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Cerda LA, Valenzuela SV, Diaz P, Pastor FIJ. New GH16 β-glucanase fromPaenibacillus barcinonensisBP-23 releases a complex pattern of mixed-linkage oligomers from barley glucan. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:51-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pilar Diaz
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Effects of two whole-grain barley varieties on caecal SCFA, gut microbiota and plasma inflammatory markers in rats consuming low- and high-fat diets. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1558-70. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage β-glucans are fermented by the colon microbiota that give rise to SCFA. Propionic and butyric acids have been found to play an important role in colonic health, as well as they may have extraintestinal metabolic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate how two whole-grain barley varieties differing in dietary fibre and β-glucan content affected caecal SCFA, gut microbiota and some plasma inflammatory markers in rats consuming low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets. Barley increased the caecal pool of SCFA in rats fed the LF and HF diets compared with those fed the control diet, and the effect was generally dependent on fibre content, an exception was butyric acid in the LF setting. Furthermore, whole-grain barley reduced plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, increased the caecal abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the Bacteroides fragilis group, but increased the number of Bifidobacterium only when dietary fat was consumed at a low level. Fat content influenced the effects of barley: rats fed the HF diets had a higher caecal pool of acetic and propionic acids, higher concentrations of amino acids and higher amounts of lipids in the portal plasma and liver than rats fed the LF diets; however, less amounts of butyric acid were generally formed. Interestingly, there was an increase in the caecal abundance of Akkermansia and the caecal pool of succinic acid, and a decrease in the proportion of Bifidobacterium and the Clostridium leptum group. In summary, whole-grain barley decreased HF diet-induced inflammation, which was possibly related to the formation of SCFA and changes in microbiota composition. High β-glucan content in the diet was associated with reduced plasma cholesterol levels.
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53
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Suchecka D, Harasym J, Wilczak J, Gajewska M, Oczkowski M, Gudej S, Błaszczyk K, Kamola D, Filip R, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of high beta-glucan concentration purified aqueous extract from oat in experimental model of LPS-induced chronic enteritis. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Potential of cereal grains and grain legumes in modulating pigs׳ intestinal microbiota – A review. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Beeren SR, Christensen CE, Tanaka H, Jensen MG, Donaldson I, Hindsgaul O. Direct study of fluorescently-labelled barley β-glucan fate in an in vitro human colon digestion model. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 115:88-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The gut microbiota plays important roles in proper gut function and can contribute to or help prevent disease. Whole grains, including oats, constitute important sources of nutrients for the gut microbiota and contribute to a healthy gut microbiome. In particular, whole grains provide NSP and resistant starch, unsaturated TAG and complex lipids, and phenolics. The composition of these constituents is unique in oats compared with other whole grains. Therefore, oats may contribute distinctive effects on gut health relative to other grains. Studies designed to determine these effects may uncover new human-health benefits of oat consumption.
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Structure development and acidification kinetics in fermented milk containing oat β-glucan, a yogurt culture and a probiotic strain. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hamaker BR, Tuncil YE. A perspective on the complexity of dietary fiber structures and their potential effect on the gut microbiota. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3838-50. [PMID: 25088686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Even though there are many factors that determine the human colon microbiota composition, diet is an important one because most microorganisms in the colon obtain energy for their growth by degrading complex dietary compounds, particularly dietary fibers. While fiber carbohydrates that escape digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract are recognized to have a range of structures, the vastness in number of chemical structures from the perspective of the bacteria is not well appreciated. In this article, we introduce the concept of "discrete structure" that is defined as a unique chemical structure, often within a fiber molecule, which aligns with encoded gene clusters in bacterial genomes. The multitude of discrete structures originates from the array of different fiber types coupled with structural variations within types due to genotype and growing environment, anatomical parts of the grain or plant, discrete regions within polymers, and size of oligosaccharides and small polysaccharides. These thousands of discrete structures conceivably could be used to favor bacteria in the competitive colon environment. A global framework needs to be developed to better understand how dietary fibers can be used to obtain predicted changes in microbiota composition for improved health. This will require a multi-disciplinary effort that includes biological scientists, clinicians, and carbohydrate specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA.
| | - Yunus E Tuncil
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
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Salecan diet increases short chain fatty acids and enriches beneficial microbiota in the mouse cecum. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 102:772-9. [PMID: 24507346 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Salecan, a linear extracellular polysaccharide consisting of β-(1,3)-D-glucan, has potential applications in the food industry due to its excellent toxicological profile and rheological properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with 8% Salecan on the gastrointestinal microbiota in mice. In the Salecan group, the following significant differences (p<0.05) from the cellulose group were found: increased body weight gain, greater mass of cecum and cecal contents, and higher butyrate concentrations in the cecal and colonic contents at wk 4. Moreover, populations of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increased 3- and 6-fold, respectively, in the cecal contents of mice consuming Salecan. These results suggest that the dietary incorporation of Salecan, by providing SCFAs and increasing beneficial microbiota, may be beneficial in improving gastrointestinal health, and have relevance to the use of Salecan as a dietary supplement for human consumption.
