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Tanaka Y, Sasaki T, Matsuda R, Uematsu Y, Yamaguchi T. Molecular epidemiological study of feline coronavirus strains in Japan using RT-PCR targeting nsp14 gene. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:57. [PMID: 25889235 PMCID: PMC4359392 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline infectious peritonitis is a fatal disease of cats caused by infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV). For detecting or genotyping of FCoV, some RT-PCR plus nested PCR techniques have been reported previously. However, referring to the whole genome sequences (WGSs) registered at NCBI, there are no detection methods that can tolerate the genetic diversity among FCoV population. In addition, the quasispecies nature of FCoV, which consists of heterogeneous variants, has been also demonstrated; thus, a universal method for heteropopulations of FCoV variants in clinical specimens is desirable. Results To develop an RT-PCR method for detection and genotyping of FCoV, we performed comparative genome analysis using WGSs of 32 FCoV, 7 CCoV and 5 TGEV strains obtained from NCBI. As the PCR target, we focused on the nsp14 coding region, which is highly conserved and phylogenetically informative, and developed a PCR method targeting nsp14 partial sequences. Among 103 ascites, 45 pleural effusion and 214 blood specimens from clinically ill cats, we could detect FCoV in 55 (53.4%), 14 (31.1%) and 19 (8.9%) specimens using the present method. Direct sequencing of PCR products and phylogenetic analysis allowed discrimination between type I- and II-FCoV serotypes. Our nsp14 amino acid sequence typing (nsp14 aa ST) showed that the FCoV clone with sequence type (ST) 42, which was the most predominant genotype of WGS strains, was prevalent in domestic cats in Japan. Conclusions Our nsp14 PCR scheme will contribute to virus detection, epidemiology and ecology of FCoV strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0372-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Ryo Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Uematsu
- Canine Lab., Inc., Nokodai-Tamakoganei Venture Port 302, 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-0012, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Yamaguchi
- Canine Lab., Inc., Nokodai-Tamakoganei Venture Port 302, 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-0012, Japan.
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52
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Takano T, Nakano K, Doki T, Hohdatsu T. Differential effects of viroporin inhibitors against feline infectious peritonitis virus serotypes I and II. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1163-70. [PMID: 25701212 PMCID: PMC7086594 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIP virus: FIPV), a feline coronavirus of the family Coronaviridae, causes a fatal disease called FIP in wild and domestic cat species. The genome of coronaviruses encodes a hydrophobic transmembrane protein, the envelope (E) protein. The E protein possesses ion channel activity. Viral proteins with ion channel activity are collectively termed “viroporins”. Hexamethylene amiloride (HMA), a viroporin inhibitor, can inhibit the ion channel activity of the E protein and replication of several coronaviruses. However, it is not clear whether HMA and other viroporin inhibitors affect replication of FIPV. We examined the effect of HMA and other viroporin inhibitors (DIDS [4,4′-disothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulphonic acid] and amantadine) on infection by FIPV serotypes I and II. HMA treatment drastically decreased the titers of FIPV serotype I strains Black and KU-2 in a dose-dependent manner, but it only slightly decreased the titer of FIPV serotype II strain 79-1146. In contrast, DIDS treatment decreased the titer of FIPV serotype II strain 79-1146 in dose-dependent manner, but it only slightly decreased the titers of FIPV serotype I strains Black and KU-2. We investigated whether there is a difference in ion channel activity of the E protein between viral serotypes using E. coli cells expressing the E protein of FIPV serotypes I and II. No difference was observed, suggesting that a viroporin other than the E protein influences the differences in the actions of HMA and DIDS on FIPV serotypes I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
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Addie DD, le Poder S, Burr P, Decaro N, Graham E, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Jarrett O, McDonald M, Meli ML. Utility of feline coronavirus antibody tests. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:152-62. [PMID: 24966245 PMCID: PMC10816424 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14538873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Eight different tests for antibodies to feline coronavirus (FCoV) were evaluated for attributes that are important in situations in veterinary practice. We compared four indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests (IFAT), one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (FCoV Immunocomb; Biogal) and three rapid immunochromatographic (RIM) tests against a panel of samples designated by consensus as positive or negative. Specificity was 100% for all but the two IFATs based on transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), at 83.3% and 97.5%. The IFAT and ELISA tests were best for obtaining an antibody titre and for working in the presence of virus. The RIM tests were the best for obtaining a result quickly (10-15 mins); of these, the Speed F-Corona was the most sensitive, at 92.4%, followed by FASTest feline infectious peritonitis (FIP; 84.6%) and Anigen Rapid FCoV antibody test (64.1%). Sensitivity was 100% for the ELISA, one FCoV IFAT and one TGEV IFAT; and 98.2% for a second TGEV IFA and 96.1% for a second FCoV IFAT. All tests worked with effusions, even when only blood products were stipulated in the instruction manual. The ELISA and Anigen RIM tests were best for small quantities of sample. The most appropriate FCoV antibody test to use depends on the reason for testing: in excluding a diagnosis of FIP, sensitivity, specificity, small sample quantity, rapidity and ability to work in the presence of virus all matter. For FCoV screening, speed and sensitivity are important, and for FCoV elimination antibody titre is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane D Addie
- University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Paul Burr
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd, The Edinburgh Technopole, Penicuik, UK
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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54
