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Okoth S, De Boevre M, Vidal A, Diana Di Mavungu J, Landschoot S, Kyallo M, Njuguna J, Harvey J, De Saeger S. Genetic and Toxigenic Variability within Aspergillus flavus Population Isolated from Maize in Two Diverse Environments in Kenya. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:57. [PMID: 29434580 PMCID: PMC5790802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the main producer of carcinogenic aflatoxins in agricultural commodities such as maize. This fungus occurs naturally on crops, and produces aflatoxins when environmental conditions are favorable. The aim of this study is to analyse the genetic variability among 109 A. flavus isolates previously recovered from maize sampled from a known aflatoxin-hotspot (Eastern region, Kenya) and the major maize-growing area in the Rift Valley (Kenya), and to determine their toxigenic potential. DNA analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA, partial β-tubulin gene (benA) and calmodulin gene (CaM) sequences were used. The strains were further analyzed for the presence of four aflatoxin-biosynthesis genes in relation to their capability to produce aflatoxins and other metabolites, targeting the regulatory gene aflR and the structural genes aflP, aflD, and aflQ. In addition, the metabolic profile of the fungal strains was unraveled using state-of-the-art LC-MS/MS instrumentation. The three gene-sequence data grouped the isolates into two major clades, A. minisclerotigenes and A. flavus. A. minisclerotigenes was most prevalent in Eastern Kenya, while A. flavus was common in both regions. A. parasiticus was represented by a single isolate collected from Rift Valley. Diversity existed within the A. flavus population, which formed several subclades. An inconsistency in identification of some isolates using the three markers was observed. The calmodulin gene sequences showed wider variation of polymorphisms. The aflatoxin production pattern was not consistent with the presence of aflatoxigenic genes, suggesting an inability of the primers to always detect the genes or presence of genetic mutations. Significant variation was observed in toxin profiles of the isolates. This is the first time that a profound metabolic profiling of A. flavus isolates was done in Kenya. Positive associations were evident for some metabolites, while for others no associations were found and for a few metabolite-pairs negative associations were seen. Additionally, the growth medium influenced the mycotoxin metabolite production. These results confirm the wide variation that exists among the group A. flavus and the need for more insight in clustering the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Okoth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martina Kyallo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyce Njuguna
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jagger Harvey
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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52
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Bignell E, Cairns TC, Throckmorton K, Nierman WC, Keller NP. Secondary metabolite arsenal of an opportunistic pathogenic fungus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2016.0023. [PMID: 28080993 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a versatile fungus able to successfully exploit diverse environments from mammalian lungs to agricultural waste products. Among its many fitness attributes are dozens of genetic loci containing biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) producing bioactive small molecules (often referred to as secondary metabolites or natural products) that provide growth advantages to the fungus dependent on environment. Here we summarize the current knowledge of these BGCs-18 of which can be named to product-their expression profiles in vivo, and which BGCs may enhance virulence of this opportunistic human pathogen. Furthermore, we find extensive evidence for the presence of many of these BGCs, or similar BGCs, in distantly related genera including the emerging pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome in bats, and suggest such BGCs may be predictive of pathogenic potential in other fungi.This article is part of the themed issue 'Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Bignell
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, 2.24 Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Timothy C Cairns
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt Throckmorton
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA, .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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53
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Carvajal-Campos A, Manizan AL, Tadrist S, Akaki DK, Koffi-Nevry R, Moore GG, Fapohunda SO, Bailly S, Montet D, Oswald IP, Lorber S, Brabet C, Puel O. Aspergillus korhogoensis, a Novel Aflatoxin Producing Species from the Côte d'Ivoire. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E353. [PMID: 29088078 PMCID: PMC5705968 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strains of a new aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus, A. korhogoensis, were isolated in the course of a screening study involving species from section Flavi found contaminating peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) and peanut paste in the Côte d'Ivoire. Based on examination of four isolates, this new species is described using a polyphasic approach. A concatenated alignment comprised of nine genes (ITS, benA, cmdA, mcm7, amdS, rpb1, preB, ppgA, and preA) was subjected to phylogenetic analysis, and resulted in all four strains being inferred as a distinct clade. Characterization of mating type for each strain revealed A. korhogoensis as a heterothallic species, since three isolates exhibited a singular MAT1-1 locus and one isolate exhibited a singular MAT1-2 locus. Morphological and physiological characterizations were also performed based on their growth on various types of media. Their respective extrolite profiles were characterized using LC/HRMS, and showed that this new species is capable of producing B- and G-aflatoxins, aspergillic acid, cyclopiazonic acid, aflavarins, and asparasones, as well as other metabolites. Altogether, our results confirm the monophyly of A. korhogoensis, and strengthen its position in the A. flavus clade, as the sister taxon of A. parvisclerotigenus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaranta Carvajal-Campos
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Ama Lethicia Manizan
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Microbiologie des Aliments, UFR des Sciences et Technologie des Aliments, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Souria Tadrist
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - David Koffi Akaki
- Laboratoire des Procédés Industriels de Synthèse, de l'Environnement et des Energies Nouvelles, Département Génie Chimique et Agro-alimentaire, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BP 1313 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Rose Koffi-Nevry
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Microbiologie des Aliments, UFR des Sciences et Technologie des Aliments, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Geromy G Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA 70179, USA.
| | - Stephen O Fapohunda
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, 23401 Ilishan Remo, Nigeria.