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Kühlwein H, Emery MJ, Rawling MD, Harper GM, Merrifield DL, Davies SJ. Effects of a dietary β-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucan supplementation on intestinal microbial communities and intestinal ultrastructure of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:1091-106. [PMID: 23889777 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucan supplementation (MacroGard(®)) on mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) intestinal microbiota and ultrastructure of the enterocyte apical brush border. METHODS AND RESULTS Carp were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with 0.1, 1 or 2% w/w MacroGard(®). Culture-dependent microbiology revealed that aerobic heterotrophic bacterial levels were unaffected by dietary MacroGard(®) after 2 and 4 weeks. No effects were observed on the allochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations at either time point; however, reduced autochthonous LAB populations were observed at week 4. PCR-DGGE confirmed these findings through a reduction in the abundance of autochthonous Lactococcus sp. and Vagococcus sp. in MacroGard(®)--fed fish compared with the control-fed fish. Overall, sequence analysis detected microbiota belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and unidentified uncultured bacteria. DGGE analyses also revealed that dietary MacroGard(®) reduced the number of observed taxonomical units (OTUs) and the species richness of the allochthonous microbiota after 2 weeks, but not after 4 weeks. In contrast, dietary MacroGard(®) reduced the number of OTUs, the species richness and diversity of the autochthonous microbiota after 2 weeks, and those parameters remained reduced after 4 weeks. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that intestinal microvilli length and density were significantly increased after 4 weeks in fish fed diets supplemented with 1% MacroGard(®). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that dietary MacroGard(®) supplementation modulates intestinal microbial communities of mirror carp and influences the morphology of the apical brush border. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of β-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucans on fish gut microbial communities, using culture-independent methods, and the ultrastructure of the apical brush border of the enterocytes in fish. This prebiotic-type effect may help to explain the mechanisms in which β-glucans provide benefits when fed to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kühlwein
- Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health Research Group, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
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61
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Whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) screen reveals upregulation of cellobiose and motility operons of Lactobacillus ruminis L5 during growth on tetrasaccharides derived from barley β-glucan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5661-9. [PMID: 23851085 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01887-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus ruminis is an inhabitant of human bowels and bovine rumens. None of 10 isolates (three from bovine rumen, seven from human feces) of L. ruminis that were tested could utilize barley β-glucan for growth. Seven of the strains of L. ruminis were, however, able to utilize tetrasaccharides (3-O-β-cellotriosyl-d-glucose [LDP4] or 4-O-β-laminaribiosyl-d-cellobiose [CDP4]) present in β-glucan hydrolysates for growth. The tetrasaccharides were generated by the use of lichenase or cellulase, respectively. To learn more about the utilization of tetrasaccharides by L. ruminis, whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) was tested as a transcriptional screen to detect altered gene expression when an autochthonous human strain (L5) was grown in medium containing CDP4. RNA-seq results were confirmed and extended by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assays of selected genes in two upregulated operons when cells were grown as batch cultures in medium containing either CDP4 or LDP4. The cellobiose utilization operon had increased transcription, particularly in early growth phase, whereas the chemotaxis/motility operon was upregulated in late growth phase. Phenotypic changes were seen in relation to upregulation of chemotaxis/flagellar operons: flagella were rarely seen by electron microscopy on glucose-grown cells but cells cultured in tetrasaccharide medium were commonly flagellated. Chemotactic movement toward tetrasaccharides was demonstrated in capillary cultures. L. ruminis utilized 3-O-β-cellotriosyl-d-glucose released by β-glucan hydrolysis due to bowel commensal Coprococcus sp., indicating that cross feeding of tetrasaccharide between bacteria could occur. Therefore, the RNA-seq screen and subsequent experiments had utility in revealing foraging attributes of gut commensal Lactobacillus ruminis.
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62
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Lam KL, Chi-Keung Cheung P. Non-digestible long chain beta-glucans as novel prebiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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63
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Zhou M, Jia P, Chen J, Xiu A, Zhao Y, Zhan Y, Chen P, Zhang J. Laxative effects of Salecan on normal and two models of experimental constipated mice. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:52. [PMID: 23514598 PMCID: PMC3607894 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints with a highly prevalent and often chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder affecting health-related quality of life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Salecan on fecal output and small intestinal transit in normal and two models of drug-induced constipation mice. Methods ICR mice were administrated intragastrically (i.g.) by gavage with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW) of Salecan while the control mice were received saline. The constipated mice were induced by two types of drugs, loperamide (5 mg/kg BW, i.g.) and clonidine (200 μg/kg BW, i.g.), after Salecan treatment while the control mice were received saline. Number, weight and water content of feces were subsequently measured. Small intestinal transit was monitored by phenol red marker meal. Results Salecan (300 mg/kg BW) significantly increased the number and weight of feces in normal mice. In two models of drug-induced constipation, Salecan dose-dependently restored the fecal number and fecal weight. The water content of feces was markedly affected by loperamide, but not by clonidine. Treatment with Salecan significantly raised the fecal water content in loperamide-induced constipation mice. Moreover, Salecan markedly stimulated the small intestinal transit in both loperamide- and clonidine-induced constipation model mice. Conclusions These results suggest that Salecan has a potential to be used as a hydrophilic laxative for constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Zhou
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
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64
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The increasing use of barley and barley by-products in the production of healthier baked goods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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65
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Lawley B, Tannock GW. Nucleic acid-based methods to assess the composition and function of the bowel microbiota. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2012; 41:855-68. [PMID: 23101691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This article describes nucleic acid-based methods to assess the composition and function of the bowel microbiota. The methods range from the relatively simple (polymerase chain reaction) to the technically sophisticated (metatranscriptomics). Not all are accessible to the majority of laboratories, but a core of validated (used in more than 1 study) tools is readily available to most researchers. Reliance on a single methodology per human study is not recommended. Generally, a study could commence with a screening of samples to determine whether it will be worthwhile expending further time and money on an in-depth analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Lawley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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66
