51
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Expert D, Toussaint A. Bacteriocin-resistant mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi: possible involvement of iron acquisition in phytopathogenicity. J Bacteriol 1985; 163:221-7. [PMID: 4008442 PMCID: PMC219101 DOI: 10.1128/jb.163.1.221-227.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of bacteriocin-resistant mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937JRH were unable to elicit soft-rot symptoms on saintpaulia plants. The loss of pathogenicity was correlated with the disappearance of one to three outer membrane polypeptides (molecular weights, about 80,000 to 90,000) whose production in wild-type strains was greatly enhanced under iron-limited growth conditions. The mutants did not exhibit altered extracellular pectinolytic or cellulolytic activities.
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52
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Purification and composition of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(84)90045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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53
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Anderson AJ. Differences Between Lipopolysaccharide Compositions of Plant Pathogenic and Saprophytic
Pseudomonas
Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48:31-5. [PMID: 16346597 PMCID: PMC240295 DOI: 10.1128/aem.48.1.31-35.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were obtained by washing cells of plant pathogenic and saprophytic
Pseudomonas
species with saline (fraction 1) and then with saline-EDTA (fraction 2). The cells subsequently were extracted with phenol to yield a third aqueous preparation (fraction 3). Each fraction type contained the LPS components, lipid A, heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxy sugar, and neutral and amino sugars. The neutral sugar compositions of fractions 1, 2, and 3, although similar within a species, differed between the
Pseudomonas
species. The LPS of two pathovars (pv.) of
Pseudomonas syringae
had glucose and rhamnose as major components: 13 (±3)% glucose and 87 (±3)% rhamnose for
P. syringae
pv.
pisi
and 18 (±5)% glucose and 76 (±2)% rhamnose for
P. syringae
pv.
syringae
. Fucose was present in addition to glucose and rhamnose for
P. syringae
pv.
phaseolicola
(68 [±8]% rhamnose, 14 [±1]% fucose, and 14 [±5]% glucose) and
P. syringae
pv.
tabaci
(24 [±2]% rhamnose, 54 [±3]% fucose, and 17 [±1]% glucose). The LPS from different races of
P. syringae
pv.
pisi
and
P. syringae
pv.
phaseolicola
could not be distinguished by neutral sugar composition. Three saprophytic species,
P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens
, and
P. putida
, also produced LPS which had different proportions of rhamnose, fucose, and glucose. The LPS from three isolates of
P. putida
were distinct in possessing a high proportion of amino sugar and containing glucose as the major neutral sugar component (86 to 100%). The LPS fractions from plant pathogenic and saprophytic
Pseudomonas
species did not elicit browning or phytoalexin production in treated dark red kidney bean cotyledons or red Mexican bean leaves. Rather, chlorosis of the LPS-treated leaf tissue was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Anderson
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322
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54
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Baker CJ, Neilson MJ, Sequeira L, Keegstra KG. Chemical Characterization of the Lipopolysaccharide of
Pseudomonas solanacearum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 47:1096-100. [PMID: 16346538 PMCID: PMC240067 DOI: 10.1128/aem.47.5.1096-1100.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrates present in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from
Pseudomonas solanacearum
are rhamnose, xylose, 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose, glucose, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. LPS extracted from cultures grown on either glycerol or glucose (as the major source of carbon) and extracted after various incubation periods had similar compositions. The LPS from several strains of the bacterium contained the same component sugars, but the amounts of each sugar varied considerably. It was observed, however, that xylose and 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose increased proportionately with rhamnose, the major component. Phenol-water-extracted LPS contained measurable amounts of nucleic acid, protein, and arabinan, but none of these polymers were detected in LPS extracted with phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether. Polysaccharides liberated from LPS by mild acid hydrolysis were purified by gel filtration. Carbohydrate analysis of the LPS from a virulent, fluidal strain (K60) showed that the O-specific antigen consisted of rhamnose, xylose, and 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose in the proportions 4:1:1. The LPS of an avirulent, afluidal strain (B1) lacked the O-specific antigen; the R-core region consisted of rhamnose, glucose, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. Methylation analysis indicated that the K60 O-specific antigen was composed of a hexasaccharide repeating unit containing 3-, 2-, and 3,4-substituted rhamnopyranosyl residues, 3-substituted 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose, and terminal xylopyranose in the molar ratios 2:1:1:1:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Baker