| | - Sylviane Bailly
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Didier Montet
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD)-Département PERSYST-UMR QualiSud, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Sophie Lorber
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Catherine Brabet
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD)-Département PERSYST-UMR QualiSud, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
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54
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Identification and characterization of genes involved in kojic acid biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. ANN MICROBIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-017-1297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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55
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Chang PK, Scharfenstein LL, Li RW, Arroyo-Manzanares N, De Saeger S, Diana Di Mavungu J. Aspergillus flavus aswA, a gene homolog of Aspergillus nidulans oefC, regulates sclerotial development and biosynthesis of sclerotium-associated secondary metabolites. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 104:29-37. [PMID: 28442441 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus aswA (AFLA_085170) is a gene encoding a Zn(II)2Cys6 DNA-binding domain and a transcriptional activation domain, DUF3468. Disruption of aswA yielded strains that made a truncated gene transcript and generated a fungus that produced a greatly increased number of sclerotia. These sclerotia were odd-shaped and non-pigmented (white) and different from oval and pigmented (dark brown to black) mature sclerotia. Transcriptomic analysis of the ΔaswA strain grown on potato dextrose agar plates and Wickerham agar plates showed that expression of clustering genes involved in the biosynthesis of three sclerotium-associated secondary metabolites was down-regulated. These included gene clusters of asparasone, aflatrem, and aflavarin. In contrast, those of aflatoxin, cyclopiazonic acid and kojic acid were not affected. Metabolite analyses confirmed that the non-pigmented sclerotia contained aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid but not other aforementioned metabolites, three asparasone analogs and dihydroxyaflavinine commonly present in mature sclerotia. Impairment in aswA gene function stalls normal sclerotial development, which in turn prevents biosynthesis and accumulation of sclerotium-specific metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perng-Kuang Chang
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States.
| | - Leslie L Scharfenstein
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States
| | - Robert W Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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56
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[Dedicated to Prof. T. Okada and Prof. T. Nishioka: data science in chemistry]Classification of Alkaloid Compounds Based on Subring Skeleton (SRS) Profiling: On Finding Relationship of Compounds with Metabolic Pathways. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AIDED CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.2751/jcac.18.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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57
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Zhang X, Li S. Expansion of chemical space for natural products by uncommon P450 reactions. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1061-1089. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on unusual P450 reactions related to new chemistry, skeleton construction, structure re-shaping, and protein–protein interactions in natural product biosynthesis, which play significant roles in chemical space expansion for natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Shengying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
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58
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Fountain JC, Bajaj P, Nayak SN, Yang L, Pandey MK, Kumar V, Jayale AS, Chitikineni A, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Varshney RK, Guo B. Responses of Aspergillus flavus to Oxidative Stress Are Related to Fungal Development Regulator, Antioxidant Enzyme, and Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Gene Expression. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2048. [PMID: 28066369 PMCID: PMC5175028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of maize and peanut with Aspergillus flavus and subsequent contamination with aflatoxin pose a threat to global food safety and human health, and is exacerbated by drought stress. Drought stress-responding compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with fungal stress responsive signaling and secondary metabolite production, and can stimulate the production of aflatoxin by A. flavus in vitro. These secondary metabolites have been shown to possess diverse functions in soil-borne fungi including antibiosis, competitive inhibition of other microbes, and abiotic stress alleviation. Previously, we observed that isolates of A. flavus showed differences in oxidative stress tolerance which correlated with their aflatoxin production capabilities. In order to better understand these isolate-specific oxidative stress responses, we examined the transcriptional responses of field isolates of A. flavus with varying levels of aflatoxin production (NRRL3357, AF13, and Tox4) to H2O2-induced oxidative stress using an RNA sequencing approach. These isolates were cultured in an aflatoxin-production conducive medium amended with various levels of H2O2. Whole transcriptomes were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq platform with an average of 40.43 million filtered paired-end reads generated for each sample. The obtained transcriptomes were then used for differential expression, gene ontology, pathway, and co-expression analyses. Isolates which produced higher levels of aflatoxin tended to exhibit fewer differentially expressed genes than isolates with lower levels of production. Genes found to be differentially expressed in response to increasing oxidative stress included antioxidant enzymes, primary metabolism components, antibiosis-related genes, and secondary metabolite biosynthetic components specifically for aflatoxin, aflatrem, and kojic acid. The expression of fungal development-related genes including aminobenzoate degradation genes and conidiation regulators were found to be regulated in response to increasing stress. Aflatoxin biosynthetic genes and antioxidant enzyme genes were also found to be co-expressed and highly correlated with fungal biomass under stress. This suggests that these secondary metabolites may be produced as part of coordinated oxidative stress responses in A. flavus along with antioxidant enzyme gene expression and developmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of GeorgiaTifton, GA, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Crop Protection and Management Research UnitTifton, GA, USA
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of GeorgiaTifton, GA, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Crop Protection and Management Research UnitTifton, GA, USA
| | - Manish K Pandey
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashwin S Jayale
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Anu Chitikineni
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Robert D Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Crop Protection and Management Research Unit Tifton, GA, USA
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59