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Shen RL, Dang XY, Dong JL, Hu XZ. Effects of oat β-glucan and barley β-glucan on fecal characteristics, intestinal microflora, and intestinal bacterial metabolites in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11301-8. [PMID: 23113683 DOI: 10.1021/jf302824h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective was to determine the beneficial effects of oat β-glucan (OG) and barley β-glucan (BG) on gut health. A total of 200 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups of 40 rats each, control group (CON), low-dose OG-administered group (OGL), high-dose OG-administered group (OGH), low-dose BG-administered group (BGL), and high-dose BG-administered group (BGH). OGL and OGH were administered oat β-glucan by intragastric gavage at a dose of 0.35 g/kg of body weight (BW) and 0.70 g/kg of BW daily for 6 weeks, and BGL and BGH were administered barley β-glucan. The CON received normal saline. Intestinal-health-related indexes were analyzed at baseline, week 3, week 6, and week 7. Cereal β-glucan significantly influenced the fecal water content, pH value, ammonia levels, β-glucuronidase activity, azoreductase activity, and colonic short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations (p < 0.05). Moreover, the population of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increased (p < 0.05), whereas the number of Enterobacteriaceae decreased (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner during the period of cereal β-glucan administration. These results suggested that cereal β-glucan might exert favorable effects on improving intestinal functions and health but the gut-health-promoting effects of oat β-glucan were better than those of barley β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ling Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Road, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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67
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van Zanten GC, Knudsen A, Röytiö H, Forssten S, Lawther M, Blennow A, Lahtinen SJ, Jakobsen M, Svensson B, Jespersen L. The effect of selected synbiotics on microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid production in a model system of the human colon. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47212. [PMID: 23082149 PMCID: PMC3474826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics can be used to modulate both the composition and activity of the gut microbiota and thereby potentially affecting host health beneficially. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight synbiotic combinations on the composition and activity of human fecal microbiota using a four-stage semicontinuous model system of the human colon. METHODS AND FINDINGS Carbohydrates were selected by their ability to enhance growth of the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (NCFM) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 (Bl-04) under laboratory conditions. The most effective carbohydrates for each probiotic were further investigated, using the colonic model, for the ability to support growth of the probiotic bacteria, influence the composition of the microbiota and stimulate formation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA).The following combinations were studied: NCFM with isomaltulose, cellobiose, raffinose and an oat β-glucan hydrolysate (OBGH) and Bl-04 with melibiose, xylobiose, raffinose and maltotriose. All carbohydrates showed capable of increasing levels of NCFM and Bl-04 during fermentations in the colonic model by 10(3)-10(4) fold and 10-10(2) fold, respectively. Also the synbiotic combinations decreased the modified ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes (calculated using qPCR results for Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group, Clostridium perfringens cluster I, Clostridium coccoides - Eubacterium rectale group and Clostridial cluster XIV) as well as significantly increasing SCFA levels, especially acetic and butyric acid, by three to eight fold, as compared to the controls. The decreases in the modified ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes were found to be correlated to increases in acetic and butyric acid (p=0.04 and p=0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that all synbiotic combinations investigated are able to shift the predominant bacteria and the production of SCFA of fecal microbiota in a model system of the human colon, thereby potentially being able to manipulate the microbiota in a way connected to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella C van Zanten
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Cloetens L, Ulmius M, Johansson-Persson A, Akesson B, Onning G. Role of dietary beta-glucans in the prevention of the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:444-58. [PMID: 22835138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review examines the evidence regarding the effect of β-glucan on variables linked to the metabolic syndrome (MetS), including appetite control, glucose control, hypertension, and gut microbiota composition. Appetite control can indirectly influence MetS by inducing a decreased energy intake, and promising results for a β-glucan intake to decrease appetite have been found using gut hormone responses and subjective appetite indicators. Beta-glucan also improves the glycemic index of meals and beneficially influences glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or MetS, as well as in healthy subjects. Furthermore, a blood-pressure-lowering effect of β-glucan in hypertensive subjects seems fairly well substantiated. The gut microbiota composition might be an interesting target to prevent MetS, and preliminary results indicate the prebiotic potential of β-glucan. The evidence that β-glucan influences appetite control and gut microbiota in a positive way is still insufficient or difficult to interpret, and additional studies are needed in this field. Still, much evidence indicates that increased β-glucan intake could prevent MetS. Such evidence should encourage increased efforts toward the development of β-glucan-containing functional foods and promote the intake of β-glucan-rich foods, with the aim of reducing healthcare costs and disease prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Cloetens
- Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Centre for Applied Life Sciences at Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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69
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Henderson AJ, Ollila CA, Kumar A, Borresen EC, Raina K, Agarwal R, Ryan EP. Chemopreventive properties of dietary rice bran: current status and future prospects. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:643-53. [PMID: 22983843 PMCID: PMC3648746 DOI: 10.3945/an.112.002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that dietary rice bran may exert beneficial effects against several types of cancer, such as breast, lung, liver, and colorectal cancer. The chemopreventive potential has been related to the bioactive phytochemicals present in the bran portion of the rice such as ferulic acid, tricin, β-sitosterol, γ-oryzanol, tocotrienols/tocopherols, and phytic acid. Studies have shown that the anticancer effects of the rice bran-derived bioactive components are mediated through their ability to induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and alter cell cycle progression in malignant cells. Rice bran bioactive components protect against tissue damage through the scavenging of free radicals and the blocking of chronic inflammatory responses. Rice bran phytochemicals have also been shown to activate anticancer immune responses as well as affecting the colonic tumor microenvironment in favor of enhanced colorectal cancer chemoprevention. This is accomplished through the modulation of gut microflora communities and the regulation of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. In addition, the low cost of rice production and the accessibility of rice bran make it an appealing candidate for global dietary chemoprevention. Therefore, the establishment of dietary rice bran as a practical food-derived chemopreventive agent has the potential to have a significant impact on cancer prevention for the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Henderson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Cadie A. Ollila
