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Kuda T, Tomomi K, Kawahara M, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Inhibitory effects of Leuconostoc mesenteroides 1RM3 isolated from narezushi on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells and dextran sodium sulphate-induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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52
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O’Hanlon DE, Moench TR, Cone RA. Vaginal pH and microbicidal lactic acid when lactobacilli dominate the microbiota. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80074. [PMID: 24223212 PMCID: PMC3819307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid at sufficiently acidic pH is a potent microbicide, and lactic acid produced by vaginal lactobacilli may help protect against reproductive tract infections. However, previous observations likely underestimated healthy vaginal acidity and total lactate concentration since they failed to exclude women without a lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota, and also did not account for the high carbon dioxide, low oxygen environment of the vagina. Fifty-six women with low (0-3) Nugent scores (indicating a lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota) and no symptoms of reproductive tract disease or infection, provided a total of 64 cervicovaginal fluid samples using a collection method that avoided the need for sample dilution and rigorously minimized aerobic exposure. The pH of samples was measured by microelectrode immediately after collection and under a physiological vaginal concentration of CO2. Commercial enzymatic assays of total lactate and total acetate concentrations were validated for use in CVF, and compared to the more usual HPLC method. The average pH of the CVF samples was 3.5 ± 0.3 (mean ± SD), range 2.8-4.2, and the average total lactate was 1.0% ± 0.2% w/v; this is a five-fold higher average hydrogen ion concentration (lower pH) and a fivefold higher total lactate concentration than in the prior literature. The microbicidal form of lactic acid (protonated lactic acid) was therefore eleven-fold more concentrated, and a markedly more potent microbicide, than indicated by prior research. This suggests that when lactobacilli dominate the vaginal microbiota, women have significantly more lactic acid-mediated protection against infections than currently believed. Our results invite further evaluations of the prophylactic and therapeutic actions of vaginal lactic acid, whether provided in situ by endogenous lactobacilli, by probiotic lactobacilli, or by products that reinforce vaginal lactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre E. O’Hanlon
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Richard A. Cone
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- ReProtect Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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53
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Menon R, Shields M, Duong T, Sturino JM. Development of a carbohydrate-supplemented semidefined medium for the semiselective cultivation of Lactobacillus spp. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:249-57. [PMID: 23691927 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The macronutrient and micronutrient compositions of traditional media used to cultivate Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are largely undefined, which precludes their use in many metabolic bioassays. In order to address this deficiency, we developed MS: a carbohydrate-supplemented semidefined medium with low-background coloration. MS was designed to support the semiselective cultivation of a wide range of fastidious species belonging to the Lactobacillus clade of the LAB. When supplemented with 100 mM D-glucose, the MS medium stimulated the proliferation of 21 strains of LAB, including Pediococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. The MS medium supported biomass accumulation comparable with MRS, an undefined medium routinely used for the cultivation of lactobacilli. Interestingly, however, the novel MS medium exhibited greater semiselectivity against non-LAB than MRS. Together, these results suggest that MS is an acceptable alternative to MRS for use in metabolic and phenotypic bioassays that use a colorimetric reporter system or would benefit from a semidefined nutrient composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Menon
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
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Selle K, Klaenhammer TR. Genomic and phenotypic evidence for probiotic influences of Lactobacillus gasseri on human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:915-35. [PMID: 23488471 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have the capacity to occupy mucosal niches of humans, including the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina. Among commensal, LAB are species of the acidophilus complex, which have proven to be a substantial reservoir for microorganisms with probiotic attributes. Specifically, Lactobacillus gasseri is an autochthonous microorganism which has been evaluated for probiotic activity based on the availability of genome sequence and species-specific adaptation to the human mucosa. Niche-related characteristics of L. gasseri contributing to indigenous colonization include tolerance of low pH environments, resistance to bile salts, and adhesion to the host epithelium. In humans, L. gasseri elicits various health benefits through its antimicrobial activity, bacteriocin production, and immunomodulation of the innate and adaptive systems. The genomic and empirical evidence supporting use of L. gasseri in probiotic applications is substantiated by clinical trial data displaying maintenance of vaginal homeostasis, mitigation of Helicobacter pylori infection, and amelioration of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Selle
