51
|
Rioz-Martínez A, de Gonzalo G, Torres Pazmiño DE, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. Synthesis of Chiral 3-Alkyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins by Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions Catalyzed by a Baeyer−Villiger Monooxygenase. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2073-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902519j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rioz-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniel E. Torres Pazmiño
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Torres Pazmiño DE, Riebel A, de Lange J, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW. Efficient biooxidations catalyzed by a new generation of self-sufficient Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. Chembiochem 2010; 10:2595-8. [PMID: 19795432 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Torres Pazmiño
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Rodríguez C, de Gonzalo G, Rioz-Martínez A, Torres Pazmiño DE, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. BVMO-catalysed dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic benzyl ketones in the presence of anion exchange resins. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1121-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b922693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
54
|
Rioz-Martínez A, Bisogno FR, Rodríguez C, de Gonzalo G, Lavandera I, Torres Pazmiño DE, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. Biocatalysed concurrent production of enantioenriched compounds through parallel interconnected kinetic asymmetric transformations. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1431-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b925377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
55
|
Park YC, Shaffer CEH, Bennett GN. Microbial formation of esters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:13-25. [PMID: 19714327 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small aliphatic esters are important natural flavor and fragrance compounds and have numerous uses as solvents and as chemical intermediates. Besides the chemical or lipase-catalyzed formation of esters from alcohols and organic acids, small volatile esters are made by several biochemical routes in microbes. This short review will cover the biosynthesis of esters from acyl-CoA and alcohol condensation, from oxidation of hemiacetals formed from aldehydes and alcohols, and from the insertion of oxygen adjacent to the carbonyl group in a straight chain or cyclic ketone by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. The physiological role of the ester-forming reactions can allow degradation of ketones for use as a carbon source and may play a role in detoxification of aldehydes or recycling cofactors. The enzymes catalyzing each of these processes have been isolated and characterized, and a number of genes encoding the proteins from various microbes have been cloned and functionally expressed. The use of these ester-forming organisms or recombinant organisms expressing the appropriate genes as biocatalysts in biotechnology to make specific esters and chiral lactones has been studied in recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheol Park
- Department of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Sequence analysis and heterologous expression of a new cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Rhodococcus sp. for asymmetric sulfoxidation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:615-24. [PMID: 19633839 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a 3.7-kb DNA fragment was cloned from Rhodococcus sp. ECU0066, and the sequence was analyzed. It was revealed that the largest one (2,361 bp) of this gene fragment encodes a protein consisting of 787 amino acids, with 73% identity to P450RhF (accession number AF45924) from Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784. The gene of this new P450 monooxygenase (named as P450SMO) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the enzyme was also purified and characterized. In the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the enzyme showed significant sulfoxidation activity towards several sulfides, with (S)-sulfoxides as the predominant product. The p-chlorothioanisole, p-fluorothioanisole, p-tolyl methyl sulfide, and p-methoxythioanisole showed relatively higher activities than the other sulfides, but the stereoselectivity for p-methoxythioanisole was much lower. The optimal activity of the purified enzyme toward p-chlorothioanisole occurred at pH 7.0 and 30 degrees C. The current study is the first to report a recombinant cytochrome P450 enzyme of Rhodococcus sp. which is responsible for the asymmetric oxidation of sulfides. The new enzymatic activity of P450SMO on the above compounds makes it an attractive biocatalyst for asymmetric synthesis of enantiopure sulfoxides.
