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Nowicka-Sans B, Protack T, Lin Z, Li Z, Zhang S, Sun Y, Samanta H, Terry B, Liu Z, Chen Y, Sin N, Sit SY, Swidorski JJ, Chen J, Venables BL, Healy M, Meanwell NA, Cockett M, Hanumegowda U, Regueiro-Ren A, Krystal M, Dicker IB. Identification and Characterization of BMS-955176, a Second-Generation HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitor with Improved Potency, Antiviral Spectrum, and Gag Polymorphic Coverage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3956-69. [PMID: 27090171 PMCID: PMC4914680 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02560-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-955176 is a second-generation human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) maturation inhibitor (MI). A first-generation MI, bevirimat, showed clinical efficacy in early-phase studies, but ∼50% of subjects had viruses with reduced susceptibility associated with naturally occurring polymorphisms in Gag near the site of MI action. MI potency was optimized using a panel of engineered reporter viruses containing site-directed polymorphic changes in Gag that reduce susceptibility to bevirimat (including V362I, V370A/M/Δ, and T371A/Δ), leading incrementally to the identification of BMS-955176. BMS-955176 exhibits potent activity (50% effective concentration [EC50], 3.9 ± 3.4 nM [mean ± standard deviation]) toward a library (n = 87) of gag/pr recombinant viruses representing 96.5% of subtype B polymorphic Gag diversity near the CA/SP1 cleavage site. BMS-955176 exhibited a median EC50 of 21 nM toward a library of subtype B clinical isolates assayed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Potent activity was maintained against a panel of reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase inhibitor-resistant viruses, with EC50s similar to those for the wild-type virus. A 5.4-fold reduction in EC50 occurred in the presence of 40% human serum plus 27 mg/ml of human serum albumin (HSA), which corresponded well to an in vitro measurement of 86% human serum binding. Time-of-addition and pseudotype reporter virus studies confirm a mechanism of action for the compound that occurs late in the virus replication cycle. BMS-955176 inhibits HIV-1 protease cleavage at the CA/SP1 junction within Gag in virus-like particles (VLPs) and in HIV-1-infected cells, and it binds reversibly and with high affinity to assembled Gag in purified HIV-1 VLPs. Finally, in vitro combination studies showed no antagonistic interactions with representative antiretrovirals (ARVs) of other mechanistic classes. In conclusion, BMS-955176 is a second-generation MI with potent in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity and a greatly improved preclinical profile compared to that of bevirimat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Nowicka-Sans
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhufang Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yongnian Sun
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Himadri Samanta
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian Terry
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zheng Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ny Sin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sing-Yuen Sit
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jacob J Swidorski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian L Venables
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew Healy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Genomics, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark Cockett
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Preclinical Optimization, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
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52
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Woodham AW, Skeate JG, Sanna AM, Taylor JR, Da Silva DM, Cannon PM, Kast WM. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immune Cell Receptors, Coreceptors, and Cofactors: Implications for Prevention and Treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30:291-306. [PMID: 27410493 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2016.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, extensive research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has highlighted its capability to exploit a variety of strategies to enter and infect immune cells. Although CD4(+) T cells are well known as the major HIV target, with infection occurring through the canonical combination of the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) receptor and either the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) or C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) coreceptors, HIV has also been found to enter other important immune cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, B cells, and granulocytes. Interestingly, the expression of distinct cellular cofactors partially regulates the rate in which HIV infects each distinct cell type. Furthermore, HIV can benefit from the acquisition of new proteins incorporated into its envelope during budding events. While several publications have investigated details of how HIV manipulates particular cell types or subtypes, an up-to-date comprehensive review on HIV tropism for different immune cells is lacking. Therefore, this review is meant to focus on the different receptors, coreceptors, and cofactors that HIV exploits to enter particular immune cells. Additionally, prophylactic approaches that have targeted particular molecules associated with HIV entry and infection of different immune cells will be discussed. Unveiling the underlying cellular receptors and cofactors that lead to HIV preference for specific immune cell populations is crucial in identifying novel preventative/therapeutic targets for comprehensive strategies to eliminate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Woodham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph G. Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adriana M. Sanna
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julia R. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diane M. Da Silva
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula M. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - W. Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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53