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Erica C. Borresen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Differential effects of two fermentable carbohydrates on central appetite regulation and body composition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43263. [PMID: 22952656 PMCID: PMC3430697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is rising at an alarming rate globally. Different fermentable carbohydrates have been shown to reduce obesity. The aim of the present study was to investigate if two different fermentable carbohydrates (inulin and β-glucan) exert similar effects on body composition and central appetite regulation in high fat fed mice. Methodology/Principal Findings Thirty six C57BL/6 male mice were randomized and maintained for 8 weeks on a high fat diet containing 0% (w/w) fermentable carbohydrate, 10% (w/w) inulin or 10% (w/w) β-glucan individually. Fecal and cecal microbial changes were measured using fluorescent in situ hybridization, fecal metabolic profiling was obtained by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), colonic short chain fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography, body composition and hypothalamic neuronal activation were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and manganese enhanced MRI (MEMRI), respectively, PYY (peptide YY) concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay, adipocyte cell size and number were also measured. Both inulin and β-glucan fed groups revealed significantly lower cumulative body weight gain compared with high fat controls. Energy intake was significantly lower in β-glucan than inulin fed mice, with the latter having the greatest effect on total adipose tissue content. Both groups also showed an increase in the numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus-Enterococcus in cecal contents as well as feces. β- glucan appeared to have marked effects on suppressing MEMRI associated neuronal signals in the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, periventricular nucleus and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, suggesting a satiated state. Conclusions/Significance Although both fermentable carbohydrates are protective against increased body weight gain, the lower body fat content induced by inulin may be metabolically advantageous. β-glucan appears to suppress neuronal activity in the hypothalamic appetite centers. Differential effects of fermentable carbohydrates open new possibilities for nutritionally targeting appetite regulation and body composition.
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Suharja AA, Henriksson A, Liu SQ. Impact ofSaccharomyces Cerevisiaeon Viability of ProbioticLactobacillus Rhamnosusin Fermented Milk under Ambient Conditions. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anggita A.S. Suharja
- Food Science and Technology Programme; Department of Chemistry; 4 Science Drive 4; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543
| | | | - Shao-Quan Liu
- Food Science and Technology Programme; Department of Chemistry; 4 Science Drive 4; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Gänzle MG, Mosenthin R, Zijlstra RT. Oat β-glucan and dietary calcium and phosphorus differentially modify intestinal expression of proinflammatory cytokines and monocarboxylate transporter 1 and cecal morphology in weaned pigs. J Nutr 2012; 142:668-74. [PMID: 22357741 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.153007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologic effects of dietary oat β-glucan and low and high dietary calcium-phosphorus (CaP) on intestinal morphology and gene expression related to SCFA absorption, mucus production, inflammation, and peptide digestion have not been established in weaned mammals. We therefore randomized 32 weaned pigs into 4 equal groups that received a cornstarch-casein-based diet with low (65% of the Ca and P requirement) and high (125 and 115% of the Ca and P requirement, respectively) CaP levels and low- and high-CaP diets supplemented with 8.95% oat β-glucan concentrate for 14 d. High-CaP diets downregulated duodenal expression of IL-1β (P < 0.05) by 30% compared with low-CaP diets. Furthermore, high-CaP diets reduced (P < 0.05) cecal crypt depth by 14% compared with low-CaP diets. Dietary β-glucan upregulated the expression of cecal MCT1 (P < 0.05) by 40% and that of colonic IL-6 (P < 0.05) by 142% compared with the control diet. Correlation analysis indicated that cecal MCT1 (r = 0.99, P < 0.001) and colonic IL-6 (r = 0.84, P < 0.05) expression was positively related to luminal butyrate and total SCFA, respectively, indicating that β-glucan may partly modify gene expression via increased SCFA generation. In conclusion, β-glucan and CaP levels modulated the expression of selected genes and morphology in the postweaning period, but effects were specific to intestinal segment. The present results further indicate that, in addition to being essential nutrients for bone accretion, dietary CaP level may modify the intestinal tissue response in young pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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73
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Monro JA, Paturi G, Butts CA, Young W, De Guzman CE, McLachlan A, Roy NC, Ansell J. Prebiotic effects of fermentable carbohydrate polymers may be modulated by faecal bulking of non-fermentable polysaccharides in the large bowel of rats. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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74
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Nelson ED, Ramberg JE, Best T, Sinnott RA. Neurologic effects of exogenous saccharides: a review of controlled human, animal, and in vitro studies. Nutr Neurosci 2012; 15:149-62. [PMID: 22417773 PMCID: PMC3389826 DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current research efforts are centered on delineating the novel health benefits of naturally derived saccharides, including growing interest in their abilities to influence neurologic health. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to consolidate all controlled studies assessing various roles of exogenous saccharide compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts from plants, fungi, and other natural sources on brain function, with a significant focus on benefits derived from oral intake. METHODS Studies were identified by conducting electronic searches on PubMed and Google Scholar. Reference lists of articles were also reviewed for additional relevant studies. Only articles published in English were included in this review. RESULTS Six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies were identified in which consumption of a blend of plant-derived polysaccharides showed positive effects on cognitive function and mood in healthy adults. A separate controlled clinical study observed improvements in well-being with ingestion of a yeast beta-glucan. Numerous animal and in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of individual saccharide compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts to modify behavior, enhance synaptic plasticity, and provide neuroprotective effects. DISCUSSION Although the mechanisms by which exogenous saccharides can influence brain function are not well understood at this time, the literature suggests that certain naturally occurring compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts show promise, when taken orally, in supporting neurologic health and function. Additional well-controlled clinical studies on larger populations are necessary, however, before specific recommendations can be made.
