by pro-oxidant species because it is prevented by exogenous or endogenous antioxidants, which also rescue mitochondrial anomalies caused by proteotoxic alpha-synuclein. These in vivo and in vitro findings reveal that the cellular stress mediated by alpha-synuclein-a pathological hallmark in PD-elicits DNA damage and activates the DNA damage response. The toxic cascade leading to DNA damage involves oxidant stress and mitochondrial dysfunction The data underscore the importance of DNA quality control for preservation of neuronal integrity and protection against neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Milanese
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ayse Ulusoy
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simona V Gornati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Audrey Plat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Gabriels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Donato A Di Monte
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan H Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Zhang Y, Lee JH, Paull TT, Gehrke S, D'Alessandro A, Dou Q, Gladyshev VN, Schroeder EA, Steyl SK, Christian BE, Shadel GS. Mitochondrial redox sensing by the kinase ATM maintains cellular antioxidant capacity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaaq0702. [PMID: 29991649 PMCID: PMC6042875 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are integral to cellular energy metabolism and ATP production and are involved in regulating many cellular processes. Mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which not only can damage cellular components but also participate in signal transduction. The kinase ATM, which is mutated in the neurodegenerative, autosomal recessive disease ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), is a key player in the nuclear DNA damage response. However, ATM also performs a redox-sensing function mediated through formation of ROS-dependent disulfide-linked dimers. We found that mitochondria-derived hydrogen peroxide promoted ATM dimerization. In HeLa cells, ATM dimers were localized to the nucleus and inhibited by the redox regulatory protein thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), suggesting the existence of a ROS-mediated, stress-signaling relay from mitochondria to the nucleus. ATM dimer formation did not affect its association with chromatin in the absence or presence of nuclear DNA damage, consistent with the separation of its redox and DNA damage signaling functions. Comparative analysis of U2OS cells expressing either wild-type ATM or the redox sensing-deficient C2991L mutant revealed that one function of ATM redox sensing is to promote glucose flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by increasing the abundance and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), thereby increasing cellular antioxidant capacity. The PPP produces the coenzyme NADPH needed for a robust antioxidant response, including the regeneration of TRX1, indicating the existence of a regulatory feedback loop involving ATM and TRX1. We propose that loss of the mitochondrial ROS-sensing function of ATM may cause cellular ROS accumulation and oxidative stress in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sarah Gehrke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Qianhui Dou
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Samantha K Steyl
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Brooke E Christian
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Gerald S Shadel
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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75
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Zhuo M, Gorgun MF, Englander EW. Neurotoxicity of cytarabine (Ara-C) in dorsal root ganglion neurons originates from impediment of mtDNA synthesis and compromise of mitochondrial function. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 121:9-19. [PMID: 29698743 PMCID: PMC5971160 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) neurotoxicity caused by cancer drugs hinders attainment of chemotherapy goals. Due to leakiness of the blood nerve barrier, circulating chemotherapeutic drugs reach PNS neurons and adversely affect their function. Chemotherapeutic drugs are designed to target dividing cancer cells and mechanisms underlying their toxicity in postmitotic neurons remain to be fully clarified. The objective of this work was to elucidate progression of events triggered by antimitotic drugs in postmitotic neurons. For proof of mechanism study, we chose cytarabine (ara-C), an antimetabolite used in treatment of hematological cancers. Ara-C is a cytosine analog that terminates DNA synthesis. To investigate how ara-C affects postmitotic neurons, which replicate mitochondrial but not genomic DNA, we adapted a model of Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) neurons. We showed that DNA polymerase γ, which is responsible for mtDNA synthesis, is inhibited by ara-C and that sublethal ara-C exposure of DRG neurons leads to reduction in mtDNA content, ROS generation, oxidative mtDNA damage formation, compromised mitochondrial respiration and diminution of NADPH and GSH stores, as well as, activation of the DNA damage response. Hence, it is plausible that in ara-C exposed DRG neurons, ROS amplified by the high mitochondrial content shifts from physiologic to pathologic levels signaling stress to the nucleus. Combined, the findings suggest that ara-C neurotoxicity in DRG neurons originates in mitochondria and that continuous mtDNA synthesis and reliance on oxidative phosphorylation for energy needs sensitize the highly metabolic neurons to injury by mtDNA synthesis terminating cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Murat F Gorgun
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ella W Englander
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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76
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Stagni V, Cirotti C, Barilà D. Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Kinase in the Control of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondria, and Autophagy in Cancer: A Maestro With a Large Orchestra. Front Oncol 2018; 8:73. [PMID: 29616191 PMCID: PMC5864851 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) plays a central role in the DNA damage response (DDR) and mutations in its gene lead to the development of a rare autosomic genetic disorder, ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) characterized by neurodegeneration, premature aging, defects in the immune response, and higher incidence of lymphoma development. The ability of ATM to control genome stability several pointed to ATM as tumor suppressor gene. Growing evidence clearly support a significant role of ATM, in addition to its master ability to control the DDR, as principle modulator of oxidative stress response and mitochondrial homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of autophagy, hypoxia, and cancer stem cell survival. Consistently, A-T is strongly characterized by aberrant oxidative stress, significant inability to remove damaged organelles such as mitochondria. These findings raise the question whether ATM may contribute to a more general hijack of signaling networks in cancer, therefore, playing a dual role in this context. Indeed, an unexpected tumorigenic role for ATM, in particular, tumor contexts has been demonstrated. Genetic inactivation of Beclin-1, an autophagy regulator, significantly reverses mitochondrial abnormalities and tumor development in ATM-null mice, independently of DDR. Furthermore, ATM sustains cancer stem cells survival by promoting the autophagic flux and ATM kinase activity is enhanced in HER2-dependent tumors. This mini-review aims to shed new light on the complexity of these new molecular circuits through which ATM may modulate cancer progression and to highlight a novel role of ATM in the control of proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venturina Stagni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cirotti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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