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Fountain JC, Bajaj P, Pandey M, Nayak SN, Yang L, Kumar V, Jayale AS, Chitikineni A, Zhuang W, Scully BT, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Varshney RK, Guo B. Oxidative stress and carbon metabolism influence Aspergillus flavus transcriptome composition and secondary metabolite production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38747. [PMID: 27941917 PMCID: PMC5150527 DOI: 10.1038/srep38747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is a serious global threat to food safety. Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus is exacerbated by drought stress in the field and by oxidative stress in vitro. We examined transcriptomes of three toxigenic and three atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus in aflatoxin conducive and non-conducive media with varying levels of H2O2 to investigate the relationship of secondary metabolite production, carbon source, and oxidative stress. We found that toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates employ distinct mechanisms to remediate oxidative damage, and that carbon source affected the isolates’ expression profiles. Iron metabolism, monooxygenases, and secondary metabolism appeared to participate in isolate oxidative responses. The results suggest that aflatoxin and aflatrem biosynthesis may remediate oxidative stress by consuming excess oxygen and that kojic acid production may limit iron-mediated, non-enzymatic generation of reactive oxygen species. Together, secondary metabolite production may enhance A. flavus stress tolerance, and may be reduced by enhancing host plant tissue antioxidant capacity though genetic improvement by breeding selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manish Pandey
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ashwin S Jayale
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anu Chitikineni
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Brian T Scully
- USDA-ARS US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
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Motoyama T, Osada H. Biosynthetic approaches to creating bioactive fungal metabolites: Pathway engineering and activation of secondary metabolism. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5843-5850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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61
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Abstract
Many Fungi have a well-developed secondary metabolism. The diversity of fungal species and the diversification of biosynthetic gene clusters underscores a nearly limitless potential for metabolic variation and an untapped resource for drug discovery and synthetic biology. Much of the ecological success of the filamentous fungi in colonizing the planet is owed to their ability to deploy their secondary metabolites in concert with their penetrative and absorptive mode of life. Fungal secondary metabolites exhibit biological activities that have been developed into life-saving medicines and agrochemicals. Toxic metabolites, known as mycotoxins, contaminate human and livestock food and indoor environments. Secondary metabolites are determinants of fungal diseases of humans, animals, and plants. Secondary metabolites exhibit a staggering variation in chemical structures and biological activities, yet their biosynthetic pathways share a number of key characteristics. The genes encoding cooperative steps of a biosynthetic pathway tend to be located contiguously on the chromosome in coregulated gene clusters. Advances in genome sequencing, computational tools, and analytical chemistry are enabling the rapid connection of gene clusters with their metabolic products. At least three fungal drug precursors, penicillin K and V, mycophenolic acid, and pleuromutilin, have been produced by synthetic reconstruction and expression of respective gene clusters in heterologous hosts. This review summarizes general aspects of fungal secondary metabolism and recent developments in our understanding of how and why fungi make secondary metabolites, how these molecules are produced, and how their biosynthetic genes are distributed across the Fungi. The breadth of fungal secondary metabolite diversity is highlighted by recent information on the biosynthesis of important fungus-derived metabolites that have contributed to human health and agriculture and that have negatively impacted crops, food distribution, and human environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245
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62
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Identification of a novel sesquiterpene biosynthetic machinery involved in astellolide biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32865. [PMID: 27628599 PMCID: PMC5024094 DOI: 10.1038/srep32865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Esterified drimane-type sesquiterpene lactones such as astellolides display various biological activities and are widely produced by plants and fungi. Given their low homology to known sesquiterpene cyclases, the genes responsible for their biosynthesis have not been uncovered yet. Here, we identified the astellolide gene cluster from Aspergillus oryzae and discovered a novel sesquiterpene biosynthetic machinery consisting of AstC, AstI, and AstK. All these enzymes are annotated as haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolases, whereas AstC also contains a DxDTT motif conserved in class II diterpene cyclases. Based on enzyme reaction analyses, we found that AstC catalysed the protonation-initiated cyclisation of farnesyl pyrophosphate into drimanyl pyrophosphate. This was successively dephosphorylated by AstI and AstK to produce drim-8-ene-11-ol. Moreover, we also identified and characterised a unique non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, AstA, responsible for esterifying aryl acids to drimane-type sesquiterpene lactones. In this study, we highlight a new biosynthetic route for producing sesquiterpene and its esterified derivative. Our findings shed light on the identification of novel sesquiterpenes via genome mining.
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63
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Abstract
Covering: up to September 2015. Meroterpenoids are hybrid natural products that partially originate from the terpenoid pathway. The meroterpenoids derived from fungi display quite diverse structures, with a wide range of biological properties. This review summarizes the molecular bases for their biosyntheses, which were recently elucidated with modern techniques, and also discusses the plausible biosynthetic pathways of other related natural products lacking genetic information. (Complementary to the coverage of literature by Geris and Simpson in Nat. Prod. Rep., 2009, 26, 1063-1094.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Matsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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64
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Matsuda Y, Awakawa T, Mori T, Abe I. Unusual chemistries in fungal meroterpenoid biosynthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 31:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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65
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Matsuda Y, Quan Z, Mitsuhashi T, Li C, Abe I. Cytochrome P450 for Citreohybridonol Synthesis: Oxidative Derivatization of the Andrastin Scaffold. Org Lett 2016; 18:296-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Matsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zhiyang Quan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mitsuhashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chang Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Lenta BN, Ngatchou J, Kenfack PT, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Sewald N. Crystal and mol-ecular structure of aflatrem. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 2015; 71:o867-8. [PMID: 26594569 PMCID: PMC4645010 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015019040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the title compound, C32H39NO4, confirms the absolute configuration of the seven chiral centres in the molecule. The molecule has a 1,1-dimethylprop-2-enyl substituent on the indole nucleus and this nucleus shares one edge with the five-membered ring which is, in turn, connected to a sequence of three edge-shared fused rings. The skeleton is completed by the 7,7-trimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-one group connected to the terminal cyclohexene ring. The two cyclohexane rings adopt chair and half-chair conformations, while in the dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-one unit, the six-membered ring has a half-chair conformation. The indole system of the molecule exhibits a tilt of 2.02 (1)° between its two rings. In the crystal, O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect molecules into chains along [010]. Weak N—H⋯π interactions connect these chains, forming sheets parallel to (10-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno N Lenta
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jules Ngatchou
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrice T Kenfack
