51
|
Hong JS, Song W, Park HM, Oh JY, Chae JC, Han JI, Jeong SH. First Detection of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-5-Producing Escherichia coli from Companion Animals in Korea. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 25:344-349. [PMID: 30379599 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene for New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-5 (NDM-5) in Escherichia coli has been identified in many countries mainly from human clinical specimens. The isolates carrying this gene are even more rarely isolated from companion animals. In this study, four carbapenem-resistant isolates were recovered from four dogs in Korea. All isolates carried blaNDM-5 and exhibited resistance to meropenem and imipenem, and were susceptible to colistin. Epidemiological analysis showed that all four isolates were sequence type 410 (ST410) and shared 99% similarity as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. Among the four isolates, the Z0117EC0033 strain was randomly selected for whole-genome sequencing, composed of a 4.7Mb circularized chromosome carrying the CMY-2 gene and two plasmids. The first plasmid of the IncFIB type had 83 coding sequences (CDS) in ca. 74 kb. The second smaller plasmid of the IncX3 type had 57 CDS and carried only the blaNDM-5 gene in ca. 46 kb. The plasmid structures were highly similar (> 99%) to those of the NDM-5 human-like IncX3 plasmid. This is the first report of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from companion animals in Korea. The human-like blaNDM-5 IncX3 plasmid identified in this study suggests a potential transmission route of the NDM-5 plasmid between humans and companion animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sung Hong
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonkeun Song
- 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine , Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Myung Park
- 3 Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Konkuk University College of Veterinary Medicine , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Oh
- 3 Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Konkuk University College of Veterinary Medicine , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Chae
- 4 Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences , Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Han
- 5 Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases, Chonbuk National University College of Veterinary Medicine , Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seok Hoon Jeong
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Ko KS. Antibiotic-resistant clones in Gram-negative pathogens: presence of global clones in Korea. J Microbiol 2018; 57:195-202. [PMID: 30552629 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global concern in public health. Antibiotic-resistant clones can spread nationally, internationally, and globally. This review considers representative antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacterial clones-CTX-M- 15-producing ST131 in Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing ST11 and KPC-producing ST258 in Klebsiella pneumoniae, IMP-6-producing, carbapenem-resistant ST235 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and OXA-23-producing global clone 2 in Acinetobacter baumannii-that have disseminated worldwide, including in Korea. The findings highlight the urgency for systematic monitoring and international cooperation to suppress the emergence and propagation of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Soo Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Various Sequence Types of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Commercial Chicken Farms in China and Carrying the blaNDM-5 Gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00779-18. [PMID: 30038045 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00779-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 108 meropenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates were obtained from 1,658 rectal swabs collected from 15 unrelated commercial chicken farms in China between 2014 and 2016. These samples yielded 16 Escherichia coli and 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of diverse sequence types carrying a blaNDM-5-bearing IncX3 plasmid. K. pneumoniae strain sequence type 709 (ST709) has two blaNDM-5-carrying plasmids that were transferred together to E.coli.