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76
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Mei GY, Carey CM, Tosh S, Kostrzynska M. Utilization of different types of dietary fibres by potential probiotics. Can J Microbiol 2012; 57:857-65. [PMID: 21958046 DOI: 10.1139/w11-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the functionality of probiotics and dietary fibres with prebiotic activity is required for the development of improved synbiotic preparations. In this study, utilization of β(2-1) fructans, galactooligosaccharides, and plant polysaccharides as prebiotics by lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and pediococci was investigated. Our results demonstrate that prebiotics with linear chains consisting of galactose units are better utilized by probiotics than are those consisting of glucose and fructose units, and the ability of probiotic bacteria to utilize prebiotics is strain-specific. In addition, rye fructooligosaccharides represent a prebiotic fibre that supports the growth of a wide range of probiotic cultures and as such has a potential to improve the successfulness of probiotic treatments. This study also demonstrates dietary fibre utilization by pediococci and provides data supporting the possible use of pediococci as a probiotic in synbiotic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ying Mei
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Center, Canada
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77
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Impact of beta-glucan on the faecal microbiota of polypectomized patients: A pilot study. Anaerobe 2011; 17:403-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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78
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Laugier OB, Spasić SD, Mandić V, Jakovljević D, Vrvić MM. The effects of repetitive alkaline/acid extractions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall on antioxidative and bifidogenic efficacy. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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79
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O'Donnell MM, Forde BM, Neville B, Ross PR, O'Toole PW. Carbohydrate catabolic flexibility in the mammalian intestinal commensal Lactobacillus ruminis revealed by fermentation studies aligned to genome annotations. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S12. [PMID: 21995520 PMCID: PMC3231919 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-s1-s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus ruminis is a poorly characterized member of the Lactobacillus salivarius clade that is part of the intestinal microbiota of pigs, humans and other mammals. Its variable abundance in human and animals may be linked to historical changes over time and geographical differences in dietary intake of complex carbohydrates. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the ability of nine L. ruminis strains of human and bovine origin to utilize fifty carbohydrates including simple sugars, oligosaccharides, and prebiotic polysaccharides. The growth patterns were compared with metabolic pathways predicted by annotation of a high quality draft genome sequence of ATCC 25644 (human isolate) and the complete genome of ATCC 27782 (bovine isolate). All of the strains tested utilized prebiotics including fructooligosaccharides (FOS), soybean-oligosaccharides (SOS) and 1,3:1,4-β-D-gluco-oligosaccharides to varying degrees. Six strains isolated from humans utilized FOS-enriched inulin, as well as FOS. In contrast, three strains isolated from cows grew poorly in FOS-supplemented medium. In general, carbohydrate utilisation patterns were strain-dependent and also varied depending on the degree of polymerisation or complexity of structure. Six putative operons were identified in the genome of the human isolate ATCC 25644 for the transport and utilisation of the prebiotics FOS, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), SOS, and 1,3:1,4-β-D-Gluco-oligosaccharides. One of these comprised a novel FOS utilisation operon with predicted capacity to degrade chicory-derived FOS. However, only three of these operons were identified in the ATCC 27782 genome that might account for the utilisation of only SOS and 1,3:1,4-β-D-Gluco-oligosaccharides. CONCLUSIONS This study has provided definitive genome-based evidence to support the fermentation patterns of nine strains of Lactobacillus ruminis, and has linked it to gene distribution patterns in strains from different sources. Furthermore, the study has identified prebiotic carbohydrates with the potential to promote L. ruminis growth in vivo.