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Dang Z, Zhu L, Lai W, Bogerd H, Lee KH, Huang L, Chen CH. Aloperine and Its Derivatives as a New Class of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:240-4. [PMID: 26985308 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A quinolizidine-type alkaloid aloperine was found to inhibit HIV-1 infection by blocking HIV-1 entry. Aloperine inhibited HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion at low micromolar concentrations. To further improve the antiviral potency, more than 30 aloperine derivatives with a variety of N12-substitutions were synthesized. Among them, 12d with an N-(1-butyl)-4-trifluoromethoxy-benzamide side chain showed the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 at 0.69 μM. Aloperine derivatives inhibited both X4 and R5 HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusions. In addition, both BMS-806, a compound representing a class of HIV-1 gp120-targeting small molecules in clinical trials, and resistant and sensitive HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusions were equally sensitive to aloperine derivatives. These results suggest that aloperine and its derivatives are a new class of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dang
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Weihong Lai
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Hal Bogerd
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products
Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li Huang
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Science,
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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54
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Lu L, Yu F, Cai L, Debnath AK, Jiang S. Development of Small-molecule HIV Entry Inhibitors Specifically Targeting gp120 or gp41. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:1074-90. [PMID: 26324044 PMCID: PMC4775441 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150901114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein surface subunit gp120 and transmembrane subunit gp41 play important roles in HIV-1 entry, thus serving as key targets for the development of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. T20 peptide (enfuvirtide) is the first U.S. FDA-approved HIV entry inhibitor; however, its clinical application is limited by the lack of oral availability. Here, we have described the structure and function of the HIV-1 gp120 and gp41 subunits and reviewed advancements in the development of small-molecule HIV entry inhibitors specifically targeting these two Env glycoproteins. We then compared the advantages and disadvantages of different categories of HIV entry inhibitor candidates and further predicted the future trend of HIV entry inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Building #13, Shanghai 200032, China.
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55
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Thompson M, Lalezari JP, Kaplan R, Pinedo Y, Sussmann Pena OA, Cahn P, Stock DA, Joshi SR, Hanna GJ, Lataillade M. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug fostemsavir in antiretroviral-experienced subjects: week 48 analysis of AI438011, a Phase IIb, randomized controlled trial. Antivir Ther 2016; 22:215-223. [DOI: 10.3851/imp3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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56
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Core chemotype diversification in the HIV-1 entry inhibitor class using field-based bioisosteric replacement. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:228-34. [PMID: 26531151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Demand remains for new inhibitors of HIV-1 replication and the inhibition of HIV-1 entry is an extremely attractive therapeutic approach. Using field-based bioisosteric replacements, we have further extended the chemotypes available for development in the HIV-1 entry inhibitor class. Moreover, using field-based disparity analysis of the compounds, 3D structure-activity relationships were derived that will be useful in the further development of these inhibitors towards clinical utility.
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57
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Discovery and optimization of novel small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors using field-based virtual screening and bioisosteric replacement. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 24:5439-45. [PMID: 25454268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the cumulative toxicities associated with current therapies, demand remains for new inhibitors of HIV-1 replication. The inhibition of HIV-1 entry is an attractive, yet underexploited therapeutic approach with implications for salvage and preexposure prophylactic regimens, as well as topical microbicides. Using the combination of a field-derived bioactive conformation template to perform virtual screening and iterative bioisosteric replacements, coupled with in silico predictions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, we have identified new leads for HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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58
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Lalezari JP, Latiff GH, Brinson C, Echevarría J, Treviño-Pérez S, Bogner JR, Thompson M, Fourie J, Sussmann Pena OA, Mendo Urbina FC, Martins M, Diaconescu IG, Stock DA, Joshi SR, Hanna GJ, Lataillade M. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068 in treatment-experienced individuals: 24 week results of AI438011, a phase 2b, randomised controlled trial. LANCET HIV 2015; 2:e427-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(15)00177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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59
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BMS-663068, a safe and effective HIV-1 attachment inhibitor. Lancet HIV 2015; 2:e404-5. [PMID: 26423643 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(15)00160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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60