- Departments of Plant Pathology and Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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55
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Panopoulos NJ, Walton JD, Willis DK. Genetic and Biochemical Basis of Virulence in Plant Pathogens. GENES INVOLVED IN MICROBE-PLANT INTERACTIONS 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8739-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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56
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Leach J, Sherwood J, Fulton R, Sequeira L. Comparison of soluble proteins associated with disease resistance induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and by viral necrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(83)90022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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57
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Leach JE, Cantrell MA, Sequeira L. Hydroxyproline-rich bacterial agglutinin from potato : extraction, purification, and characterization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 70:1353-8. [PMID: 16662679 PMCID: PMC1065887 DOI: 10.1104/pp.70.5.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A protein, extracted from Katahdin potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv ;Katahdin') tubers and purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, agglutinates avirulent strains of the bacterial wilt pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum, but only weakly agglutinates virulent strains. The agglutinin has very low hemagglutinating activity (in contrast to potato lectin) and is a glycoprotein containing about 61% carbohydrate. The carbohydrate moiety contains 91% (weight%) arabinose, 5% galactose, 3% glucose, and 1% glucosamine. The protein portion is rich in hydroxyproline (42%), lysine (16%), serine (9%), and proline (9%). The entire agglutinin has a molecular weight of 91,000 +/- 5,000 and is very basic (pI > 11). Shape estimations based on the concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient, the high viscosity ([eta] = 92.7), the frictional coefficient (f/f(o) = 2.15), and axial ratio (a/b = 25) indicate that the agglutinin is a prolate ellipsoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Leach
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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58
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Leach J, Cantrell M, Sequeira L. A hydroxyproline-rich bacterial agglutinin from potato: its localization by immunofluorescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(82)90066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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59
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Obukowicz M, Kennedy G. Phenolic ultracytochemistry of tobacco cells undergoing the hypersensitive reaction to Pseudomonas solanacearum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0048-4059(81)80084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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60
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Fett WF, Sequeira L. A New Bacterial Agglutinin from Soybean: II. EVIDENCE AGAINST A ROLE IN DETERMINING PATHOGEN SPECIFICITY. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1980; 66:853-8. [PMID: 16661541 PMCID: PMC440741 DOI: 10.1104/pp.66.5.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The activity of a bacterial agglutinin from soybean seed [Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Clark] against two bacterial pathogens, Pseudomonas glycinea (causal agent of bacterial blight) and Xanthomonas phaseoli var. sojensis (causal agent of bacterial pustule) was determined. The agglutinin was active against several strains of X. phaseoli var. sojensis grown on nutrient agar, but there was no correlation between pathogenicity and agglutination. Agglutination was affected by the age of the bacterial cells and the growth medium used. None of seven strains of P. glycinea was agglutinated.Bacterial agglutination was inhibited by both purified lipopolysaccharide and extracellular polysaccharide from five strains of X. phaseoli var. sojensis. The lipopolysaccharides and extracellular polysaccharides from other species of bacteria were ineffective.Ultrastructural studies showed that an avirulent strain of X. phaseoli var. sojensis was attached to leaf mesophyll cell walls of the susceptible cultivar Clark by 34 hours after vacuum infiltration. Cells of this avirulent strain were enveloped by fibrillar and granular material at the mesophyll cell wall. In contrast, cells of a virulent strain were not attached or enveloped, and they remained free to multiply in the intercellular spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Fett
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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61