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80
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Mills S, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP. Enhancing the stress responses of probiotics for a lifestyle from gut to product and back again. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S19. [PMID: 21995734 PMCID: PMC3231925 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-s1-s19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Before a probiotic bacterium can even begin to fulfill its biological role, it must survive a battery of environmental stresses imposed during food processing and passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Food processing stresses include extremes in temperature, as well as osmotic, oxidative and food matrix stresses. Passage through the GIT is a hazardous journey for any bacteria with deleterious lows in pH encountered in the stomach to the detergent-like properties of bile in the duodenum. However, bacteria are equipped with an array of defense mechanisms to counteract intracellular damage or to enhance the robustness of the cell to withstand lethal external environments. Understanding these mechanisms in probiotic bacteria and indeed other bacterial groups has resulted in the development of a molecular toolbox to augment the technological and gastrointestinal performance of probiotics. This has been greatly aided by studies which examine the global cellular responses to stress highlighting distinct regulatory networks and which also identify novel mechanisms used by cells to cope with hazardous environments. This review highlights the latest studies which have exploited the bacterial stress response with a view to producing next-generation probiotic cultures and highlights the significance of studies which view the global bacterial stress response from an integrative systems biology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mills
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland
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81
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Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 producing recombinant beta-glucan positively influences the functional properties of yoghurt. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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82
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Mohammadi R, Mortazavian A. Review Article: Technological Aspects of Prebiotics in Probiotic Fermented Milks. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2010.535235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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83
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zijlstra RT, Mosenthin R, Gänzle MG. Dietary calcium phosphate content and oat β-glucan influence gastrointestinal microbiota, butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate fermentation in weaned pigs. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 75:402-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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84
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Price KL, Totty HR, Lee HB, Utt MD, Fitzner GE, Yoon I, Ponder MA, Escobar J. Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on growth performance and microbiota of weaned pigs during Salmonella infection. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3896-908. [PMID: 20656973 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobically fermented yeast products are a rich source of nutritional metabolites, mannanoligosaccharides, and β-glucans that may optimize gut health and immunity, which can translate into better growth performance and a reduced risk of foodborne pathogens. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (Diamond V Original XPC) inclusion in nursery diets on pig performance and gastrointestinal microbial ecology before, during, and after an oral challenge with Salmonella. Pigs (n = 40) were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of diet (control or 0.2% XPC) and inoculation (sterile broth or Salmonella). Pigs were fed a 3-phase nursery diet (0 to 7 d, 7 to 21 d, and 21 to 35 d) with ad libitum access to water and feed. On d 14, pigs were orally inoculated with 10(9) cfu of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 or sterile broth. During d 17 to 20, all pigs were treated with a 5 mg/kg of BW intramuscular injection of ceftiofur-HCl. Growth performance and alterations in the gastrointestinal microbial ecology were measured during preinoculation (PRE; 0 to 14 d), sick (SCK; 14 to 21 d), and postinoculation (POST; 21 to 35 d). Body weight and ADG were measured weekly. Rectal temperature (RT) was measured weekly during PRE and POST, and every 12 h during SCK. Diet had no effect on BW, ADG, or RT during any period (P = 0.12 to 0.95). Inclusion of XPC tended (P < 0.10) to increase Salmonella shedding in feces during SCK. Consumption of XPC altered the composition of the gastrointestinal microbial community, resulting in increased (P < 0.05) populations of Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillus after Salmonella infection. Pigs inoculated with Salmonella had decreased ADG and BW, and increased RT during SCK (P < 0.001). Furthermore, fecal Salmonella cfu (log(10)) was modestly correlated (P = 0.002) with BW (r = -0.22), ADFI (r = -0.27), ADG (r = -0.36), G:F (r = -0.18), and RT (r = 0.52) during SCK. After antibiotic administration, all Salmonella-infected pigs stopped shedding. During POST, an interaction between diet and inoculation (P = 0.009) on ADG indicated that pigs infected with Salmonella grew better when eating XPC than the control diet. The addition of XPC to the diets of weanling pigs resulted in greater compensatory BW gains after infection with Salmonella than in pigs fed conventional nursery diets. This increase in BW gain is likely associated with an increase in beneficial bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Price
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907‐1160
| | - Bruce R. Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907‐1160
- Corresponding author. E‐mail:
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86
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Bibas Bonet M, Meson O, de Moreno de LeBlanc A, Dogi C, Chaves S, Kortsarz A, Grau A, Perdigón G. Prebiotic effect of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) on intestinal mucosa using a mouse model. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100903563589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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87
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Mitsou EK, Panopoulou N, Turunen K, Spiliotis V, Kyriacou A. Prebiotic potential of barley derived β-glucan at low intake levels: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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88