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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55
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Santiago GLDS, Tency I, Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Trog M, Temmerman M, Vancoillie L, Decat E, Cools P, Vaneechoutte M. Longitudinal qPCR study of the dynamics of L. crispatus, L. iners, A. vaginae, (sialidase positive) G. vaginalis, and P. bivia in the vagina. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45281. [PMID: 23028904 PMCID: PMC3448655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To obtain more detailed understanding of the causes of disturbance of the vaginal microflora (VMF), a longitudinal study was carried out for 17 women during two menstrual cycles. METHODS Vaginal swabs were obtained daily from 17 non-pregnant, menarchal volunteers. For each woman, Gram stains were scored, the quantitative changes of 5 key vaginal species, i.e. Atopobium vaginae, Lactobacillus crispatus, L. iners, (sialidase positive) Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia were quantified with qPCR and hydrogen-peroxide production was assessed on TMB+ agar. RESULTS Women could be divided in 9 subjects with predominantly normal VMF (grades Ia, Ib and Iab, group N) and 8 with predominantly disturbed VMF (grades I-like, II, III and IV, group D). VMF was variable between women, but overall stable for most of the women. Menses were the strongest disturbing factor of the VMF. L. crispatus was present at log7-9 cells/ml in grade Ia, Iab and II VMF, but concentrations declined 100-fold during menses. L. crispatus below log7 cells/ml corresponded with poor H(2)O(2)-production. L. iners was present at log 10 cells/ml in grade Ib, II and III VMF. Sialidase negative G. vaginalis strains (average log5 cells/ml) were detected in grade I, I-like and IV VMF. In grade II VMF, predominantly a mixture of both sialidase negative and positive G. vaginalis strains (average log9 cells/ml) were present, and predominantly sialidase positive strains in grade III VMF. The presence of A. vaginae (average log9 cells/ml) coincided with grade II and III VMF. P. bivia (log4-8 cells/ml) was mostly present in grade III vaginal microflora. L. iners, G. vaginalis, A. vaginae and P. bivia all increased around menses for group N women, and as such L. iners was considered a member of disturbed VMF. CONCLUSIONS This qPCR-based study confirms largely the results of previous culture-based, microscopy-based and pyrosequencing-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Lopes dos Santos Santiago
- Laboratory for Bacteriology Research, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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56
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Behavioral predictors of colonization with Lactobacillus crispatus or Lactobacillus jensenii after treatment for bacterial vaginosis: a cohort study. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012:706540. [PMID: 22693410 PMCID: PMC3369434 DOI: 10.1155/2012/706540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Evaluate predictors of vaginal colonization with lactobacilli after treatment for bacterial vaginosis (BV). Methods. Vaginal fluid specimens from women with BV underwent qPCR for Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, and L. iners pre- and posttreatment. Results. Few women with BV were colonized with L. crispatus (4/44, 9%) or L. jensenii (1/44, 2%), though all had L. iners. One month posttreatment 12/44 (27%) had L. crispatus, 12/44 (27%) L. jensenii, and 43/44 (98%) L. iners. Presence of L. jensenii posttreatment was associated with cure (Risk Ratio (RR) 1.67; 95% CI 1.09–2.56); L. crispatus showed a similar trend (RR 1.41; 95% CI 0.89–2.24, P = 0.14). Receptive oral sex was associated with 2.2-log10 lower concentration of L. crispatus (95% CI −4.38, −.02), and digital-vaginal sex with 2.6-log10 lower concentration (95% CI −4.87, −.33). Conclusion. One month after BV treatment, few women established colonization with L. crispatus or L. jensenii. Few behaviors were associated with colonization.
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57
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Whittaker JW. Non-heme manganese catalase--the 'other' catalase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 525:111-20. [PMID: 22198285 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-heme manganese catalases are widely distributed over microbial life and represent an environmentally important alternative to heme-containing catalases in antioxidant defense. Manganese catalases contain a binuclear manganese complex as their catalytic active site rather than a heme, and cycle between Mn(2)(II,II) and Mn(2)(III,III) states during turnover. X-ray crystallography has revealed the key structural elements of the binuclear manganese active site complex that can serve as the starting point for computational studies on the protein. Four manganese catalase enzymes have been isolated and characterized, and the enzyme appears to have a broad phylogenetic distribution including both bacteria and archae. More than 100 manganese catalase genes have been annotated in genomic databases, although the assignment of many of these putative manganese catalases needs to be experimentally verified. Iron limitation, exposure to low levels of peroxide stress, thermostability and cyanide resistance may provide the biological and environmental context for the occurrence of manganese catalases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Whittaker
- Institute for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health and Science University, 20000 N.W. Walker Road, Beaverton, OR 97006-8921, USA.