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Beate Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, PO Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, PO Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, PO Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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Tang MC, Lin HC, Li D, Zou Y, Li J, Xu W, Cacho RA, Hillenmeyer ME, Garg NK, Tang Y. Discovery of Unclustered Fungal Indole Diterpene Biosynthetic Pathways through Combinatorial Pathway Reassembly in Engineered Yeast. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13724-7. [PMID: 26469304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structural diversity and biological activities of fungal indole diterpenes (IDTs) are generated in large part by the IDT cyclases (IDTCs). Identifying different IDTCs from IDT biosynthetic pathways is therefore important toward understanding how these enzymes introduce chemical diversity from a common linear precursor. However, IDTCs involved in the cyclization of the well-known aflavinine subgroup of IDTs have not been discovered. Here, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a heterologous host and a phylogenetically guided enzyme mining approach, we combinatorially assembled IDT biosynthetic pathways using IDTCs homologues identified from different fungal hosts. We identified the genetically standalone IDTCs involved in the cyclization of aflavinine and anominine and produced new IDTs not previously isolated. The cyclization mechanisms of the new IDTCs were proposed based on the yeast reconstitution results. Our studies demonstrate heterologous pathway assembly is a useful tool in the reconstitution of unclustered biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | | | - Jian Li
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | | | | | - Maureen E Hillenmeyer
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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Gilbert MK, Mack BM, Wei Q, Bland JM, Bhatnagar D, Cary JW. RNA sequencing of an nsdC mutant reveals global regulation of secondary metabolic gene clusters in Aspergillus flavus. Microbiol Res 2015; 182:150-61. [PMID: 26686623 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus, Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) is an opportunistic pathogen capable of invading a number of crops and contaminating them with toxic secondary metabolites such as aflatoxins. Characterizing the molecular mechanisms governing growth and development of this organism is vital for developing safe and effective strategies for reducing crop contamination. The transcription factor nsdC has been identified as being required for normal asexual development and aflatoxin production in A. flavus. Building on a previous study using a large (L)-sclerotial morphotype A. flavus nsdC mutant we observed alterations in conidiophore development and loss of sclerotial and aflatoxin production using a nsdC mutant of a small (S)-sclerotial morphotype, that normally produces aflatoxin and sclerotia in quantities much higher than the L-morphotype. RNA sequencing analysis of the nsdC knockout mutant and isogenic control strain identified a number of differentially expressed genes related to development and production of secondary metabolites, including aflatoxin, penicillin and aflatrem. Further, RNA-seq data indicating down regulation of aflatrem biosynthetic gene expression in the nsdC mutant correlated with HPLC analyses showing a decrease in aflatrem levels. The current study expands the role of nsdC as a globally acting transcription factor that is a critical regulator of both asexual reproduction and secondary metabolism in A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Gilbert
- USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Brian M Mack
- USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Qijian Wei
- USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - John M Bland
- USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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Arroyo-Manzanares N, Diana Di Mavungu J, Uka V, Malysheva SV, Cary JW, Ehrlich KC, Vanhaecke L, Bhatnagar D, De Saeger S. Use of UHPLC high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry to investigate the genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites inAspergillus flavus. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1656-73. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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71
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Cary JW, Uka V, Han Z, Buyst D, Harris-Coward PY, Ehrlich KC, Wei Q, Bhatnagar D, Dowd PF, Martens SL, Calvo AM, Martins JC, Vanhaecke L, Coenye T, De Saeger S, Di Mavungu JD. An Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolic gene cluster containing a hybrid PKS–NRPS is necessary for synthesis of the 2-pyridones, leporins. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 81:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Nicholson MJ, Eaton CJ, Stärkel C, Tapper BA, Cox MP, Scott B. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of Gene Clusters for the Biosynthesis of Indole-Diterpenes in Penicillium crustosum and P. janthinellum. Toxins (Basel) 2015. [PMID: 26213965 PMCID: PMC4549719 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7082701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The penitremane and janthitremane families of indole-diterpenes are abundant natural products synthesized by Penicillium crustosum and P. janthinellum. Using a combination of PCR, cosmid library screening, and Illumina sequencing we have identified gene clusters encoding enzymes for the synthesis of these compounds. Targeted deletion of penP in P. crustosum abolished the synthesis of penitrems A, B, D, E, and F, and led to accumulation of paspaline, a key intermediate for paxilline biosynthesis in P. paxilli. Similarly, deletion of janP and janD in P. janthinellum abolished the synthesis of prenyl-elaborated indole-diterpenes, and led to accumulation in the latter of 13-desoxypaxilline, a key intermediate for the synthesis of the structurally related aflatremanes synthesized by Aspergillus flavus. This study helps resolve the genetic basis for the complexity of indole-diterpene natural products found within the Penicillium and Aspergillus species. All indole-diterpene gene clusters identified to date have a core set of genes for the synthesis of paspaline and a suite of genes encoding multi-functional cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, FAD dependent monooxygenases, and prenyl transferases that catalyse various regio- and stereo- specific oxidations that give rise to the diversity of indole-diterpene products synthesized by this group of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Nicholson
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Carla J Eaton
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Cornelia Stärkel
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Brian A Tapper
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11 008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Murray P Cox
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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An overproduction of astellolides induced by genetic disruption of chromatin-remodeling factors in Aspergillus oryzae. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 69:4-8. [PMID: 26126743 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae is an important industrial mold. Recent genomic analysis indicated that A. oryzae has a large number of biosynthetic genes for secondary metabolites (SMs), but many of the SMs they produce have not been identified. For better understanding of SMs production by A. oryzae, we screened a gene-disruption library of transcription factors including chromatin-remodeling factors and found two gene disruptions that show similarly altered SM production profiles. One is a homolog of Aspergillus nidulans cclA, a component of the histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase complex of proteins associated with Set1 complex, and the other, sppA, is an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPP1, another component of a complex of proteins associated with Set1 complex. The cclA and sppA disruptions in A. oryzae are deficient in trimethylation of H3K4. Furthermore, one of the SMs that increased in the cclA disruptant was identified as astellolide F (14-deacetyl astellolide B). These data indicate that both cclA and sppA affect production of SMs including astellolides by affecting the methylation status of H3K4 in A. oryzae.