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Cox BD, Prosser AR, Sun Y, Li Z, Lee S, Huang MB, Bond VC, Snyder JP, Krystal M, Wilson LJ, Liotta DC. Pyrazolo-Piperidines Exhibit Dual Inhibition of CCR5/CXCR4 HIV Entry and Reverse Transcriptase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:753-7. [PMID: 26191361 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We report novel anti-HIV-1 agents with combined dual host-pathogen pharmacology. Lead compound 3, composed of a pyrazole-piperidine core, exhibits three concurrent mechanisms of action: (1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibition, (2) CCR5-mediated M-tropic viral entry inhibition, and (3) CXCR4-based T-tropic viral entry inhibition that maintains native chemokine ligand binding. This discovery identifies important tool compounds for studying viral infectivity and prototype agents that block HIV-1 entry through dual chemokine receptor ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Anthony R. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yongnian Sun
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Zhufang Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Sangil Lee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ming B. Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, United States
| | - Vincent C. Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, United States
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mark Krystal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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61
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Zhu L, Hruska M, Hwang C, Shah V, Furlong M, Hanna GJ, Bertz R, Landry IS. Pharmacokinetic interactions between BMS-626529, the active moiety of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068, and ritonavir or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3816-22. [PMID: 25870057 PMCID: PMC4468697 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04914-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-663068 is a prodrug of BMS-626529, a first-in-class attachment inhibitor that binds directly to HIV-1 gp120, preventing initial viral attachment and entry into host CD4(+) T cells. This open-label, multiple-dose, four-sequence, crossover study addressed potential two-way drug-drug interactions following coadministration of BMS-663068 (BMS-626529 is a CYP3A4 substrate), atazanavir (ATV), and ritonavir (RTV) (ATV and RTV are CYP3A4 inhibitors). Thirty-six healthy subjects were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive one of four treatment sequences with three consecutive treatments: BMS-663068 at 600 mg twice daily (BID), BMS-663068 at 600 mg BID plus RTV at 100 mg once daily (QD), ATV at 300 mg QD plus RTV at 100 mg QD (RTV-boosted ATV [ATV/r]), or BMS-663068 at 600 mg BID plus ATV at 300 mg QD plus RTV at 100 mg QD. Compared with the results obtained by administration of BMS-663068 alone, coadministration of BMS-663068 with ATV/r increased the BMS-626529 maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax) and the area under the concentration-time curve in one dosing interval (AUCtau) by 68% and 54%, respectively. Similarly, coadministration of BMS-663068 with RTV increased the BMS-626529 Cmax and AUCtau by 53% and 45%, respectively. Compared with the results obtained by administration of ATV/r alone, ATV and RTV systemic exposures remained similar following coadministration of BMS-663068 with ATV/r. BMS-663068 was generally well tolerated, and there were no adverse events (AEs) leading to discontinuation, serious AEs, or deaths. Moderate increases in BMS-626529 systemic exposure were observed following coadministration of BMS-663068 with ATV/r or RTV. However, the addition of ATV to BMS-663068 plus RTV did not further increase BMS-626529 systemic exposure. ATV and RTV exposures remained similar following coadministration of BMS-663068 with either ATV/r or RTV. BMS-663068 was generally well tolerated alone or in combination with either RTV or ATV/r.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew Hruska
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Carey Hwang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vaishali Shah
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Furlong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - George J Hanna
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard Bertz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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62
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Patel RV, Park SW. Pyrroloaryls and pyrroloheteroaryls: Inhibitors of the HIV fusion/attachment, reverse transcriptase and integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5247-63. [PMID: 26116177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds execute a very important role in drug design and discovery. This article provides the basic milestones of the research for pyrroloaryl and pyrroloheteroaryl based components targeting HIV viral replication cycle. Anti-HIV activity is elaborated for several classes of pyrrolo-compounds as pyrrolopyridines, pyrrolopyrimidines, pyrrolopyridazines, pyrrolobenzodiazepinones, pyrrolobenzothiazepines, pyrrolobenzoxazepinones, pyrrolophenanthridines, pyrroloquinoxalines, pyrrolotriazines, pyrroloquinolines, pyrrolopyrazinones, pyrrolothiatriazines, arylthiopyrroles and pyrrolopyrazolones targeting two essential HIV enzymes, reverse transcriptase and integrase as well as attachment/fusion of HIV virons to the host CD-4 cell. Such attempts were resulted in a discovery of highly potent anti-HIV agents suitable for clinical trials, for example, BMS-378806, BMS-585248, BMS-626529, BMS-663068, BMS-488043 and BMS-663749, etc. as anti-HIV attachment agents, triciribine, QX432, BI-1 and BI-2 as HIV RT inhibitors which are in preclinical or clinical development. Mechanism of action of compounds presented in this article towards the suppression of HIV attachment/fusion as well as against the activities of HIV enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase has been discussed. Relationships of new compounds' molecular framework and HIV viral target has been overviewed in order to facilitate further construction of promising anti-HIV agents in future drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul V Patel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Se Won Park
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, South Korea
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63
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Overcoming Electronics with Strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100023-6.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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64