Collapse
|
57
|
Rodríguez C, Gonzalo GD, Torres Pazmiño DE, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic α-alkyl benzyl ketones: enzymatic synthesis of α-alkyl benzylketones and α-alkyl benzylesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
58
|
Rehdorf J, Zimmer CL, Bornscheuer UT. Cloning, expression, characterization, and biocatalytic investigation of the 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase from Pseudomonas putida JD1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3106-14. [PMID: 19251889 PMCID: PMC2681629 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02707-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the number of available recombinant Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) has grown significantly over the last few years, there is still the demand for other BVMOs to expand the biocatalytic diversity. Most BVMOs that have been described are dedicated to convert efficiently cyclohexanone and related cyclic aliphatic ketones. To cover a broader range of substrate types and enantio- and/or regioselectivities, new BVMOs have to be discovered. The gene encoding a BVMO identified in Pseudomonas putida JD1 converting aromatic ketones (HAPMO; 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase) was amplified from genomic DNA using SiteFinding-PCR, cloned, and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, four other open reading frames could be identified clustered around this HAPMO. It has been suggested that these proteins, including the HAPMO, might be involved in the degradation of 4-hydroxyacetophenone. Substrate specificity studies revealed that a large variety of other arylaliphatic ketones are also converted via Baeyer-Villiger oxidation into the corresponding esters, with preferences for para-substitutions at the aromatic ring. In addition, oxidation of aldehydes and some heteroaromatic compounds was observed. Cycloketones and open-chain ketones were not or poorly accepted, respectively. It was also found that this enzyme oxidizes aromatic ketones such as 3-phenyl-2-butanone with excellent enantioselectivity (E >>100).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rehdorf
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Rioz-Martínez A, de Gonzalo G, Torres Pazmiño DE, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. Enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Benzo-Fused Ketones: Formation of Regiocomplementary Lactones. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
60
|
Kayser MM. ‘Designer reagents’ recombinant microorganisms: new and powerful tools for organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
61
|
Directed evolution of a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase to enhance enantioselectivity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:465-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
62
|
Isolation of Rhodococcus sp. strain ECU0066, a new sulfide monooxygenase-producing strain for asymmetric sulfoxidation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:551-6. [PMID: 18836022 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01527-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new and efficient sulfide monooxygenase-producing strain, ECU0066, was isolated and identified as a Rhodococcus sp. that could transform phenylmethyl sulfide (PMS) to (S)-sulfoxide with 99% enantiomeric excess via two steps of enantioselective oxidations. Its enzyme activity could be effectively induced by adding PMS or phenylmethyl sulfoxide (PMSO) directly to a rich medium at the early log phase (6 h) of fermentation, resulting in over 10-times-higher production of the enzyme. This bacterial strain also displayed fairly good activity and enantioselectivity toward seven other sulfides, indicating a good potential for practical application in asymmetric synthesis of chiral sulfoxides.
Collapse
|
63
|
Hydroquinone dioxygenase from pseudomonas fluorescens ACB: a novel member of the family of nonheme-iron(II)-dependent dioxygenases. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:5199-209. [PMID: 18502867 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01945-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase (HQDO), an enzyme involved in the catabolism of 4-hydroxyacetophenone in Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB, was purified to apparent homogeneity. Ligandation with 4-hydroxybenzoate prevented the enzyme from irreversible inactivation. HQDO was activated by iron(II) ions and catalyzed the ring fission of a wide range of hydroquinones to the corresponding 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehydes. HQDO was inactivated by 2,2'-dipyridyl, o-phenanthroline, and hydrogen peroxide and inhibited by phenolic compounds. The inhibition with 4-hydroxybenzoate (K(i) = 14 microM) was competitive with hydroquinone. Online size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that HQDO is an alpha2beta2 heterotetramer of 112.4 kDa, which is composed of an alpha-subunit of 17.8 kDa and a beta-subunit of 38.3 kDa. Each beta-subunit binds one molecule of 4-hydroxybenzoate and one iron(II) ion. N-terminal sequencing and peptide mapping and sequencing based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization--two-stage time of flight analysis established that the HQDO subunits are encoded by neighboring open reading frames (hapC and hapD) of a gene cluster, implicated to be involved in 4-hydroxyacetophenone degradation. HQDO is a novel member of the family of nonheme-iron(II)-dependent dioxygenases. The enzyme shows insignificant sequence identity with known dioxygenases.