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74
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Liu C, Tagami K, Minami A, Matsumoto T, Frisvad JC, Suzuki H, Ishikawa J, Gomi K, Oikawa H. Reconstitution of Biosynthetic Machinery for the Synthesis of the Highly Elaborated Indole Diterpene Penitrem. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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75
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Liu C, Tagami K, Minami A, Matsumoto T, Frisvad JC, Suzuki H, Ishikawa J, Gomi K, Oikawa H. Reconstitution of Biosynthetic Machinery for the Synthesis of the Highly Elaborated Indole Diterpene Penitrem. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5748-52. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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76
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Calvo AM, Cary JW. Association of fungal secondary metabolism and sclerotial biology. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:62. [PMID: 25762985 PMCID: PMC4329819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolism and morphological development have been shown to be intimately associated at the genetic level. Much of the literature has focused on the co-regulation of secondary metabolite production (e.g., sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus flavus, respectively) with conidiation or formation of sexual fruiting bodies. However, many of these genetic links also control sclerotial production. Sclerotia are resistant structures produced by a number of fungal genera. They also represent the principal source of primary inoculum for some phytopathogenic fungi. In nature, higher plants often concentrate secondary metabolites in reproductive structures as a means of defense against herbivores and insects. By analogy, fungi also sequester a number of secondary metabolites in sclerotia that act as a chemical defense system against fungivorous predators. These include antiinsectant compounds such as tetramic acids, indole diterpenoids, pyridones, and diketopiperazines. This chapter will focus on the molecular mechanisms governing production of secondary metabolites and the role they play in sclerotial development and fungal ecology, with particular emphasis on Aspergillus species. The global regulatory proteins VeA and LaeA, components of the velvet nuclear protein complex, serve as virulence factors and control both development and secondary metabolite production in many Aspergillus species. We will discuss a number of VeA- and LaeA-regulated secondary metabolic gene clusters in A. flavus that are postulated to be involved in sclerotial morphogenesis and chemical defense. The presence of multiple regulatory factors that control secondary metabolism and sclerotial formation suggests that fungi have evolved these complex regulatory mechanisms as a means to rapidly adapt chemical responses to protect sclerotia from predators, competitors and other environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Calvo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service New Orleans, LA, USA
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77
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Ehrlich K, Moore G, Mellon J, Bhatnagar D. Challenges facing the biological control strategy for eliminating aflatoxin contamination. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Competition with Aspergillus flavus isolates incapable of aflatoxin production is currently the most widely used biocontrol method for reducing aflatoxin contamination in maize and cottonseed where aflatoxin contamination is a persistent problem for human and animal health. The method involves spreading non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus spores onto the field prior to harvest. How competition works is not fully understood. Current theories suggest that atoxigenic A. flavus either simply displaces aflatoxin-producing isolates or that competition is an active inhibition process that occurs when the fungi occupy the same locus on the plant. In this paper we describe several challenges that the biocontrol strategy should address before this practice is introduced worldwide. These include the need to better understand the diversity of A. flavus populations in the agricultural soil, the effects of climate change on both this diversity and on plant susceptibility, the ability of the introduced biocontrol strain to outcross with existing aflatoxin-producing A. flavus, the adaptation of certain A. flavus isolates for predominant growth on the plant rather than in the soil, the difficulty in timing the application or controlling the stability of the inoculum, the effect of the introduction of the biocontrol strain on the soil microenvironment, the potential damage to the plant from the introduced strain, and the overall need to better understand the entire A. flavus toxin burden, beyond that of aflatoxin, that may result from A. flavus contamination. In addition, the cost/benefit ratio for the biocontrol method should be considered in comparing this method to other methods for reducing food and feed contamination with aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.C. Ehrlich
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - G.G. Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - J.E. Mellon
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - D. Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
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78
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Abstract
This review provides a summary of recent research advances in elucidating the biosynthesis of fungal indole alkaloids. The different strategies used to incorporate and derivatize the indole/indoline moieties in various families of fungal indole alkaloids will be discussed, including tryptophan-containing nonribosomal peptides, polyketide-nonribosomal peptide hybrids, and alkaloids derived from other indole building blocks. This review also includes a discussion regarding the downstream modifications that generate chemical and structural diversity among indole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90096, USA.