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Terada Y, Matsui N, Noguchi K, Kuwata R, Shimoda H, Soma T, Mochizuki M, Maeda K. Emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses in cats by homologous recombination between feline and canine coronaviruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106534. [PMID: 25180686 PMCID: PMC4152292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II feline coronavirus (FCoV) emerged via double recombination between type I FCoV and type II canine coronavirus (CCoV). In this study, two type I FCoVs, three type II FCoVs and ten type II CCoVs were genetically compared. The results showed that three Japanese type II FCoVs, M91-267, KUK-H/L and Tokyo/cat/130627, also emerged by homologous recombination between type I FCoV and type II CCoV and their parent viruses were genetically different from one another. In addition, the 3'-terminal recombination sites of M91-267, KUK-H/L and Tokyo/cat/130627 were different from one another within the genes encoding membrane and spike proteins, and the 5'-terminal recombination sites were also located at different regions of ORF1. These results indicate that at least three Japanese type II FCoVs emerged independently. Sera from a cat experimentally infected with type I FCoV was unable to neutralize type II CCoV infection, indicating that cats persistently infected with type I FCoV may be superinfected with type II CCoV. Our previous study reported that few Japanese cats have antibody against type II FCoV. All of these observations suggest that type II FCoV emerged inside the cat body and is unable to readily spread among cats, indicating that these recombination events for emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses occur frequently.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats
- Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus, Canine/classification
- Coronavirus, Canine/genetics
- Coronavirus, Canine/pathogenicity
- Coronavirus, Feline/classification
- Coronavirus, Feline/genetics
- Coronavirus, Feline/pathogenicity
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Dogs
- Genes, Viral
- Homologous Recombination
- Japan
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Terada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Matsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Keita Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takehisa Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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55
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Wang YT, Chueh LL, Wan CH. An eight-year epidemiologic study based on baculovirus-expressed type-specific spike proteins for the differentiation of type I and II feline coronavirus infections. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:186. [PMID: 25123112 PMCID: PMC4236817 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). FCoVs are divided into two serotypes with markedly different infection rates among cat populations around the world. A baculovirus-expressed type-specific domain of the spike proteins of FCoV was used to survey the infection of the two viruses over the past eight years in Taiwan. Results An immunofluorescence assay based on cells infected with the recombinant viruses that was capable of distinguishing between the two types of viral infection was established. A total of 833 cases from a teaching hospital was surveyed for prevalence of different FCoV infections. Infection of the type I FCoV was dominant, with a seropositive rate of 70.4%, whereas 3.5% of cats were infected with the type II FCoV. In most cases, results derived from serotyping and genotyping were highly agreeable. However, 16.7% (4/24) FIP cats and 9.8% (6/61) clinically healthy cats were found to possess antibodies against both viruses. Moreover, most of the cats (84.6%, 22/26) infected with a genotypic untypable virus bearing a type I FCoV antibody. Conclusion A relatively simple serotyping method to distinguish between two types of FCoV infection was developed. Based on this method, two types of FCoV infection in Taiwan was first carried out. Type I FCoV was found to be predominant compared with type II virus. Results derived from serotyping and genotyping support our current understanding of evolution of disease-related FCoV and transmission of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling-Ling Chueh
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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56
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Zhang W, Li L, Deng X, Kapusinszky B, Pesavento PA, Delwart E. Faecal virome of cats in an animal shelter. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2553-2564. [PMID: 25078300 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the metagenomics-derived feline enteric virome in the faeces of 25 cats from a single shelter in California. More than 90 % of the recognizable viral reads were related to mammalian viruses and the rest to bacterial viruses. Eight viral families were detected: Astroviridae, Coronaviridae, Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Anelloviridae, Caliciviridae and Picobirnaviridae. Six previously known viruses were also identified: feline coronavirus type 1, felid herpes 1, feline calicivirus, feline norovirus, feline panleukopenia virus and picobirnavirus. Novel species of astroviruses and bocaviruses, and the first genome of a cyclovirus in a feline were characterized. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region from four highly divergent partial viral genomes in the order Picornavirales were sequenced. The detection of such a diverse collection of viruses shed within a single shelter suggested that such animals experience robust viral exposures. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in cats, facilitating future evaluation of their pathogenic and zoonotic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Beatrix Kapusinszky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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57
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Borschensky CM, Reinacher M. Mutations in the 3c and 7b genes of feline coronavirus in spontaneously affected FIP cats. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:333-40. [PMID: 25128417 PMCID: PMC7111757 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ORF 3c is affected by deletions and stop codons more frequently than ORF 7b. Deletions in ORF 3c are not a compelling feature of FIPV. Sequences of different tissue specimens within one cat are mostly identical. PCR amplification of ORF 7b is more efficiently than that of ORF 3c.