Collapse
|
64
|
Elucidation of the 4-hydroxyacetophenone catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:5190-8. [PMID: 18502868 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01944-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolism of 4-hydroxyacetophenone in Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB is known to proceed through the intermediate formation of hydroquinone. Here, we provide evidence that hydroquinone is further degraded through 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and maleylacetate to beta-ketoadipate. The P. fluorescens ACB genes involved in 4-hydroxyacetophenone utilization were cloned and characterized. Sequence analysis of a 15-kb DNA fragment showed the presence of 14 open reading frames containing a gene cluster (hapCDEFGHIBA) of which at least four encoded enzymes are involved in 4-hydroxyacetophenone degradation: 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase (hapA), 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate hydrolase (hapB), 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (hapE), and maleylacetate reductase (hapF). In between hapF and hapB, three genes encoding a putative intradiol dioxygenase (hapG), a protein of the Yci1 family (hapH), and a [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin (hapI) were found. Downstream of the hap genes, five open reading frames are situated encoding three putative regulatory proteins (orf10, orf12, and orf13) and two proteins possibly involved in a membrane efflux pump (orf11 and orf14). Upstream of hapE, two genes (hapC and hapD) were present that showed weak similarity with several iron(II)-dependent extradiol dioxygenases. Based on these findings and additional biochemical evidence, it is proposed that the hapC and hapD gene products are involved in the ring cleavage of hydroquinone.
Collapse
|
65
|
Torres Pazmiño DE, Baas BJ, Janssen DB, Fraaije MW. Kinetic mechanism of phenylacetone monooxygenase from Thermobifida fusca. Biochemistry 2008; 47:4082-93. [PMID: 18321069 DOI: 10.1021/bi702296k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenylacetone monooxygenase (PAMO) from Thermobifida fusca is a FAD-containing Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO). To elucidate the mechanism of conversion of phenylacetone by PAMO, we have performed a detailed steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic analysis. In the catalytic cycle ( k cat = 3.1 s (-1)), rapid binding of NADPH ( K d = 0.7 microM) is followed by a transfer of the 4( R)-hydride from NADPH to the FAD cofactor ( k red = 12 s (-1)). The reduced PAMO is rapidly oxygenated by molecular oxygen ( k ox = 870 mM (-1) s (-1)), yielding a C4a-peroxyflavin. The peroxyflavin enzyme intermediate reacts with phenylacetone to form benzylacetate ( k 1 = 73 s (-1)). This latter kinetic event leads to an enzyme intermediate which we could not unequivocally assign and may represent a Criegee intermediate or a C4a-hydroxyflavin form. The relatively slow decay (4.1 s (-1)) of this intermediate yields fully reoxidized PAMO and limits the turnover rate. NADP (+) release is relatively fast and represents the final step of the catalytic cycle. This study shows that kinetic behavior of PAMO is significantly different when compared with that of sequence-related monooxygenases, e.g., cyclohexanone monooxygenase and liver microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase. Inspection of the crystal structure of PAMO has revealed that residue R337, which is conserved in other BVMOs, is positioned close to the flavin cofactor. The analyzed R337A and R337K mutant enzymes were still able to form and stabilize the C4a-peroxyflavin intermediate. The mutants were unable to convert either phenylacetone or benzyl methyl sulfide. This demonstrates that R337 is crucially involved in assisting PAMO-mediated Baeyer-Villiger and sulfoxidation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Torres Pazmiño
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Völker A, Kirschner A, Bornscheuer UT, Altenbuchner J. Functional expression, purification, and characterization of the recombinant Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase MekA from Pseudomonas veronii MEK700. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 77:1251-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
67
|
Inoue D, Hara S, Kashihara M, Murai Y, Danzl E, Sei K, Tsunoi S, Fujita M, Ike M. Degradation of Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F) by Sphingobium yanoikuyae strain FM-2 isolated from river water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:352-8. [PMID: 18024680 PMCID: PMC2223261 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01708-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three bacteria capable of utilizing bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F [BPF]) as the sole carbon source were isolated from river water, and they all belonged to the family Sphingomonadaceae. One of the isolates, designated Sphingobium yanoikuyae strain FM-2, at an initial cell density of 0.01 (optical density at 600 nm) completely degraded 0.5 mM BPF within 9 h without any lag period under inductive conditions. Degradation assays of various bisphenols revealed that the BPF-metabolizing system of strain FM-2 was effective only on the limited range of bisphenols consisting of two phenolic rings joined together through a bridging carbon without any methyl substitution on the rings or on the bridging structure. A BPF biodegradation pathway was proposed on the basis of metabolite production patterns and identification of the metabolites. The initial step of BPF biodegradation involves hydroxylation of the bridging carbon to form bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanol, followed by oxidation to 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone. The 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone appears to be further oxidized by the Baeyer-Villiger reaction to 4-hydroxyphenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, which is then cleaved by oxidation to form 4-hydroxybenzoate and 1,4-hydroquinone. Both of the resultant simple aromatic compounds are mineralized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Rodríguez C, de Gonzalo G, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. Enzymatic kinetic resolution of racemic ketones catalyzed by Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