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Whatley MH, Hunter N, Cantrell MA, Hendrick C, Keegstra K, Sequeira L. Lipopolysaccharide Composition of the Wilt Pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum: CORRELATION WITH THE HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE IN TOBACCO. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1980; 65:557-9. [PMID: 16661235 PMCID: PMC440376 DOI: 10.1104/pp.65.3.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the induction of the hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco by Pseudomonas solanacearum, the recognition between host and pathogen is thought to involve an interaction between plant lectins and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS of a series of strains of P. solanacearum were examined to determine if there are structural differences that might account for the ability or inability of these strains to induce the hypersensitive response. Analysis of the components of LPS by gas chromatography indicates a clear difference in sugar composition between the HR-inducing and non-HR-inducing strains, especially in terms of the percentage of glucose, xylose and rhamnose. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows there are two distinct kinds of LPS, differing greatly in size, which correspond to rough and smooth LPS in other systems. In addition, a phage, CH154, was isolated which lyses non-HR-inducing bacteria and which is inactivated by LPS from these bacterial strains. Therefore, differences in LPS structure correlate strongly with host recognition of Pseudomonas solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Whatley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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62
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Increases in peroxidase activities are not directly involved in induced resistance in tobacco. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(80)90014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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63
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64
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Dazzo FB, Brill WJ. Bacterial polysaccharide which binds Rhizobium trifolii to clover root hairs. J Bacteriol 1979; 137:1362-73. [PMID: 86535 PMCID: PMC218321 DOI: 10.1128/jb.137.3.1362-1373.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunofluorescence, quantitative immunoprecipitation, and inhibition of bacterial agglutination and passive hemagglutination indicate that cross-reactive antigenic determinants are present on the surface of Rhizobium trifolii and clover roots. These determinants are immunochemically unique to this Rhizobium-legume cross-inoculation group. The multivalent lectin trifoliin and antibody to the clover root antigenic determinants bind competitively to two acidic heteropolysaccharides isolated from capsular material of R. Trifolii 0403. The major polysaccharide is an antigen which lacks heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, and endotoxic lipid A. The minor polysaccharide in the capsular material of R. Trifolii 0403 contains the same antigen in addition to heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, and lipid A. The acidic polysaccharides of two strains of R. trifolii share the clover r-ot cross-reactive antigenic determinant despite other differences in their carbohydrate composition. Studies with monovalent antigen-binding fragments of anti-clover root antibody and Azotobacter vinelandii hybrid transformants carrying the unique antigenic determinant suggest that these polysaccharides bind R. trifolii to the clover root hair tips which contain trifoliin.
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65
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The inhibition of susceptible and hypersensitive reactions by protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes from phytopathogenic pseudomonads: relationship to polysaccharide antigenic determinants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(79)90020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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66
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Carlson RW, Sanders RE, Napoli C, Albersheim P. Host-Symbiont Interactions: III. Purification and Partial Characterization of Rhizobium Lipopolysaccharides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1978; 62:912-7. [PMID: 16660637 PMCID: PMC1092253 DOI: 10.1104/pp.62.6.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharides of three strains each of Rhizobium leguminosarum, R. phaseoli, and trifolii have been purified and partially characterized. The last step in the purification procedure is gel filtration column chromatography using Sepharose 4B with an elution buffer consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and triethylamine. Each of the lipopolysaccharides reported in this paper elutes as a symmetrical peak in the partially included volume of this Sepharose 4B column. The ratio of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate acid (a sugar which is characteristic of lipopolysaccharides) to hexose is constant throughout the carbohydrate-containing peaks as they elute from the Sepharose 4B. The compositions and immunodominant structures of the purified lipopolysaccharides vary as much among strains of a single Rhizobium species as among the different species of Rhizobium. There is no obvious correlation between the nodulation group to which a Rhizobium belongs and the chemical composition or immunochemistry of the Rhizobium's lipopolysaccharide. There is extensive crosslysis by phage of strains of R. trifolii, R. phaseoli, and R. leguminosarum. This suggests that the receptors for these cross-lysing phage reside either in nonlipopolysaccharide structures or in common structures within the lipopolysaccharide which are not detected by compositional or immunochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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