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is the most frequent lethal infectious disease in cats. However, understanding of FIP pathogenesis is still incomplete. Mutations in the ORF 3c/ORF 7b genes are proposed to play a role in the occurrence of the fatal FIPV biotype. Here, we investigated 282 tissue specimens from 28 cats that succumbed to FIP. Within one cat, viral sequences from different organs were similar or identical, whereas greater discrepancies were found comparing sequences from various cats. Eleven of the cats exhibited deletions in the 3c gene, resulting in truncated amino acid sequences. The 7b gene was affected by deletions only in one cat. In three of the FIP cats, coronavirus isolates with both intact 3c genes as well as 7b genes of full length could also be detected. Thus, deletions or stop codons in the 3c sequence seem to be a frequent but not compelling feature of FIPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Borschensky
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 35393 Gießen, Germany.
| | - M Reinacher
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 35393 Gießen, Germany
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58
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Bálint Á, Farsang A, Szeredi L, Zádori Z, Belák S. Recombinant feline coronaviruses as vaccine candidates confer protection in SPF but not in conventional cats. Vet Microbiol 2013; 169:154-62. [PMID: 24513277 PMCID: PMC7117248 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is a major pathogen of Felidae. Despite the extensive efforts taken in the past decades, development of the “ideal” live attenuated FIPV vaccine was not successful yet. In the present study, we provide data of immunisation experiments with a recombinant FCoV pair differing only in the truncation (PBFIPV-DF-2) or completion (PBFIPV-DF-2-R3i) of their ORF3abc regions. In our previous in vivo studies, these viruses proved to show the characters of low virulent or avirulent FCoV phenotypes, respectively. Therefore, we hypothesised the ability of these viruses, as possible vaccine candidates, in conferring protection in specific pathogen free (SPF) Domestic Shorthair as well as in conventional purebred British Shorthair cats. In SPF cats, after two oronasal and two intramuscular vaccinations with two weeks intervals, both vaccine candidates provided 100% protection against lethal homologous challenge with the highly virulent FIPV DF-2 strain. In contrast, the conventional purebred British Shorthair cats did not develop protection when they were immunised with the same vaccination regimes. In these groups 100% of the PBFIPV-DF-2-R3i immunised animals developed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Prolonged survival was observed in 40% of the animals, while 60% showed fulminant disease course. Genetic and more probably immunological differences between the SPF and non-SPF purebred kittens can explain the different outcome of the vaccination experiment. Our data highlight the diverse immune responses between SPF and conventional cats and suggest a decisive role of previous infection by heterologous causative agents in the outcome of the vaccination against FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Bálint
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Farsang
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Szeredi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
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59
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Desmarets LMB, Theuns S, Olyslaegers DAJ, Dedeurwaerder A, Vermeulen BL, Roukaerts IDM, Nauwynck HJ. Establishment of feline intestinal epithelial cell cultures for the propagation and study of feline enteric coronaviruses. Vet Res 2013; 44:71. [PMID: 23964891 PMCID: PMC3765525 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is the most feared infectious cause of death in cats, induced by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). This coronavirus is a virulent mutant of the harmless, ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). To date, feline coronavirus (FCoV) research has been hampered by the lack of susceptible cell lines for the propagation of serotype I FCoVs. In this study, long-term feline intestinal epithelial cell cultures were established from primary ileocytes and colonocytes by simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen- and human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT)-induced immortalization. Subsequently, these cultures were evaluated for their usability in FCoV research. Firstly, the replication capacity of the serotype II strains WSU 79–1683 and WSU 79–1146 was studied in the continuous cultures as was done for the primary cultures. In accordance with the results obtained in primary cultures, FCoV WSU 79–1683 still replicated significantly more efficient compared to FCoV WSU 79–1146 in both continuous cultures. In addition, the cultures were inoculated with faecal suspensions from healthy cats and with faecal or tissue suspensions from FIP cats. The cultures were susceptible to infection with different serotype I enteric strains and two of these strains were further propagated. No infection was seen in cultures inoculated with FIPV tissue homogenates. In conclusion, a new reliable model for FCoV investigation and growth