Collapse
|
54
|
Takeuchi D, Akeda Y, Yoshida H, Hagiya H, Yamamoto N, Nishi I, Yoshioka N, Sugawara Y, Sakamoto N, Shanmugakani RK, Deguchi M, Tomono K, Hamada S. Genomic reorganization by IS26 in a bla
NDM-5-bearing FII plasmid of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a patient in Japan. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1221-1224. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Takeuchi
- 1Japan–Thailand Research Collaboration Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- 2Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- 1Japan–Thailand Research Collaboration Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- 2Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hagiya
- 2Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihisa Yamamoto
- 2Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isao Nishi
- 3Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nori Yoshioka
- 2Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- 3Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yo Sugawara
- 1Japan–Thailand Research Collaboration Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakamoto
- 1Japan–Thailand Research Collaboration Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rathina Kumar Shanmugakani
- 2Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Matsuo Deguchi
- 2Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- 2Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- 1Japan–Thailand Research Collaboration Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Ju LC, Cheng Z, Fast W, Bonomo RA, Crowder MW. The Continuing Challenge of Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibition: Mechanism Matters. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:635-647. [PMID: 29680579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are a significant clinical problem because they hydrolyze and inactivate nearly all β-lactam-containing antibiotics. These 'lifesaving drugs' constitute >50% of the available contemporary antibiotic arsenal. Despite the global spread of MBLs, MBL inhibitors have not yet appeared in clinical trials. Most MBL inhibitors target active site zinc ions and vary in mechanism from ternary complex formation to metal ion stripping. Importantly, differences in mechanism can impact pharmacology in terms of reversibility, target selectivity, and structure-activity relationship interpretation. This review surveys the mechanisms of MBL inhibitors and describes methods that determine the mechanism of inhibition to guide development of future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Cheng Ju
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Zishuo Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Walter Fast
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert A Bonomo
- Research Services, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biochemistry, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics and the CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael W Crowder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Taylor E, Sriskandan S, Woodford N, Hopkins KL. High prevalence of 16S rRNA methyltransferases among carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the UK and Ireland. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:278-282. [PMID: 29596903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of 16S rRNA methyltransferases (16S RMTases) worldwide is a growing concern due to their ability to confer high-level resistance (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) >256 mg/L) to all clinically relevant aminoglycosides. As the occurrence of 16S RMTases in the United Kingdom has not been investigated to date, we screened 806 Enterobacteriaceae isolates displaying high-level aminoglycoside resistance (amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin MICs ≥64, ≥32 and ≥32 mg/L, respectively) for 16S RMTases either by analysing whole-genome sequence (WGS) data (which were available for 449 isolates) or by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 94.5% (762/806) pan-aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were positive for one or more 16S RMTase genes; armA was the most common (340, 44.6%) followed by rmtC (146, 19.2%), rmtF (137, 18.0%), rmtB (87, 11.4%) and various two-gene combinations (52, 6.8%). Most (93.4%; 712/762) 16S RMTase producers also carried acquired carbapenemase genes, with blaNDM the most common (592/712; 83.1%). Additionally, high-risk bacterial clones associated with blaNDM were identified in the subset of isolates with WGS data. These included Escherichia coli sequence types (STs) 405 (21.8%, 19/87), 167 (20.7%, 18/87) 410 (12.6%, 11/87) and K. pneumoniae STs 14 (35.6%, 112/315), 231 (15.6%, 49/315) and 147 (10.5%, 33/315). These accounted for 4.2% (15/358), 5.0% (18/358), 3.1% (11/358), 28.2% (101/358), 3.1% (11/358) and 7.0% (25/358) blaNDM-producing isolates, respectively. This study shows that 16S RMTases occur in the UK and Ireland and carbapenemases are particularly prevalent in 16S RMTase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. This association poses a risk to the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Taylor
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Neil Woodford
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Katie L Hopkins
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Complete Nucleotide Sequence of an Escherichia coli Sequence Type 410 Strain Carrying blaNDM-5 on an IncF Multidrug Resistance Plasmid and blaOXA-181 on an IncX3 Plasmid. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/5/e01542-17. [PMID: 29437102 PMCID: PMC5794949 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01542-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using Nanopore sequencing, we describe here the circular genome of an Escherichia coli sequence type 410 (ST410) strain with five closed plasmids. A large 111-kb incompatibility group F (IncF) plasmid harbored blaNDM-5 and 16 other resistance genes. A 51-kb IncX3 plasmid carried QnrS1 and blaOXA-181. E. coli isolates with both blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-181 carbapenemases are rare.