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Stack HM, Kearney N, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP. Association of beta-glucan endogenous production with increased stress tolerance of intestinal lactobacilli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:500-7. [PMID: 19933353 PMCID: PMC2805207 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01524-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide beta-glucan has been reported to be associated with many health-promoting and prebiotic properties. The membrane-associated glycosyltransferase enzyme (encoded by the gtf gene), responsible for microbial beta-glucan production, catalyzes the conversion of sugar nucleotides into beta-glucan. In this study, the gtf gene from Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 was heterologously expressed in Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338. When grown in the presence of glucose (7%, wt/vol), the recombinant strain (pNZ44-GTF(+)) displayed a "ropy" phenotype, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed strands of polysaccharide-linking neighboring cells. Beta-glucan biosynthesis was confirmed by agglutination tests carried out with Streptococcus pneumoniae type 37-specific antibodies, which specifically detect glucan-producing cells. Further analysis showed a approximately 2-fold increase in viscosity in broth media for the beta-glucan-producing strain over 24 h compared to the control strain, which did not show any significant increase in viscosity. In addition, we analyzed the ability of beta-glucan-producing Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 to survive both technological and gastrointestinal stresses. Heat stress assays revealed that production of the polysaccharide was associated with significantly increased protection during heat stress (60-fold), acid stress (20-fold), and simulated gastric juice stress (15-fold). Bile stress assays revealed a more modest but significant 5.5-fold increase in survival for the beta-glucan-producing strain compared to that of the control strain. These results suggest that production of a beta-glucan exopolysaccharide by strains destined for use as probiotics may afford them greater performance/protection during cultivation, processing, and ingestion. As such, expression of the gtf gene may prove to be a straightforward approach to improve strains that might otherwise prove sensitive in such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M. Stack
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niamh Kearney
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald F. Fitzgerald
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
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89
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Abnous K, Brooks SPJ, Kwan J, Matias F, Green-Johnson J, Selinger LB, Thomas M, Kalmokoff M. Diets enriched in oat bran or wheat bran temporally and differentially alter the composition of the fecal community of rats. J Nutr 2009; 139:2024-31. [PMID: 19776187 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A clear understanding of how diet alters gastrointestinal communities is important given the suggested link between gut community composition and a wide variety of disease pathologies. To characterize this link for commonly consumed dietary fiber sources, we investigated the change in the fecal community of rats fed diets containing 5% nonnutritive fiber (control), 3% (wt:wt) oat bran plus 2% nonnutritive fiber (OB), or 5% (w/w) wheat bran (WB) over a 28-d feeding trial using both molecular- and cultivation-based methodologies. Pooled fecal samples from 8 rats fed the same diet were analyzed at 4 time points. On d 28, bran-fed rats had approximately twice the total cultivable bacteria than rats fed the control diet. Over the course of feeding, the cultivable community was initially dominated by bacteroides, then by bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, enterococci, and various enterics. In contrast, molecular analysis revealed the appearance of new operational taxonomic units (phylotypes) that were both temporally and inequitably distributed throughout the fecal community. The majority of change occurred in 2 major lineages within the Firmicutes: the Clostridium coccoides group and the Clostridium leptum subgroup. The time course of change depended on the source of bran, with the majority of new phylotypes appearing by d 14 (OB) or d 28 (WB), although adaptation of the fecal community was slow and continued over the entire feeding trial. Bacterial community richness was higher in bran-fed rats than in those fed the control diet. Change within the C. coccoides and C. leptum lineages likely reflect their high abundance within the gut bacterial community and the role of clostridia in fiber digestion. The results illustrate the limitations of relying solely on cultivation to assess bacterial changes and illustrate that community changes are complex in an ecosystem containing high numbers of interdependent and competing species of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Abnous
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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90
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Rasmussen H, Martínez I, Lee J, Walter J. Alteration of the gastrointestinal microbiota of mice by edible blue-green algae. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1108-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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91
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Jaquet M, Rochat I, Moulin J, Cavin C, Bibiloni R. Impact of coffee consumption on the gut microbiota: a human volunteer study. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 130:117-21. [PMID: 19217682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact of a moderate consumption of an instant coffee on the general composition of the human intestinal bacterial population was assessed in this study. Sixteen (16) healthy adult volunteers consumed a daily dose of 3 cups of coffee during 3 weeks. Faecal samples were collected before and after the consumption of coffee, and the impact of the ingestion of the product on the intestinal bacteria as well as the quantification of specific bacterial groups was assessed using nucleic acid-based methods. Although faecal profiles of the dominant microbiota were not significantly affected after the consumption of the coffee (Dice's similarity index=92%, n=16), the population of Bifidobacterium spp. increased after the 3-week test period (P=0.02). Moreover, in some subjects, there was a specific increase in the metabolic activity of Bifidobacterium spp. Our results show that the consumption of the coffee preparation resulting from water co-extraction of green and roasted coffee beans produce an increase in the metabolic activity and/or numbers of the Bifidobacterium spp. population, a bacterial group of reputed beneficial effects, without major impact on the dominant microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Jaquet
- Nestlé Research Center, Nutrition and Health Department, Lausanne, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
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92
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Probiotic bacteria influence the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2008; 2008:175285. [PMID: 19277099 PMCID: PMC2648622 DOI: 10.1155/2008/175285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have a range of proposed health benefits for the consumer, which may include modulating the levels of beneficial elements in the microbiota. Recent investigations using molecular approaches have revealed a human intestinal microbiota comprising over 1000 phylotypes. Mechanisms whereby probiotics impact on the intestinal microbiota include competition for substrates, direct antagonism by inhibitory substances, competitive exclusion, and potentially host-mediated effects such as improved barrier function and altered immune response. We now have the microbial inventories and genetic blueprints to begin tackling intestinal microbial ecology at an unprecedented level of detail, aided by the understanding that dietary components may be utilized differentially by individual phylotypes. Controlled intervention studies in humans, utilizing latest molecular technologies, are required to consolidate evidence for bacterial species that impact on the microbiota. Mechanistic insights should be provided by metabolomics and other analytical techniques for small molecules. Rigorous characterization of interactions between the diet, microbiota, and probiotic bacteria will provide new opportunities for modulating the microbiota towards improving human health.