of enteric field strains was established. In contrast to FIPV strains, FECVs showed a clear tropism for intestinal epithelial cells, giving an explanation for the observation that FECV is the main pathotype circulating among cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Wang YT, Su BL, Hsieh LE, Chueh LL. An outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis in a Taiwanese shelter: epidemiologic and molecular evidence for horizontal transmission of a novel type II feline coronavirus. Vet Res 2013; 44:57. [PMID: 23865689 PMCID: PMC3720556 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. FCoV can be divided into serotypes I and II. The virus that causes FIP (FIPV) is believed to occur sporadically and spread infrequently from cat to cat. Recently, an FIP outbreak from an animal shelter was confirmed in Taiwan. FCoV from all the cats in this shelter were analyzed to determine the epidemiology of this outbreak. Thirteen of 46 (28.2%) cats with typical signs of FIP were identified. Among them, seven cats were confirmed by necropsy and/or histopathological examinations. Despite the fact that more than one FCoV was identified in this multi-cat environment, the eight FIP cats were invariably found to be infected with a type II FCoV. Sequence analysis revealed that the type II FIPV detected from fecal samples, body effusions and granulomatous tissue homogenates from the cats that succumbed to FIP all harbored an identical recombination site in their S gene. Two of the cats that succumbed to FIP were found to harbor an identical nonsense mutation in the 3c gene. Fecal shedding of this type II virus in the effusive form of FIP can be detected up to six days before death. Taken together, our data demonstrate that horizontal transmission of FIPV is possible and that FIP cats can pose a potential risk to other cats living in the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Wang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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61
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Soma T, Wada M, Taharaguchi S, Tajima T. Detection of ascitic feline coronavirus RNA from cats with clinically suspected feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1389-92. [PMID: 23719724 PMCID: PMC3942943 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascitic feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA was examined in 854 cats with suspected feline
infectious peritonitis (FIP) by RT-PCR. The positivity was significantly higher in
purebreds (62.2%) than in crossbreds (34.8%) (P<0.0001). Among
purebreds, the positivities in the Norwegian forest cat (92.3%) and Scottish fold (77.6%)
were significantly higher than the average of purebreds (P=0.0274 and
0.0251, respectively). The positivity was significantly higher in males (51.5%) than in
females (35.7%) (P<0.0001), whereas no gender difference has generally
been noted in FCoV antibody prevalence, indicating that FIP more frequently develops in
males among FCoV-infected cats. Genotyping was performed for 377 gene-positive specimens.
Type I (83.3%) was far more predominantly detected than type II (10.6%)
(P<0.0001), similar to previous serological and genetic surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech Co., Ltd., 103 Fushiocho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-0011, Japan
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Kim Y, Mandadapu SR, Groutas WC, Chang KO. Potent inhibition of feline coronaviruses with peptidyl compounds targeting coronavirus 3C-like protease. Antiviral Res 2013; 97:161-8. [PMID: 23219425 PMCID: PMC3563934 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus infection is common among domestic and exotic felid species and usually associated with mild or asymptomatic enteritis; however, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease of cats that is caused by systemic infection with a feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a variant of feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Currently, there is no specific treatment approved for FIP despite the importance of FIP as the leading infectious cause of death in young cats. During the replication process, coronavirus produces viral polyproteins that are processed into mature proteins by viral proteases, the main protease (3C-like [3CL] protease) and the papain-like protease. Since the cleavages of viral polyproteins are an essential step for virus replication, blockage of viral protease is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Previously, we reported the generation of broad-spectrum peptidyl inhibitors against viruses that possess a 3C or 3CL protease. In this study, we further evaluated the antiviral effects of the peptidyl inhibitors against feline coronaviruses, and investigated the interaction between our protease inhibitor and a cathepsin B inhibitor, an entry blocker, against a feline coronavirus in cell culture. Herein we report that our compounds behave as reversible, competitive inhibitors of 3CL protease, potently inhibited the replication of feline coronaviruses (EC(50) in a nanomolar range) and, furthermore, combination of cathepsin B and 3CL protease inhibitors led to a strong synergistic interaction against feline coronaviruses in a cell culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506, USA.