69
|
Geitner K, Kirschner A, Rehdorf J, Schmidt M, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT. Enantioselective kinetic resolution of 3-phenyl-2-ketones using Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
70
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng He
- a Advanced Separation Technologies, Inc. , Whippany, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas E. Beesley
- a Advanced Separation Technologies, Inc. , Whippany, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Kirschner A, Altenbuchner J, Bornscheuer UT. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50106 in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 73:1065-72. [PMID: 16944127 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) identified in Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50106 was cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli JM109. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis showed an estimated 56 kDa-size protein band corresponding to the recombinant enzyme. Expression in BL21 (DE3) resulted mainly in the formation of inclusion bodies. This could be overcome by coexpression of molecular chaperones, especially the DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE complex, leading to increased production of soluble BVMO enzyme in recombinant E. coli. Examination of the substrate spectra using whole-cell biocatalysis revealed a high specificity of the BVMO for aliphatic open-chain ketones. Thus, octyl acetate, heptyl propionate, and hexyl butyrate were quantitatively formed from the corresponding ketone substrates. Several other esters were obtained in conversion >68%. Selected esters were also produced on preparative scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anett Kirschner
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 18c, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Kirschner A, Bornscheuer UT. Kinetic Resolution of 4-Hydroxy-2-ketones Catalyzed by a Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7004-6. [PMID: 17013956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anett Kirschner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 18c, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Kirschner A, Bornscheuer UT. Katalytische kinetische Racematspaltung von 4-Hydroxy-2-ketonen durch eine Baeyer-Villiger-Monooxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
74
|
de Gonzalo G, Ottolina G, Zambianchi F, Fraaije MW, Carrea G. Biocatalytic properties of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases in aqueous–organic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
75
|
Bonsor D, Butz SF, Solomons J, Grant S, Fairlamb IJS, Fogg MJ, Grogan G. Ligation independent cloning (LIC) as a rapid route to families of recombinant biocatalysts from sequenced prokaryotic genomes. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1252-60. [PMID: 16557313 DOI: 10.1039/b517338h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A technique is presented for the high throughput generation of families of recombinant biocatalysts sourced from prokaryotic genomes, providing rapid access to the naturally evolved diversity of enzyme specificity for biocatalyst discovery. The method exploits a novel ligation independent cloning strategy, based on the locally engineered vector pET-YSBLIC and has been used for the rapid generation of a suite of expression plasmids containing genes encoding a family of six Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MTb). The six resultant recombinant strains of E. coli B834 (DE3) expressing the genes were assayed for oxygenating activity in respect of the target reaction; the resolution of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one. The analysis of biotransformations catalysed by growing cells of E. coli was complicated by the production of indole in the reaction mixtures, possibly resulting from the in vivo activity of E. coli tryptophanase. Four of the recombinant strains expressing different BVMOs catalysed the oxidation of one or more of four screening substrates, well above controls that had been transformed with the re-ligated parent vector. One of the recombinant strains, E. coli B834 (DE3) pDB5, expressing the Rv3049c gene from MTb, was found to effectively resolve the target substrate, yielding a 19% yield of (1R, 5S)-(+)-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one with >95% enantiomeric excess in a 4 L fermentation reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bonsor
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK YO10 5YW
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
de Gonzalo G, Torres Pazmiño DE, Ottolina G, Fraaije MW, Carrea G. 4-Hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB as an oxidative biocatalyst in the synthesis of optically active sulfoxides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
77
|
|
78
|