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58
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Spurbeck RR, Arvidson CG. Lactobacilli at the front line of defense against vaginally acquired infections. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:567-82. [PMID: 21585263 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are microorganisms that provide a health benefit to the host and are promoted as alternatives for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases and other conditions. One of the most rapidly developing areas of probiotic research is in the management of vaginally acquired infections. Several Lactobacillus species produce compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of vaginally acquired pathogens. Other lactobacilli reduce the adherence of pathogens to urogenital epithelial cells in culture. This article discusses the mechanisms by which vaginal lactobacilli prevent pathogen colonization of the urogenital tract, and potential mechanisms that warrant investigation. Animal models and clinical studies, while limited, are discussed with the idea that these are the next critical steps to advance the study of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of vaginally acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Spurbeck
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824-1101, USA
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59
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Rohmer L, Hocquet D, Miller SI. Are pathogenic bacteria just looking for food? Metabolism and microbial pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:341-8. [PMID: 21600774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is interesting to speculate that the evolutionary drive for microbes to develop pathogenic characteristics was to access the nutrient resources that animals provided. Animal environments that pathogens colonize have likely driven the evolution of new bacterial characteristics to maximize these new nutritional opportunities. This review focuses on genomic and functional aspects of pathogen metabolism that allow efficient utilization of nutrient resources provided by animals. Similar to genes encoding specific virulence traits, genes encoding metabolic functions have been horizontally acquired by pathogens to provide a selective advantage in host tissues. Selective advantage in host tissues can also be gained by loss of function mutations that alter metabolic capabilities. Greater understanding of bacterial metabolism within host tissues should be important for increased understanding of host-pathogen interactions and the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Rohmer
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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60
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Gunawardana M, Moss JA, Smith TJ, Kennedy S, Kopin E, Nguyen C, Malone AM, Rabe L, Schaudinn C, Webster P, Srinivasan P, Sweeney ED, Smith JM, Baum MM. Microbial biofilms on the surface of intravaginal rings worn in non-human primates. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:828-837. [PMID: 21393449 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.028225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of intravaginal rings (IVRs) are used by women worldwide for contraception and for the treatment of vaginal atrophy. These devices also are suitable for local and systemic sustained release drug delivery, notably for antiviral agents in human immunodeficiency virus pre-exposure prophylaxis. Despite the widespread use of IVRs, no studies have examined whether surface-attached bacterial biofilms develop in vivo, an important consideration when determining the safety of these devices. The present study used scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy to study biofilms that formed on the surface of IVRs worn for 28 days by six female pig-tailed macaques, an excellent model organism for the human vaginal microbiome. Four of the IVRs released the nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir at a controlled rate and the remaining two were unmedicated. Large areas of the ring surfaces were covered with monolayers of epithelial cells. Two bacterial biofilm phenotypes were found to develop on these monolayers and both had a broad diversity of bacterial cells closely associated with the extracellular material. Phenotype I, the more common of the two, consisted of tightly packed bacterial mats approximately 5 µm in thickness. Phenotype II was much thicker, typically 40 µm, and had an open architecture containing interwoven networks of uniform fibres. There was no significant difference in biofilm thickness and appearance between medicated and unmedicated IVRs. These preliminary results suggest that bacterial biofilms could be common on intravaginal devices worn for extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Gunawardana
- Auritec Pharmaceuticals Inc., Suite 3, 1434 6th Street, Santa Monica, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, 2275 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John A Moss
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, 2275 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Auritec Pharmaceuticals Inc., Suite 3, 1434 6th Street, Santa Monica, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, 2275 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sean Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, 2275 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Etana Kopin
- Auritec Pharmaceuticals Inc., Suite 3, 1434 6th Street, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Cali Nguyen
- Auritec Pharmaceuticals Inc., Suite 3, 1434 6th Street, Santa Monica, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, 2275 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Amanda M Malone
- Auritec Pharmaceuticals Inc., Suite 3, 1434 6th Street, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Lorna Rabe
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Schaudinn
- Ahmanson Advanced EM & Imaging Center, House Ear Institute, 2100 W. 3rd Street, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Webster
- Ahmanson Advanced EM & Imaging Center, House Ear Institute, 2100 W. 3rd Street, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priya Srinivasan
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, TB Prevention, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Sweeney
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, TB Prevention, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James M Smith
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, TB Prevention, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marc M Baum
- Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science, 2275 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA
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61
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Microbiota restoration: natural and supplemented recovery of human microbial communities. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 9:27-38. [PMID: 21113182 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a healthy host, a balance exists between members of the microbiota, such that potential pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms can be found in apparent harmony. During infection, this balance can become disturbed, leading to often dramatic changes in the composition of the microbiota. For most bacterial infections, nonspecific antibiotics are used, killing the non-pathogenic members of the microbiota as well as the pathogens and leading to a substantial delay in the restoration of a healthy microbiota. However, in some cases, infections can self-resolve without the intervention of antibiotics. In this Review, we explore the mechanisms underlying microbiota restoration following insult (antibiotic or otherwise) to the skin, oral cavity, and gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts, highlighting recovery by natural processes and after probiotic administration.
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