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Full genome analysis of a novel type II feline coronavirus NTU156. Virus Genes 2012; 46:316-22. [PMID: 23239278 PMCID: PMC7089305 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infections by type II feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) have been shown to be significantly correlated with fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Despite nearly six decades having passed since its first emergence, different studies have shown that type II FCoV represents only a small portion of the total FCoV seropositivity in cats; hence, there is very limited knowledge of the evolution of type II FCoV. To elucidate the correlation between viral emergence and FIP, a local isolate (NTU156) that was derived from a FIP cat was analyzed along with other worldwide strains. Containing an in-frame deletion of 442 nucleotides in open reading frame 3c, the complete genome size of NTU156 (28,897 nucleotides) appears to be the smallest among the known type II feline coronaviruses. Bootscan analysis revealed that NTU156 evolved from two crossover events between type I FCoV and canine coronavirus, with recombination sites located in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and M genes. With an exchange of nearly one-third of the genome with other members of alphacoronaviruses, the new emerging virus could gain new antigenicity, posing a threat to cats that either have been infected with a type I virus before or never have been infected with FCoV.
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64
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Castro-Prieto A, Wachter B, Melzheimer J, Thalwitzer S, Hofer H, Sommer S. Immunogenetic variation and differential pathogen exposure in free-ranging cheetahs across Namibian farmlands. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49129. [PMID: 23145096 PMCID: PMC3492310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genes under selection provide ecologically important information useful for conservation issues. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes are essential for the immune defence against pathogens from intracellular (e.g. viruses) and extracellular (e.g. helminths) origins, respectively. Serosurvey studies in Namibian cheetahs (Acinonyx juabuts) revealed higher exposure to viral pathogens in individuals from north-central than east-central regions. Here we examined whether the observed differences in exposure to viruses influence the patterns of genetic variation and differentiation at MHC loci in 88 free-ranging Namibian cheetahs. Methodology/Principal Findings Genetic variation at MHC I and II loci was assessed through single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and sequencing. While the overall allelic diversity did not differ, we observed a high genetic differentiation at MHC class I loci between cheetahs from north-central and east-central Namibia. No such differentiation in MHC class II and neutral markers were found. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that MHC class I variation mirrors the variation in selection pressure imposed by viruses in free-ranging cheetahs across Namibian farmland. This is of high significance for future management and conservation programs of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aines Castro-Prieto
- Evolutionary Genetics Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Melzheimer
- Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Thalwitzer
- Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heribert Hofer
- Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Sommer
- Evolutionary Genetics Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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65
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Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal immunopathological disease caused by feline coronaviruses (FCoVs). Here, we describe a reverse genetics approach to study FIP by assessing the pathogenicity of recombinant type I and type II and chimeric type I/type II FCoVs. All recombinant FCoVs established productive infection in cats, and recombinant type II FCoV (strain 79-1146) induced FIP. Virus sequence analyses from FIP-diseased cats revealed that the 3c gene stop codon of strain 79-1146 has changed to restore a full-length open reading frame (ORF).
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66
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Molecular characterization of feline infectious peritonitis virus strain DF-2 and studies of the role of ORF3abc in viral cell tropism. J Virol 2012; 86:6258-67. [PMID: 22438554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00189-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The full-length genome of the highly lethal feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) strain DF-2 was sequenced and cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) to study the role of ORF3abc in the FIPV-feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) transition. The reverse genetic system allowed the replacement of the truncated ORF3abc of the original FIPV DF-2 genome with the intact ORF3abc of the canine coronavirus (CCoV) reference strain Elmo/02. The in vitro replication kinetics of these two viruses was studied in CrFK and FCWF-4 cell lines, as well as in feline peripheral blood monocytes. Both viruses showed similar replication kinetics in established cell lines. However, the strain with a full-length ORF3 showed markedly lower replication of more than 2 log(10) titers in feline peripheral blood monocytes. Our results suggest that the truncated ORF3abc plays an important role in the efficient macrophage/monocyte tropism of type II FIPV.