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Langley DR, Kimura SR, Sivaprakasam P, Zhou N, Dicker I, McAuliffe B, Wang T, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA, Krystal M. Homology models of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529 bound to gp120 suggest a unique mechanism of action. Proteins 2014; 83:331-50. [PMID: 25401969 PMCID: PMC4681349 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 gp120 undergoes multiple conformational changes both before and after binding to the host CD4 receptor. BMS-626529 is an attachment inhibitor (AI) in clinical development (administered as prodrug BMS-663068) that binds to HIV-1 gp120. To investigate the mechanism of action of this new class of antiretroviral compounds, we constructed homology models of unliganded HIV-1 gp120 (UNLIG), a pre-CD4 binding-intermediate conformation (pCD4), a CD4 bound-intermediate conformation (bCD4), and a CD4/co-receptor-bound gp120 (LIG) from a series of partial structures. We also describe a simple pathway illustrating the transition between these four states. Guided by the positions of BMS-626529 resistance substitutions and structure-activity relationship data for the AI series, putative binding sites for BMS-626529 were identified, supported by biochemical and biophysical data. BMS-626529 was docked into the UNLIG model and molecular dynamics simulations were used to demonstrate the thermodynamic stability of the different gp120 UNLIG/BMS-626529 models. We propose that BMS-626529 binds to the UNLIG conformation of gp120 within the structurally conserved outer domain, under the antiparallel β20-β21 sheet, and adjacent to the CD4 binding loop. Through this binding mode, BMS-626529 can inhibit both CD4-induced and CD4-independent formation of the "open state" four-stranded gp120 bridging sheet, and the subsequent formation and exposure of the chemokine co-receptor binding site. This unique mechanism of action prevents the initial interaction of HIV-1 with the host CD4+ T cell, and subsequent HIV-1 binding and entry. Our findings clarify the novel mechanism of BMS-626529, supporting its ongoing clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Langley
- Computer Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Wallingford, Connecticut
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65
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Munro JB, Gorman J, Ma X, Zhou Z, Arthos J, Burton DR, Koff WC, Courter JR, Smith AB, Kwong PD, Blanchard SC, Mothes W. Conformational dynamics of single HIV-1 envelope trimers on the surface of native virions. Science 2014; 346:759-63. [PMID: 25298114 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) mediates viral entry into host cells. To enable the direct imaging of conformational dynamics within Env, we introduced fluorophores into variable regions of the glycoprotein gp120 subunit and measured single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer within the context of native trimers on the surface of HIV-1 virions. Our observations revealed unliganded HIV-1 Env to be intrinsically dynamic, transitioning between three distinct prefusion conformations, whose relative occupancies were remodeled by receptor CD4 and antibody binding. The distinct properties of neutralization-sensitive and neutralization-resistant HIV-1 isolates support a dynamics-based mechanism of immune evasion and ligand recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Munro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaochu Ma
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA
| | - Wayne C Koff
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Joel R Courter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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66
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Chen K, Risatti C, Bultman M, Soumeillant M, Simpson J, Zheng B, Fanfair D, Mahoney M, Mudryk B, Fox RJ, Hsaio Y, Murugesan S, Conlon DA, Buono FG, Eastgate MD. Synthesis of the 6-Azaindole Containing HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitor Pro-Drug, BMS-663068. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8757-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Christina Risatti
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael Bultman
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Maxime Soumeillant
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - James Simpson
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Bin Zheng
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dayne Fanfair
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michelle Mahoney
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Boguslaw Mudryk
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Richard J. Fox
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yi Hsaio
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Saravanababu Murugesan
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - David A. Conlon
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Frederic G. Buono
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D. Eastgate
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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67
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2-Aminothiazolones as anti-HIV agents that act as gp120-CD4 inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3043-52. [PMID: 24614386 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02739-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of 2-aminothiazolones along with their biological properties as novel anti-HIV agents. Such compounds have proven to act through the inhibition of the gp120-CD4 protein-protein interaction that occurs at the very early stage of the HIV-1 entry process. No cytotoxicity was found for these compounds, and broad antiviral activities against laboratory strains and pseudotyped viruses were documented. Docking simulations have also been applied to predict the mechanism, at the molecular level, by which the inhibitors were able to interact within the Phe43 cavity of HIV-1 gp120. Furthermore, a preliminary absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) evaluation was performed. Overall, this study led the basis for the development of more potent HIV entry inhibitors.
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