van den Heuvel RHH, Tahallah N, Kamerbeek NM, Fraaije MW, van Berkel WJH, Janssen DB, Heck AJR. Coenzyme binding during catalysis is beneficial for the stability of 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32115-21. [PMID: 16049018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503758200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH-dependent dimeric flavoenzyme 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase (HAPMO) catalyzes Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of a wide range of ketones, thereby generating esters or lactones. In the current work, we probed HAPMO-coenzyme complexes present during the enzyme catalytic cycle with the aim to gain mechanistic insight. Moreover, we investigated the structural role of the nicotinamide coenzyme. For these studies, we used (i) wild type HAPMO, (ii) the R339A variant, which is active but has a low affinity toward NADPH, and (iii) the R440A variant, which is inactive but has a high affinity toward NADPH. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used as the primary tool to directly observe noncovalent protein-coenzyme complexes in real time. These analyzes showed for the first time that the nicotinamide coenzyme remains bound to HAPMO during the entire catalytic cycle of the NADPH oxidase reaction. This may also have implications for other homologous Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. Together with the observations that NADP(+) only weakly interacts with oxidized enzyme and that HAPMO is mainly in the reduced form during catalysis, we concluded that NADP(+) interacts tightly with the reduced form of HAPMO. We also demonstrated that the association with the coenzyme is crucial for enzyme stability. The interaction with the coenzyme analog 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (AADP(+)) strongly enhanced the thermal stability of wild type HAPMO. This coenzyme-induced stabilization may also be important for related enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H H van den Heuvel
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Secundo F, Zambianchi F, Crippa G, Carrea G, Tedeschi G. Comparative study of the properties of wild type and recombinant cyclohexanone monooxygenase, an enzyme of synthetic interest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
80
|
Moonen M, Westphal A, Rietjens I, van Berkel W. Enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Benzaldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200404307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
81
|
Biooxidation of ketones with a cyclobutanone structural motif by recombinant whole-cells expressing 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
82
|
de Gonzalo G, Ottolina G, Carrea G, Fraaije MW. [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ as a coenzyme substitute in enzymatic oxidations catalyzed by Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:3724-6. [PMID: 16027924 DOI: 10.1039/b504921k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ was applied as a flavin regenerating reagent in BVMO catalyzed oxidations of organic sulfides to chiral sulfoxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Andrade LH, Keppler AF, Schoenlein-Crusius IH, Porto AL, Comasseto JV. Evaluation of acetophenone monooxygenase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities in different fungal strains by biotransformation of acetophenone derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
84
|
Lindén AA, Hermanns N, Ott S, Krüger L, Bäckvall JE. Preparation and Redox Properties ofN,N,N-1,3,5-Trialkylated Flavin Derivatives and Their Activity as Redox Catalysts. Chemistry 2004; 11:112-9. [PMID: 15532052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Eight different flavin derivatives have been synthesized and the electronic effects of substituents in various positions on the flavin redox chemistry were investigated. The redox potentials of the flavins, determined by cyclic voltammetry, correlated with their efficiency as catalysts in the H2O2 oxidation of methyl p-tolyl sulfide. Introduction of electron-withdrawing groups increased the stability of the reduced catalyst precursor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Auri A Lindén
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Fraaije MW, Wu J, Heuts DPHM, van Hellemond EW, Spelberg JHL, Janssen DB. Discovery of a thermostable Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase by genome mining. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 66:393-400. [PMID: 15599520 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases represent useful biocatalytic tools, as they can catalyze reactions which are difficult to achieve using chemical means. However, only a limited number of these atypical monooxygenases are available in recombinant form. Using a recently described protein sequence motif, a putative Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) was identified in the genome of the thermophilic actinomycete Thermobifida fusca. Heterologous expression of the respective protein in Escherichia coli and subsequent enzyme characterization showed that it indeed represents a BVMO. The NADPH-dependent and FAD-containing monooxygenase is active with a wide range of aromatic ketones, while aliphatic substrates are also converted. The best substrate discovered so far is phenylacetone (k(cat) = 1.9 s(-1), K(M) = 59 microM). The enzyme exhibits moderate enantioselectivity with alpha-methylphenylacetone (enantiomeric ratio of 7). In addition to Baeyer-Villiger reactions, the enzyme is able to perform sulfur oxidations. Different from all known BVMOs, this newly identified biocatalyst is relatively thermostable, displaying an activity half-life of 1 day at 52 degrees C. This study demonstrates that, using effective annotation tools, genomes can efficiently be exploited as a source of novel BVMOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco W Fraaije