Collapse
|
58
|
Bitar I, Dagher C, Salloum T, Araj G, Tokajian S. First report of an Escherichia coli from Lebanon carrying an OXA-181 carbapenemase resistance determinant. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 12:113-114. [PMID: 29353076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Bitar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Christel Dagher
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Tamara Salloum
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - George Araj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sima Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Nahid F, Zahra R, Sandegren L. A blaOXA-181-harbouring multi-resistant ST147 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Pakistan that represent an intermediate stage towards pan-drug resistance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189438. [PMID: 29220374 PMCID: PMC5722313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KP) infections are an ever-increasing global issue, especially in the Indian subcontinent. Here we report genetic insight into a blaOXA-181 harbouring Klebsiella pneumoniae, belonging to the pandemic lineage ST147, that represents an intermediate stage towards pan-drug resistance. The CR-KP isolate DA48896 was isolated from a patient from Pakistan and was susceptible only to tigecycline and colistin. It harboured blaOXA-181 and was assigned to sequence type ST147. Analysis from whole genome sequencing revealed a very high sequence similarity to the previously sequenced pan-resistant K. pneumoniae isolate MS6671 from the United Arab Emirates. The two isolates are very closely related with only 46 chromosomal nucleotide differences, 14 indels and differences in plasmid content. Both carry a substantial number of plasmid-borne and chromosomally encoded resistance determinants. Interestingly, the two differences in susceptibility between the isolates could be attributed to DA48896 lacking an insertion of blaOXA-181 into the mgrB gene that results in colistin resistance in MS6671 and SNPs affecting AcrAB efflux pump expression likely to result in tigecycline resistance. These differences between the otherwise very similar isolates indicate that strong selection has occurred for resistance towards these last-resort drugs and illustrates the trajectory of resistance evolution of OXA-181-producing versions of the ST147 international risk clone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Nahid
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry & Microbiology, IMBIM, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rabaab Zahra
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (LS); (RZ)
| | - Linus Sandegren
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry & Microbiology, IMBIM, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (LS); (RZ)
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Mairi A, Pantel A, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Touati A. OXA-48-like carbapenemases producing Enterobacteriaceae in different niches. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 37:587-604. [PMID: 28990132 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of carbapenem-resistant enterobacterial species poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. OXA-48-type carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases are widely distributed among Enterobacteriaceae, with significant geographical differences. To date, 11 OXA-48-like variants have been identified, with classical OXA-48 being the most widespread. These enzymes show high-level hydrolytic activity against penicillins and low-level hydrolysis towards carbapenems. Since the first description of the OXA-48 carbapenemase in Turkey, bacterial strains producing the enzyme have been extensively reported in nosocomial and community outbreaks in many parts of the word, particularly in the Mediterranean area and European countries. The rapid spread of Enterobacteriaceae producing OXA-48-like enzymes in different ecosystems has become a serious issue recently. The number of reservoirs for such organisms is increasing, not only in hospitals, but also in the community, among animals (e.g., livestock, companion animals, and wildlife) and in the environment. This review aims to summarize the main characteristics of the OXA-48-type carbapenemases, covering genetic and enzymatic traits, their epidemiology, clonality and associated genes, correlation with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) or plasmidic AmpC (pAmpC) in different bacterial species worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assia Mairi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1047, Université Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, 186 Chemin du Carreau de Lanes, CS83021, 30908, Nîmes, France
| | - Alix Pantel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1047, Université Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, 186 Chemin du Carreau de Lanes, CS83021, 30908, Nîmes, France.,Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1047, Université Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, 186 Chemin du Carreau de Lanes, CS83021, 30908, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1047, Université Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, 186 Chemin du Carreau de Lanes, CS83021, 30908, Nîmes, France. .,Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes, France.
| | - Aziz Touati
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Lund BA, Thomassen AM, Carlsen TJO, Leiros HKS. Structure, activity and thermostability investigations of OXA-163, OXA-181 and OXA-245 using biochemical analysis, crystal structures and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:579-587. [PMID: 28994407 PMCID: PMC5633926 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17013838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The first crystal structures of the class D β-lactamases OXA-181 and OXA-245 were determined to 2.05 and 2.20 Å resolution, respectively; in addition, the structure of a new crystal form of OXA-163 was resolved to 2.07 Å resolution. All of these enzymes are OXA-48-like and have been isolated from different clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae strains and also from other human pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Here, enzyme kinetics and thermostability studies are presented, and the new crystal structures are used to explain the observed variations. OXA-245 had the highest melting point (Tm = 55.8°C), as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, compared with OXA-163 (Tm = 49.4°C) and OXA-181 (Tm = 52.6°C). The differences could be explained by the loss of two salt bridges in OXA-163, and an overall decrease in the polarity of the surface of OXA-181 compared with OXA-245.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarte Aarmo Lund
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ane Molden Thomassen
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|