51
|
Rendi-Wagner P, Kollaritsch H. Drug prophylaxis for travelers' diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:628-33. [PMID: 11803509 DOI: 10.1086/338640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2001] [Revised: 10/26/2001] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Travelers' diarrhea is the most common health impairment in persons visiting developing countries, affecting 20% to >50% of tourists. Although it is usually benign, travelers' diarrhea represents a considerable socioeconomic burden for both the traveler and the host country. The most common enteropathogens are enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Travelers' compliance with dietary precautionary measures is poor. Despite the excellent protection rates provided by antibiotics, routine administration of prophylaxis is currently not recommended because of potential adverse reactions. Of the various antibiotics that have been tested, quinolones are considered to be the first choice worldwide; however, quinolone-resistant pathogens are increasingly being isolated. Because it is frequently administered and provides only moderate protection, bismuth subsalicylate is not considered a recommendable option for prophylaxis in Europe, where it is rarely available anyhow. To date, no probiotic has been able to demonstrate clinically relevant protection worldwide. In conclusion, there is no satisfactory prophylactic option, and worldwide monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the search for novel antimicrobial agents, such as nonabsorbed antibiotics, and nonantibiotic medications should continue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Rendi-Wagner
- Department of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, A-1095 Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Levin RB, Epstein PR, Ford TE, Harrington W, Olson E, Reichard EG. U.S. drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2002; 110 Suppl 1:43-52. [PMID: 11834462 PMCID: PMC1241146 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.02110s143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The access of almost all 270 million U.S. residents to reliable, safe drinking water distinguishes the United States in the twentieth century from that of the nineteenth century. The United States is a relatively water-abundant country with moderate population growth; nonetheless, current trends are sufficient to strain water resources over time, especially on a regional basis. We have examined the areas of public water infrastructure, global climate effects, waterborne disease (including emerging and resurging pathogens), land use, groundwater, surface water, and the U.S. regulatory history and its horizon. These issues are integrally interrelated and cross all levels of public and private jurisdictions. We conclude that U.S. public drinking water supplies will face challenges in these areas in the next century and that solutions to at least some of them will require institutional changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie B Levin
- Water and Health Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Byrd DM, Cox LA, Wilson JD. Tracking antibiotics up the food chain. Science 2001; 291:2550. [PMID: 11286272 DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5513.2550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
54
|
Engberg J, Aarestrup FM, Taylor DE, Gerner-Smidt P, Nachamkin I. Quinolone and macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: resistance mechanisms and trends in human isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:24-34. [PMID: 11266291 PMCID: PMC2631682 DOI: 10.3201/eid0701.010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli infections has increased markedly in many parts of the world in the last decade as has the number of quinolone-resistant and, to a lesser extent, macrolide-resistant Campylobacter strains causing infections. We review macrolide and quinolone resistance in Campylobacter and track resistance trends in human clinical isolates in relation to use of these agents in food animals. Susceptibility data suggest that erythromycin and other macrolides should remain the drugs of choice in most regions, with systematic surveillance and control measures maintained, but fluoroquinolones may now be of limited use in the empiric treatment of Campylobacter infections in many regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Engberg
- Department of Gastrointestinal Infections, Division of Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Anderson S, Yeaton Woo R, Crawford L. Risk assessment of the impact on human health of resistant Campylobacter jejuni from fluoroquinolone use in beef cattle. Food Control 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0956-7135(00)00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
56
|
Wilson DL, Abner SR, Newman TC, Mansfield LS, Linz JE. Identification of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni by use of a fluorogenic PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3971-8. [PMID: 11060054 PMCID: PMC87527 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.11.3971-3978.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are one class of antimicrobial agents commonly used to treat severe Campylobacter jejuni infection. C. jejuni strains resistant to high levels of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin (MIC >/=16 microg/ml) have been predominantly characterized with a C-->T transition in codon 86 of gyrA. The gyrA gene encodes one subunit of DNA gyrase, which is a primary target for fluoroquinolone antibiotics. This study establishes a rapid PCR-based TaqMan method for identifying ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni strains that carry the C-->T transition in codon 86 of gyrA. The assay uses real-time detection, eliminating the need for gel electrophoresis. Optimization of the assay parameters using purified Campylobacter DNA resulted in the ability to detect femtogram levels of DNA. The method should be useful for monitoring the development of ciprofloxacin resistance in C. jejuni. Compiled nucleotide sequence data on the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA in Campylobacter indicate that sequence comparison of this region is a useful method for tentative identification of Campylobacter isolates at the species level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Wilson