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Kamerbeek NM, Fraaije MW, Janssen DB. Identifying determinants of NADPH specificity in Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2107-16. [PMID: 15153101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO), 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase (HAPMO), uses NADPH and O(2) to oxidize a variety of aromatic ketones and sulfides. The FAD-containing enzyme has a 700-fold preference for NADPH over NADH. Sequence alignment with other BVMOs, which are all known to be selective for NADPH, revealed three conserved basic residues, which could account for the observed coenzyme specificity. The corresponding residues in HAPMO (Arg339, Lys439 and Arg440) were mutated and the properties of the purified mutant enzymes were studied. For Arg440 no involvement in coenzyme recognition could be shown as mutant R440A was totally inactive. Although this mutant could still be fully reduced by NADPH, no oxygenation occurred, indicating that this residue is crucial for completing the catalytic cycle of HAPMO. Characterization of several Arg339 and Lys439 mutants revealed that these residues are indeed both involved in coenzyme recognition. Mutant R339A showed a largely decreased affinity for NADPH, as judged from kinetic analysis and binding experiments. Replacing Arg339 also resulted in a decreased catalytic efficiency with NADH. Mutant K439A displayed a 100-fold decrease in catalytic efficiency with NADPH, mainly caused by an increased K(m). However, the efficiency with NADH increased fourfold. Saturation mutagenesis at position 439 showed that the presence of an asparagine or a phenylalanine improves the catalytic efficiency with NADH by a factor of 6 to 7. All Lys439 mutants displayed a lower affinity for AADP(+), confirming a role of the lysine in recognizing the 2'-phosphate of NADPH. The results obtained could be extrapolated to the sequence-related cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Replacing Lys326 in this BVMO, which is analogous to Lys439 in HAPMO, again changed the coenzyme specificity towards NADH. These results indicate that the strict NADPH dependency of this class of monooxygenases is based upon recognition of the coenzyme by several basic residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanne M Kamerbeek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Fraaije MW, Kamerbeek NM, Heidekamp AJ, Fortin R, Janssen DB. The Prodrug Activator EtaA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is a Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:3354-60. [PMID: 14610090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307770200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
EtaA is a newly identified FAD-containing monooxygenase that is responsible for activation of several thioamide prodrugs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was found that purified EtaA displays a remarkably low activity with the antitubercular prodrug ethionamide. Hinted by the presence of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase sequence motif in the EtaA sequence, we have been able to identify a large number of novel EtaA substrates. It was discovered that the enzyme converts a wide range of ketones to the corresponding esters or lactones via a Baeyer-Villiger reaction, indicating that EtaA represents a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase. With the exception of aromatic ketones (phenylacetone and benzylacetone), long-chain ketones (e.g. 2-hexanone and 2-dodecanone) also are converted. EtaA is also able to catalyze enantioselective sulfoxidation of methyl-p-tolylsulfide. Conversion of all of the identified substrates is relatively slow with typical k(cat) values of around 0.02 s(-1). The best substrate identified so far is phenylacetone (K(m) = 61 microM, k(cat) = 0.017 s(-1)). Redox monitoring of the flavin cofactor during turnover of phenylacetone indicates that a step in the reductive half-reaction is limiting the rate of catalysis. Intriguingly, EtaA activity could be increased by one order of magnitude by adding bovine serum albumin. This reactivity and substrate acceptance-profiling study provides valuable information concerning this newly identified prodrug activator from M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco W Fraaije
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Gutiérrez MC, Sleegers A, Simpson HD, Alphand V, Furstoss R. The first fluorogenic assay for detecting a Baeyer–Villigerase activity in microbial cells. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:3500-6. [PMID: 14599010 DOI: 10.1039/b306687h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first fluorogenic assay allowing for detection of microbial enzymes able to perform Baeyer-Villiger oxidation is described. This is based on the use of 4-oxopentyl umbelliferyl ether 1 as a fluorogenic substrate. When Baeyer-Villigerases active against this test ketone are present in the selected whole cells, 1 is transformed into 3-hydroxypropyl umbelliferyl ether 3, which, in a subsequent step, releases the fluorescent product umbelliferone. Different microorganisms, known to be endowed with Baeyer-Villigerase activity, were assayed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María C Gutiérrez
- Groupe Biocatalyse et Chimie Fine UMR-CNRS 6111, Université de la Mediterranée, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, case 901, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|