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67
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Hornyák A, Bálint A, Farsang A, Balka G, Hakhverdyan M, Rasmussen TB, Blomberg J, Belák S. Detection of subgenomic mRNA of feline coronavirus by real-time polymerase chain reaction based on primer-probe energy transfer (P-sg-QPCR). J Virol Methods 2012; 181:155-63. [PMID: 22349594 PMCID: PMC7112857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis is one of the most severe devastating diseases of the Felidae. Upon the appearance of clinical signs, a cure for the infected animal is impossible. Therefore rapid and proper diagnosis for both the presence of the causative agent, feline coronavirus (FCoV) and the manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis is of paramount importance. In the present work, a novel real-time RT-PCR method is described which is able to detect FCoV and to determine simultaneously the quantity of the viral RNA. The new assay combines the M gene subgenomic messenger RNA (sg-mRNA) detection and the quantitation of the genome copies of FCoV. In order to detect the broadest spectrum of potential FCoV variants and to achieve the most accurate results in the detection ability the new assay is applying the primer-probe energy transfer (PriProET) principle. This technology was chosen since PriProET is very robust to tolerate the nucleotide substitutions in the target area. Therefore, this technology provides a very broad-range system, which is able to detect simultaneously many variants of the virus(es) even if the target genomic regions show large scale of variations. The detection specificity of the new assay was proven by positive amplification from a set of nine different FCoV strains and negative from the tested non-coronaviral targets. Examination of faecal samples of healthy young cats, organ samples of perished animals, which suffered from feline infectious peritonitis, and cat leukocytes from uncertain clinical cases were also subjected to the assay. The sensitivity of the P-sg-QPCR method was high, since as few as 10 genome copies of FCoV were detected. The quantitative sg-mRNA detection method revealed more than 10–50,000 times increase of the M gene sg-mRNA in organ materials of feline infectious peritonitis cases, compared to those of the enteric FCoV variants present in the faeces of normal, healthy cats. These results indicate the applicability of the new P-sg-QPCR test as a powerful novel tool for the better detection and quantitation of FCoV and for the improved diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis, this important disease of the Felidae, causing serious losses in the cat populations at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Hornyák
- The Joint Research and Development Division, Department of Virology and Parasitology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls Väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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68
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Drechsler Y, Alcaraz A, Bossong FJ, Collisson EW, Diniz PPVP. Feline coronavirus in multicat environments. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 41:1133-69. [PMID: 22041208 PMCID: PMC7111326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Drechsler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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69
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Addie DD, McDonald M, Audhuy S, Burr P, Hollins J, Kovacic R, Lutz H, Luxton Z, Mazar S, Meli ML. Quarantine protects Falkland Islands (Malvinas) cats from feline coronavirus infection. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:171-6. [PMID: 22314098 PMCID: PMC10822488 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x11429644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Since 2002, when 20 cats on the Falkland Islands were found to be FCoV seronegative, only seronegative cats could be imported. Between 2005-2007, 95 pet and 10 feral cats tested negative by indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) analysis using two strains of type II FCoV, two transmissible gastroenteritis virus assays, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and rapid immunomigration test. Twenty-four samples (23%) showed non-specific fluorescence, mostly attributable to anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA). The reason for ANA was unclear: reactive samples were negative for Erhlichia canis antibodies; seven were feline immunodeficiency virus positive, but 15 were negative. It was not possible to determine retrospectively whether the cats had autoimmune disease, hyperthyroidism treatment, or recent vaccination which may also cause ANA. The FCoV/ FIP-free status of the Falkland Islands cats should be maintained by FCoV testing incoming cats. However, ANA can complicate interpretation of IFA tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane D Addie
- Institute Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK.
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70
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Prevalence of Korean cats with natural feline coronavirus infections. Virol J 2011; 8:455. [PMID: 21951835 PMCID: PMC3219666 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline coronavirus is comprised of two pathogenic biotypes consisting of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), which are both divided into two serotypes. To examine the prevalence of Korean cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and II, fecal samples were obtained from 212 cats (107 pet and 105 feral) in 2009. Results Fourteen cats were FCoV-positive, including infections with type I FCoV (n = 8), type II FCoV (n = 4), and types I and II co-infection (n = 2). Low seroprevalences (13.7%, 29/212) of FCoV were identified in chronically ill cats (19.3%, 16/83) and healthy cats (10.1%, 13/129). Conclusions Although the prevalence of FCoV infection was not high in comparison to other countries, there was a higher prevalence of type I FCoV in Korean felines. The prevalence of FCoV antigen and antibody in Korean cats are expected to gradually increase due to the rising numbers of stray and companion cats.
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71
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Feline and canine coronaviruses: common genetic and pathobiological features. Adv Virol 2011; 2011:609465. [PMID: 22312347 PMCID: PMC3265309 DOI: 10.1155/2011/609465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new human coronavirus responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was identified in 2003, which raised concern about coronaviruses as agents of serious infectious disease. Nevertheless, coronaviruses have been known for about 50 years to be major agents of respiratory, enteric, or systemic infections of domestic and companion animals. Feline and canine coronaviruses are widespread among dog and cat populations, sometimes leading to the fatal diseases known as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and pantropic canine coronavirus infection in cats and dogs, respectively. In this paper, different aspects of the genetics, host cell tropism, and pathogenesis of the feline and canine coronaviruses (FCoV and CCoV) will be discussed, with a view to illustrating how study of FCoVs and CCoVs can improve our general understanding of the pathobiology of coronaviruses.