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79
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Matsuda Y, Wakimoto T, Mori T, Awakawa T, Abe I. Complete Biosynthetic Pathway of Anditomin: Nature’s Sophisticated Synthetic Route to a Complex Fungal Meroterpenoid. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15326-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508127q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Matsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wakimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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80
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Tagami K, Minami A, Fujii R, Liu C, Tanaka M, Gomi K, Dairi T, Oikawa H. Rapid Reconstitution of Biosynthetic Machinery for Fungal Metabolites inAspergillus oryzae: Total Biosynthesis of Aflatrem. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2076-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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81
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Umemura M, Nagano N, Koike H, Kawano J, Ishii T, Miyamura Y, Kikuchi M, Tamano K, Yu J, Shin-ya K, Machida M. Characterization of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the ribosomally synthesized cyclic peptide ustiloxin B in Aspergillus flavus. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 68:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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82
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Ehrlich KC, Mack BM. Comparison of expression of secondary metabolite biosynthesis cluster genes in Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. oryzae. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1916-28. [PMID: 24960201 PMCID: PMC4073137 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6061916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty six secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters are predicted to be in the Aspergillus flavus genome. In spite of this, the biosyntheses of only seven metabolites, including the aflatoxins, kojic acid, cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem, have been assigned to a particular gene cluster. We used RNA-seq to compare expression of secondary metabolite genes in gene clusters for the closely related fungi A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, and A. flavus S and L sclerotial morphotypes. The data help to refine the identification of probable functional gene clusters within these species. Our results suggest that A. flavus, a prevalent contaminant of maize, cottonseed, peanuts and tree nuts, is capable of producing metabolites which, besides aflatoxin, could be an underappreciated contributor to its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Ehrlich
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
| | - Brian M Mack
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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83
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Molecular mechanisms of Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolism and development. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 66:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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84
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Liu C, Noike M, Minami A, Oikawa H, Dairi T. A fungal prenyltransferase catalyzes the regular di-prenylation at positions 20 and 21 of paxilline. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:448-54. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.882759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A putative indole diterpene biosynthetic gene cluster composed of eight genes was identified in a genome database of Phomopsis amygdali, and from it, biosynthetic genes of fusicoccin A were cloned and characterized. The six genes showed significant similarities to pax genes, which are essential to paxilline biosynthesis in Penicillium paxilli. Recombinants of the three putative prenyltransferase genes in the cluster were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and characterized by means of in vitro experiments. AmyG is perhaps a GGDP synthase. AmyC and AmyD were confirmed to be prenyltransferases catalyzing the transfer of GGDP to IGP and a regular di-prenylation at positions 20 and 21 of paxilline, respectively. AmyD is the first know example of an enzyme with this function. The Km values for AmyD were calculated to be 7.6 ± 0.5 μM for paxilline and 17.9 ± 1.7 μM for DMAPP at a kcat of 0.12 ± 0.003/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Liu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Noike
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Minami
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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85
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86
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Schmidt-Dannert C. Biosynthesis of terpenoid natural products in fungi. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 148:19-61. [PMID: 25414054 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tens of thousands of terpenoid natural products have been isolated from plants and microbial sources. Higher fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are known to produce an array of well-known terpenoid natural products, including mycotoxins, antibiotics, antitumor compounds, and phytohormones. Except for a few well-studied fungal biosynthetic pathways, the majority of genes and biosynthetic pathways responsible for the biosynthesis of a small number of these secondary metabolites have only been discovered and characterized in the past 5-10 years. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on fungal terpenoid biosynthesis from biochemical, genetic, and genomic viewpoints. Enzymes involved in synthesizing, transferring, and cyclizing the prenyl chains that form the hydrocarbon scaffolds of fungal terpenoid natural products are systematically discussed. Genomic information and functional evidence suggest differences between the terpenome of the two major fungal phyla--the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota--which will be illustrated for each group of terpenoid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmidt-Dannert
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA,
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87
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Umemura M, Koike H, Nagano N, Ishii T, Kawano J, Yamane N, Kozone I, Horimoto K, Shin-ya K, Asai K, Yu J, Bennett JW, Machida M. MIDDAS-M: motif-independent de novo detection of secondary metabolite gene clusters through the integration of genome sequencing and transcriptome data. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84028. [PMID: 24391870 PMCID: PMC3877130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bioactive natural products are produced as “secondary metabolites” by plants, bacteria, and fungi. During the middle of the 20th century, several secondary metabolites from fungi revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry, for example, penicillin, lovastatin, and cyclosporine. They are generally biosynthesized by enzymes encoded by clusters of coordinately regulated genes, and several motif-based methods have been developed to detect secondary metabolite biosynthetic (SMB) gene clusters using the sequence information of typical SMB core genes such as polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). However, no detection method exists for SMB gene clusters that are functional and do not include core SMB genes at present. To advance the exploration of SMB gene clusters, especially those without known core genes, we developed MIDDAS-M, a motif-independent de novodetection algorithm for SMB gene clusters. We integrated virtual gene cluster generation in an annotated genome sequence with highly sensitive scoring of the cooperative transcriptional regulation of cluster member genes. MIDDAS-M accurately predicted 38 SMB gene clusters that have been experimentally confirmed and/or predicted by other motif-based methods in 3 fungal strains. MIDDAS-M further identified a new SMB gene cluster for ustiloxin B, which was experimentally validated. Sequence analysis of the cluster genes indicated a novel mechanism for peptide biosynthesis independent of NRPS. Because it is fully computational and independent of empirical knowledge about SMB core genes, MIDDAS-M allows a large-scale, comprehensive analysis of SMB gene clusters, including those with novel biosynthetic mechanisms that do not contain any functionally characterized genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myco Umemura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideaki Koike