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93
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Pieper R, Jha R, Rossnagel B, Van Kessel AG, Souffrant WB, Leterme P. Effect of barley and oat cultivars with different carbohydrate compositions on the intestinal bacterial communities in weaned piglets. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 66:556-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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94
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Abstract
Nucleic acid-based (molecular) analytical methods have utility in discriminating between bowel microbiota of altered compositions. This has been demonstrated in studies involving both experimental animals and humans with inflammation of the bowel. Although alterations in the composition of the microbiota can be demonstrated, future studies need to provide functional links between the candidate proinflammatory agents and disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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95
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Quantification of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. in rat fecal samples by real-time PCR. Microbiol Res 2008; 163:663-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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96
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Bibiloni R, Tandon P, Vargas-Voracka F, Barreto-Zuniga R, Lupian-Sanchez A, Rico-Hinojosa MA, Guban J, Fedorak R, Tannock GW. Differential clustering of bowel biopsy-associated bacterial profiles of specimens collected in Mexico and Canada: what do these profiles represent? J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:111-117. [PMID: 18065676 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bowel commensals appear to be an important source of antigens that drive the chronic immune inflammation characteristic of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis [inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)]. Biopsy-associated bacteria are assumed to be particularly relevant in bacteriological investigations of IBD because they are assumed to be located on the mucosal surface and hence close to immunological cells. This investigation analysed the bacterial collections associated with bowel biopsies, aspirates of residual fluid after bowel cleansing and faeces from IBD patients and non-IBD subjects in Edmonton, Canada, and Mexico City, Mexico. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene sequences produced profiles of the bacterial collections and their similarities were compared. Similarity analysis showed that the profiles did not cluster according to disease status, but that Canadian and Mexican profiles could be differentiated by this method. Comparison of biopsy, aspirate and faecal samples obtained from the same subject showed that, on average, the profiles were highly similar. Therefore, biopsy-associated bacteria are likely to represent, at least in part, contaminants from the fluid, which resembles a faecal solution, that pools in the bowel after cleansing prior to endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Bibiloni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Puneeta Tandon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Florencia Vargas-Voracka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubrian, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raphael Barreto-Zuniga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubrian, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andres Lupian-Sanchez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubrian, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Rico-Hinojosa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubrian, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jennifer Guban
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Richard Fedorak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gerald W Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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97
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Effects of synbiotics on intestinal and immune function. Proc Nutr Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665108006137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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98
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Hughes SA, Shewry PR, Gibson GR, McCleary BV, Rastall RA. In vitro fermentation of oat and barley derived beta-glucans by human faecal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 64:482-93. [PMID: 18430007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of beta-glucan fractions from barley [average molecular mass (MM), of 243, 172, and 137 kDa] and oats (average MM of 230 and 150 kDa) by the human faecal microbiota was investigated. Fractions were supplemented to pH-controlled anaerobic batch culture fermenters inoculated with human faecal samples from three donors, in triplicate, for each substrate. Microbiota changes were monitored by fluorescent in situ hybridization; groups enumerated were: Bifidobacterium genus, Bacteroides and Prevotella group, Clostridium histolyticum subgroup, Ruminococcus-Eubacterium-Clostridium (REC) cluster, Lactobacillus-Enterococcus group, Atopobium cluster, and clostridial cluster IX. Short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid were measured by HPLC. The C. histolyticum subgroup increased significantly in all vessels and clostridial cluster IX maintained high populations with all fractions. The Bacteroides-Prevotella group increased with all but the 243-kDa barley and 230-kDa oat substrates. In general beta-glucans displayed no apparent prebiotic potential. The SCFA profile (51 : 32 : 17; acetate : propionate : butyrate) was considered propionate-rich. In a further study a beta-glucan oligosaccharide fraction was produced with a degree of polymerization of 3-4. This fraction was supplemented to small-scale faecal batch cultures and gave significant increases in the Lactobacillus-Enterococcus group; however, the prebiotic potential of this fraction was marginal compared with that of inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Hughes
- Department of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
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99
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Bhandari SK, Xu B, Nyachoti CM, Giesting DW, Krause DO. Evaluation of alternatives to antibiotics using an Escherichia coli K88+ model of piglet diarrhea: Effects on gut microbial ecology1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:836-47. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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100
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Vasiljevic T, Kealy T, Mishra VK. Effects of beta-glucan addition to a probiotic containing yogurt. J Food Sci 2008; 72:C405-11. [PMID: 17995639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of addition of beta-glucan from 2 different cereal sources (oat and barley) on growth and metabolic activity of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis (Bb-12) as determined by plating on a selective medium in yogurt during prolonged cold storage. These yogurt batches were compared to unsupplemented and inulin supplemented controls. All batches were also assessed for syneresis. Oat beta-glucan addition resulted in improved probiotic viability and stability comparable to that of inulin. It also enhanced lactic and propionic acid production. The barley beta-glucan addition suppressed proteolytic activity more than that from oat. These improvements were hindered by greater syneresis caused likely by thermodynamic incompatibility. Small amplitude oscillatory measurements of acidified model mixture of beta-glucan/skim milk solids showed formation of casein gel within the beta-glucan network. Binary mixtures of beta-glucan and skim milk solids had apparent pseudoplastic and non-Newtonian behavior governed mainly by beta-glucan contribution. Above critical concentrations, the mixtures underwent phase separation with the lower phase rich in protein. The phase diagram also showed that the addition of beta-glucan may be possible at or below 0.24 w/w%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vasiljevic
- School of Molecular Sciences and Inst. for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria Univ., P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
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