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72
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Filoni C, Catão-Dias JL, Cattori V, Willi B, Meli ML, Corrêa SHR, Marques MC, Adania CH, Silva JCR, Marvulo MFV, Neto JSF, Durigon EL, de Carvalho VM, Coutinho SD, Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:166-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic mycoplasmas were less prevalent. Serologic evidence of exposure to Ehrlichia spp., Feline immunodeficiency virus, and Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was detected rarely, and infections with FeLV, Ehrlichia spp., and Cytauxzoon spp. were found infrequently. The detected Bartonella sequence was molecularly similar to B. koehlerae and B. henselae; for Cytauxzoon, the sequence resembled those from domestic cats. No Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Theileria spp. infections were detected. The positive test results varied significantly among different facilities and species. Additionally, FCoV seropositivity was more prevalent in captivity than in free-ranging populations. Results suggest that testing is appropriate prior to relocation of felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Filoni
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Valentino Cattori
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Barbara Willi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Sandra Helena Ramiro Corrêa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Mara Cristina Marques
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Cristina Harumi Adania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Jean Carlos Ramos Silva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Maria Fernanda Vianna Marvulo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - José Soares Ferreira Neto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Vania Maria de Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Selene Dall’Acqua Coutinho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Hans Lutz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão-Dias)
- Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine–TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho)
- São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques)
- Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania)
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73
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Takano T, Tomiyama Y, Katoh Y, Nakamura M, Satoh R, Hohdatsu T. Mutation of neutralizing/antibody-dependent enhancing epitope on spike protein and 7b gene of feline infectious peritonitis virus: influences of viral replication in monocytes/macrophages and virulence in cats. Virus Res 2011; 156:72-80. [PMID: 21211540 PMCID: PMC7114493 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously prepared neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb)-resistant (mar) mutant viruses using a laboratory strain feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) 79-1146 (Kida et al., 1999). Mar mutant viruses are mutated several amino acids of the neutralizing epitope of Spike protein, compared with the parent strain, FIPV 79-1146. We clarified that MAb used to prepare mar mutant viruses also lost its activity to enhance homologous mar mutant viruses, strongly suggesting that neutralizing and antibody-dependent enhancing epitopes are present in the same region in the strain FIPV 79-1146. We also discovered that amino acid mutation in the neutralizing epitope reduced viral replication in monocytes/macrophages. We also demonstrated that the mutation or deletion of two nucleotides in 7b gene abrogate the virulence of strain FIPV 79-1146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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74
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Meli ML, Simmler P, Cattori V, Martínez F, Vargas A, Palomares F, López-Bao JV, Simón MA, López G, León-Vizcaino L, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H. Importance of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in free-ranging Iberian lynxes (Lynx pardinus). Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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75
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Kipar A, Meli ML, Baptiste KE, Bowker LJ, Lutz H. Sites of feline coronavirus persistence in healthy cats. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1698-707. [PMID: 20237226 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.020214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and primarily infects enterocytes, but subsequently spreads by monocyte-associated viraemia. In some infected cats, virulent virus mutants induce feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic disease that can develop in association with viraemia. Persistently infected, healthy carriers are believed to be important in the epidemiology of FIP, as they represent a constant source of FCoV, shed either persistently or intermittently in faeces. So far, the sites of virus persistence have not been determined definitely. The purpose of this study was to examine virus distribution and viral load in organs and gut compartments of specified-pathogen-free cats, orally infected with non-virulent type I FCoV, over different time periods and with or without detectable viraemia. The colon was identified as the major site of FCoV persistence and probable source for recurrent shedding, but the virus was shown also to persist in several other organs, mainly in tissue macrophages. These might represent additional sources for recurrent viraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kipar
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK.
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76
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Seroprevalences to viral pathogens in free-ranging and captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian Farmland. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:232-8. [PMID: 19955325 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00345-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cheetah populations are diminishing rapidly in their natural habitat. One reason for their decline is thought to be a high susceptibility to (infectious) diseases because cheetahs in zoos suffer from high disease-induced mortality. Data on the health status of free-ranging cheetahs are scarce, and little is known about their exposure and susceptibility to infectious diseases. We determined seroprevalences to nine key viruses (feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline parvovirus, feline coronavirus, canine distemper virus, feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV], puma lentivirus, feline leukemia virus, and rabies virus) in 68 free-ranging cheetahs on east-central Namibian farmland, 24 nonvaccinated Namibian captive cheetahs, and several other wild carnivore species and conducted necropsies of cheetahs and other wild carnivores. Eight of 11 other wild carnivores were seropositive for at least one of the viruses, including the first record of an FIV-like infection in a wild felid west of the Kalahari, the caracal (Felis caracal). Seroprevalences of the free-ranging cheetahs were below 5% for all nine viruses, which is significantly lower than seroprevalences in nonvaccinated captive cheetahs and those for five of seven viruses in previously studied free-ranging cheetahs from north-central Namibia (L. Munson, L. Marker, E. Dubovi, J. A. Spencer, J. F. Evermann, and S. J. O'Brien, J. Wildl. Dis. 40:23-31, 2004). There was no clinical or pathological evidence of infectious diseases in living or dead cheetahs. The results suggest that while free-ranging wild carnivores may be a source of pathogens, the distribution of seroprevalences across studies mirrored local human population density and factors associated with human habitation, probably reflecting contact opportunities with (nonvaccinated) domestic and feral cats and dogs. They also suggest that Namibian cheetahs respond effectively to viral challenges, encouraging consistent and sustainable conservation efforts.