- National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Prats G, Mirelis B, Llovet T, Muñoz C, Miró E, Navarro F. Antibiotic resistance trends in enteropathogenic bacteria isolated in 1985-1987 and 1995-1998 in Barcelona. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1140-5. [PMID: 10770742 PMCID: PMC89835 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.5.1140-1145.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/1999] [Accepted: 01/18/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trends in resistance to antimicrobial agents used for therapy have been evaluated with 3,797 enteropathogenic bacteria, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia, between 1985-1987 and 1995-1998. The greater increase in the rate of resistance was observed in Campylobacter jejuni for quinolones (from 1 to 82%) and tetracycline (from 23 to 72%) and in gastroenteric salmonellae for ampicillin (from 8 to 44%), chloramphenicol (from 1.7 to 26%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic acid (from less than 0.5 to 11%). Multidrug resistance was detected in several Salmonella serotypes. In the 1995-1998 period, 76% of Shigella strains were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 43% were resistant to ampicillin, and 39% were resistant to chloramphenicol. Seventy-two percent of Yersinia enterocolitica O3 strains were resistant to streptomycin, 45% were resistant to sulfonamides, 28% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 20% were resistant to chloramphenicol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Prats
- Departament de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Fernández H, Mansilla M, González V. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni assessed by E-test and double dilution agar method in Southern Chile. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:247-9. [PMID: 10733748 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762000000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility patterns of 108 Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni clinical strains, to six antimicrobial agents was determined by using the E-test and the double dilution agar methods. Using both methods, no strain was found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and gentamicin, but two (1.8%) were resistant to tetracycline and all to aztreonam. Seven (6.5%) strains were resistant to ampicillin by the E-test and five (4.6%) by the double dilution agar method and by both methods. No great discrepancies were observed between both methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Fernández
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Sáenz Y, Zarazaga M, Lantero M, Gastanares MJ, Baquero F, Torres C. Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter strains isolated from animals, foods, and humans in Spain in 1997-1998. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:267-71. [PMID: 10639348 PMCID: PMC89669 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.2.267-271.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/1999] [Accepted: 10/29/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization by Campylobacter strains was investigated in human, broiler, and pig fecal samples from 1997-1998, as well as in foods of animal origin, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out for these strains. Campylobacter strains were isolated in the foods of animal origin (55 of 101 samples; 54.4%), intestinal samples from broilers (85 of 105; 81%), and pigs (40 of 45; 88.9%). A total of 641 Campylobacter strains were isolated from 8,636 human fecal samples of clinical origin (7.4%). Campylobacter jejuni was the most frequently isolated species from broilers (81%) and humans (84%), and Campylobacter coli was most frequently isolated from pigs (100%). An extremely high frequency of ciprofloxacin resistance was detected among Campylobacter strains, particularly those isolated from broilers and pigs (99%), with a slightly lower result for humans (72%); cross-resistance with nalidixic acid was almost always observed. A higher frequency of resistance to erythromycin (81.1%), ampicillin (65.7%), gentamicin (22.2%), and amikacin (21.6%) was detected in C. coli strains isolated from pigs compared to those isolated from humans (34.5, 29.3, 8.6, and 0%, respectively). A low frequency of erythromycin resistance was found in C. jejuni or C. coli isolated from broilers. A greater resistance to ampicillin and gentamicin (47.4 and 11.9%, respectively) was detected in C. jejuni isolated from broilers than in human strains (38 and 0.4%, respectively). Beta-lactamase production was found in 81% of the Campylobacter strains tested, although 44% of them were characterized as ampicillin susceptible. The increasing rates of Campylobacter resistance make advisable a more conservative policy for the use of antibiotics in farm animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sáenz
- Area de Bioqu¿imica y Biolog¿ia Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Affiliation(s)
- S Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
|
62
|
Ford TE. Microbiological safety of drinking water: United States and global perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1999; 107 Suppl 1:191-206. [PMID: 10229718 DOI: 10.2307/3434483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne disease statistics only begin to estimate the global burden of infectious diseases from contaminated drinking water. Diarrheal disease is dramatically underreported and etiologies seldom diagnosed. This review examines available data on waterborne disease incidence both in the United States and globally together with its limitations. The waterborne route of transmission is examined for bacterial, protozoal, and viral pathogens that either are frequently associated with drinking water (e.g., Shigella spp.), or for which there is strong evidence implicating the waterborne route of transmission (e.g., Leptospira spp.). In addition, crucial areas of research are discussed, including risks from selection of treatment-resistant pathogens, importance of environmental reservoirs, and new methodologies for pathogen-specific monitoring. To accurately assess risks from waterborne disease, it is necessary to understand pathogen distribution and survival strategies within water distribution systems and to apply methodologies that can detect not only the presence, but also the viability and infectivity of the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ford TE. Microbiological safety of drinking water: United States and global perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1999; 107 Suppl 1:191-206. [PMID: 10229718 PMCID: PMC1566363 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.99107s1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne disease statistics only begin to estimate the global burden of infectious diseases from contaminated drinking water. Diarrheal disease is dramatically underreported and etiologies seldom diagnosed. This review examines available data on waterborne disease incidence both in the United States and globally together with its limitations. The waterborne route of transmission is examined for bacterial, protozoal, and viral pathogens that either are frequently associated with drinking water (e.g., Shigella spp.), or for which there is strong evidence implicating the waterborne route of transmission (e.g., Leptospira spp.). In addition, crucial areas of research are discussed, including risks from selection of treatment-resistant pathogens, importance of environmental reservoirs, and new methodologies for pathogen-specific monitoring. To accurately assess risks from waterborne disease, it is necessary to understand pathogen distribution and survival strategies within water distribution systems and to apply methodologies that can detect not only the presence, but also the viability and infectivity of the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|