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nagano
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishii
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jin Kawano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamane
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kozone
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Horimoto
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-ya
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Asai
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiujiang Yu
- Beltsville Agricultural Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan W. Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Masayuki Machida
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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88
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Dolezal AL, Obrian GR, Nielsen DM, Woloshuk CP, Boston RS, Payne GA. Localization, morphology and transcriptional profile of Aspergillus flavus during seed colonization. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:898-909. [PMID: 23834374 PMCID: PMC6638638 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects maize kernels pre-harvest, creating major human health concerns and causing substantial agricultural losses. Improved control strategies are needed, yet progress is hampered by the limited understanding of the mechanisms of infection. A series of studies were designed to investigate the localization, morphology and transcriptional profile of A. flavus during internal seed colonization. Results from these studies indicate that A. flavus is capable of infecting all tissues of the immature kernel by 96 h after infection. Mycelia were observed in and around the point of inoculation in the endosperm and were found growing down to the germ. At the endosperm-germ interface, hyphae appeared to differentiate and form a biofilm-like structure that surrounded the germ. The exact nature of this structure remains unclear, but is discussed. A custom-designed A. flavus Affymetrix GeneChip® microarray was used to monitor genome-wide transcription during pathogenicity. A total of 5061 genes were designated as being differentially expressed. Genes encoding secreted enzymes, transcription factors and secondary metabolite gene clusters were up-regulated and considered to be potential effector molecules responsible for disease in the kernel. Information gained from this study will aid in the development of strategies aimed at preventing or slowing down A. flavus colonization of the maize kernel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Dolezal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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89
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Regiospecificities and prenylation mode specificities of the fungal indole diterpene prenyltransferases AtmD and PaxD. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7298-304. [PMID: 24038699 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02496-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the function of paxD, which is involved in the paxilline (compound 1) biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium paxilli. Recombinant PaxD catalyzed a stepwise regular-type diprenylation at the 21 and 22 positions of compound 1 with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as the prenyl donor. In this study, atmD, which is located in the aflatrem (compound 2) biosynthetic gene cluster in Aspergillus flavus and encodes an enzyme with 32% amino acid identity to PaxD, was characterized using recombinant enzyme. When compound 1 and DMAPP were used as substrates, two major products and a trace of minor product were formed. The structures of the two major products were determined to be reversely monoprenylated compound 1 at either the 20 or 21 position. Because compound 2 and β-aflatrem (compound 3), both of which are compound 1-related compounds produced by A. flavus, have the same prenyl moiety at the 20 and 21 position, respectively, AtmD should catalyze the prenylation in compound 2 and 3 biosynthesis. More importantly and surprisingly, AtmD accepted paspaline (compound 4), which is an intermediate of compound 1 biosynthesis that has a structure similar to that of compound 1, and catalyzed a regular monoprenylation of compound 4 at either the 21 or 22 position, though the reverse prenylation was observed with compound 1. This suggests that fungal indole diterpene prenyltransferases have the potential to alter their position and regular/reverse specificities for prenylation and could be applicable for the synthesis of industrially useful compounds.
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90
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Pockrandt D, Li SM. Geranylation of Cyclic Dipeptides by the Dimethylallyl Transferase AnaPT Resulting in a Shift of Prenylation Position on the Indole Ring. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2023-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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91
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Scott B, Young CA, Saikia S, McMillan LK, Monahan BJ, Koulman A, Astin J, Eaton CJ, Bryant A, Wrenn RE, Finch SC, Tapper BA, Parker EJ, Jameson GB. Deletion and gene expression analyses define the paxilline biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium paxilli. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1422-46. [PMID: 23949005 PMCID: PMC3760044 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5081422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The indole-diterpene paxilline is an abundant secondary metabolite synthesized by Penicillium paxilli. In total, 21 genes have been identified at the PAX locus of which six have been previously confirmed to have a functional role in paxilline biosynthesis. A combination of bioinformatics, gene expression and targeted gene replacement analyses were used to define the boundaries of the PAX gene cluster. Targeted gene replacement identified seven genes, paxG, paxA, paxM, paxB, paxC, paxP and paxQ that were all required for paxilline production, with one additional gene, paxD, required for regular prenylation of the indole ring post paxilline synthesis. The two putative transcription factors, PP104 and PP105, were not co-regulated with the pax genes and based on targeted gene replacement, including the double knockout, did not have a role in paxilline production. The relationship of indole dimethylallyl transferases involved in prenylation of indole-diterpenes such as paxilline or lolitrem B, can be found as two disparate clades, not supported by prenylation type (e.g., regular or reverse). This paper provides insight into the P. paxilli indole-diterpene locus and reviews the recent advances identified in paxilline biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +64-6-350-5168; Fax: +64-6-350-5688
| | - Carolyn A. Young
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Sanjay Saikia
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Lisa K. McMillan
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Brendon J. Monahan
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Albert Koulman
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11 008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (A.K.); (B.A.T.)
| | - Jonathan Astin
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Carla J. Eaton
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Andrea Bryant
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Ruth E. Wrenn
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Sarah C. Finch
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, East Street, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; E-Mail:
| | - Brian A. Tapper
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11 008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (A.K.); (B.A.T.)
| | - Emily J. Parker
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
| | - Geoffrey B. Jameson
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; E-Mails: (C.A.Y.); (S.S.) (L.K.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.A.); (C.J.E.); (A.B.); (R.E.W.); (E.J.P.); (G.B.J.)
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92
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Chang PK, Ehrlich KC. Genome-wide analysis of the Zn(II)2Cys6 zinc cluster-encoding gene family in Aspergillus flavus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4289-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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93
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Bradshaw RE, Slot JC, Moore GG, Chettri P, de Wit PJGM, Ehrlich KC, Ganley ARD, Olson MA, Rokas A, Carbone I, Cox MP. Fragmentation of an aflatoxin-like gene cluster in a forest pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:525-535. [PMID: 23448391 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens use a complex arsenal of weapons, such as toxic secondary metabolites, to invade and destroy their hosts. Knowledge of how secondary metabolite pathways evolved is central to understanding the evolution of host specificity. The secondary metabolite dothistromin is structurally similar to aflatoxins and is produced by the fungal pine pathogen Dothistroma septosporum. Our study focused on dothistromin genes, which are widely dispersed across one chromosome, to determine whether this unusual distributed arrangement evolved from an ancestral cluster. We combined comparative genomics and population genetics approaches to elucidate the origins of the dispersed arrangement of dothistromin genes over a broad evolutionary time-scale at the phylum, class and species levels. Orthologs of dothistromin genes were found in two major classes of fungi. Their organization is consistent with clustering of core pathway genes in a common ancestor, but with intermediate cluster fragmentation states in the Dothideomycetes fungi. Recombination hotspots in a D. septosporum population matched sites of gene acquisition and cluster fragmentation at higher evolutionary levels. The results suggest that fragmentation of a larger ancestral cluster gave rise to the arrangement seen in D. septosporum. We propose that cluster fragmentation may facilitate metabolic retooling and subsequent host adaptation of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie E Bradshaw
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jason C Slot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Geromy G Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Pranav Chettri
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth C Ehrlich
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Austen R D Ganley
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
| | - Malin A Olson
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7244, USA
| | - Murray P Cox
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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94
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Functional analysis of a prenyltransferase gene (paxD) in the paxilline biosynthetic gene cluster. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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95
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Tagami K, Liu C, Minami A, Noike M, Isaka T, Fueki S, Shichijo Y, Toshima H, Gomi K, Dairi T, Oikawa H. Reconstitution of Biosynthetic Machinery for Indole-Diterpene Paxilline in Aspergillus oryzae. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1260-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3116636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tagami
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of
Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810,
Japan
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Graduate School of
Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-8628, Japan
| | - Atsushi Minami
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of
Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810,
Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Noike
- Graduate School of
Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-8628, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Isaka
- Department
of Bioresource Science, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan
| | - Shuhei Fueki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of
Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810,
Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shichijo
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of
Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810,
Japan
| | - Hiroaki Toshima
- Department
of Bioresource Science, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of
Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-8628, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of
Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810,
Japan
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96
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Motoyama T, Hayashi T, Hirota H, Ueki M, Osada H. Terpendole E, a Kinesin Eg5 Inhibitor, Is a Key Biosynthetic Intermediate of Indole-Diterpenes in the Producing Fungus Chaunopycnis alba. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:1611-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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97
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Enomoto M, Morita A, Kuwahara S. Total Synthesis of the Tremorgenic Indole Diterpene Paspalinine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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98
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Enomoto M, Morita A, Kuwahara S. Total synthesis of the tremorgenic indole diterpene paspalinine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12833-6. [PMID: 23135880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Enomoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
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99
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di Menna ME, Finch SC, Popay AJ, Smith BL. A review of the Neotyphodium lolii / Lolium perenne symbiosis and its associated effects on animal and plant health, with particular emphasis on ryegrass staggers. N Z Vet J 2012; 60:315-28. [PMID: 22913513 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2012.697429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ryegrass staggers is a seasonal mycotoxicosis of grazing livestock characterised by tremors, in coordination and a staggering gait almost unaccompanied by physical lesions. Deaths occur only as a consequence of accident or starvation. Outbreaks, in summer and autumn, occur only on pasture in which endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii)-infected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) predominates and usually on which animals are grazed intensively. Animals recover when moved to a different type of grazing or after rain has promoted pasture growth. The disease was recognised for 80 years before its cause was discovered as a consequence of a grazing trial of sheep on three ryegrass cultivars which happened to have three different levels of endophyte infection. The endophyte was first formally described as Acremonium loliae, later corrected to Acremonium lolii, and was finally placed in the genus Neotyphodium. It produces a number of secondary metabolites of which lolitrem B is the principal one causing ryegrass staggers symptoms. Ergopeptides are also produced which cause heat stress and lack of productivity. N. lolii is symptomless in the plant, seed borne and grows intercellularly in the aerial parts, mainly in reproductive tillers and leaf sheaths but sparsely in leaf blades. It dies in stored seed and infection rates of different ryegrass cultivars have depended on seed storage times during their production. In addition, N. Lolii produces insect feeding deterrents, among them peramine, which protects infected plants from pest predation. Because of this, control of ryegrass staggers by elimination of endophyte-infected ryegrass is not feasible in areas in which insect predation is a serious pasture problem. However, N. lolii strains vary in the secondary metabolites they produce allowing the selection of strains that produce desirable metabolites. By inoculating such strains into uninfected ryegrass plants it is possible to produce cultivars which do not cause ryegrass staggers but resist insect predation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of the N. lolii / L. perenne symbiosis, the toxins it is known to produce, their effects on animals and plants and the strategies used to control their ill effects while maximising their beneficial ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E di Menna
- AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
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100
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Gibbons JG, Salichos L, Slot JC, Rinker DC, McGary KL, King JG, Klich MA, Tabb DL, McDonald WH, Rokas A. The evolutionary imprint of domestication on genome variation and function of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1403-9. [PMID: 22795693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The domestication of animals, plants, and microbes fundamentally transformed the lifestyle and demography of the human species [1]. Although the genetic and functional underpinnings of animal and plant domestication are well understood, little is known about microbe domestication [2-6]. Here, we systematically examined genome-wide sequence and functional variation between the domesticated fungus Aspergillus oryzae, whose saccharification abilities humans have harnessed for thousands of years to produce sake, soy sauce, and miso from starch-rich grains, and its wild relative A. flavus, a potentially toxigenic plant and animal pathogen [7]. We discovered dramatic changes in the sequence variation and abundance profiles of genes and wholesale primary and secondary metabolic pathways between domesticated and wild relative isolates during growth on rice. Our data suggest that, through selection by humans, an atoxigenic lineage of A. flavus gradually evolved into a "cell factory" for enzymes and metabolites involved in the saccharification process. These results suggest that whereas animal and plant domestication was largely driven by Neolithic "genetic tinkering" of developmental pathways, microbe domestication was driven by extensive remodeling of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Gibbons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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