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77
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Chimeric feline coronaviruses that encode type II spike protein on type I genetic background display accelerated viral growth and altered receptor usage. J Virol 2009; 84:1326-33. [PMID: 19906918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01568-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of domestic cats with feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) can lead to a highly lethal, immunopathological disease termed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Interestingly, there are two serotypes, type I and type II FCoVs, that can cause both persistent infection and FIP, even though their main determinant of host cell tropism, the spike (S) protein, is of different phylogeny and displays limited sequence identity. In cell culture, however, there are apparent differences. Type II FCoVs can be propagated to high titers by employing feline aminopeptidase N (fAPN) as a cellular receptor, whereas the propagation of type I FCoVs is usually difficult, and the involvement of fAPN as a receptor is controversial. In this study we have analyzed the phenotypes of recombinant FCoVs that are based on the genetic background of type I FCoV strain Black but encode the type II FCoV strain 79-1146 S protein. Our data demonstrate that recombinant FCoVs expressing a type II FCoV S protein acquire the ability to efficiently use fAPN for host cell entry and corroborate the notion that type I FCoVs use another main host cell receptor. We also observed that recombinant FCoVs display a large-plaque phenotype and, unexpectedly, accelerated growth kinetics indistinguishable from that of type II FCoV strain 79-1146. Thus, the main phenotypic differences for type I and type II FCoVs in cell culture, namely, the growth kinetics and the efficient usage of fAPN as a cellular receptor, can be attributed solely to the FCoV S protein.
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78
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Prevalence of feline coronavirus antibodies in cats in Bursa province, Turkey, by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:881-4. [PMID: 19560387 PMCID: PMC7128493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feline sera from Bursa province (Turkey) were assayed for coronavirus antibody using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study was performed on 100 sera collected from cats belonging to catteries or community shelters and to households. The serum samples were initially tested with the virus neutralisation (VN) test and the results were then compared with the ELISA. The VN yielded 79 negative and 21 positive sera but the ELISA confirmed only 74 as negative. The ELISA-negative sera were also found to be free of feline coronoviruses-specific antibodies by Western blotting. Using the VN as the gold standard test, ELISA had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93.6%, with an overall agreement of 95%. The Kappa (κ) test indicated high association between the two tests (κ = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.743–0.980). The positive predictive value (PPV) was 0.8, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 0.93. The prevalence of FCoV II antibodies in the sampled population based on the gold standard was 62% (95% CI 0.44–0.77) among multi-cat environments, and 4% (95% CI 0.01–0.11) among single cat households.
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79
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Kent M. The cat with neurological manifestations of systemic disease. Key conditions impacting on the CNS. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:395-407. [PMID: 19389639 PMCID: PMC7128452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE A number of systemic diseases are associated with neurological deficits. Most systemic diseases that impact on the nervous system result in multifocal neurological signs; however, isolated deficits can also be observed. This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Early recognition of systemic signs of illness in conjunction with neurological deficits will allow for prompt diagnosis and treatment. While neurological examination of the feline patient can undoubtedly be challenging, hopefully the accompanying articles in this special issue will enable the clinician to approach these cases with more confidence. EVIDENCE BASE The veterinary literature contains numerous reports detailing the impact of systemic disease on the nervous system. Unfortunately, very few references provide detailed descriptions of large cohorts of affected cats. This review summarises the literature underpinning the four key diseases under discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kent
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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80
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Takano T, Kawakami C, Yamada S, Satoh R, Hohdatsu T. Antibody-dependent enhancement occurs upon re-infection with the identical serotype virus in feline infectious peritonitis virus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 70:1315-21. [PMID: 19122397 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is classified into serotype I and serotype II according to the amino acid sequence of its spike(S) protein. Antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of macrophage infection occurs in the presence of antibodies to FIPV S protein, and a close relationship between ADE and neutralizing epitopes has been reported. The importance of differences in FIPV serotype on the induction of ADE remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the same or different serotype of FIPV induces ADE in cats. Specific pathogen-free cats were passively immunized with anti-type I or II FIPV antibodies, and we investigated the induction of ADE following subcutaneous inoculation with type I FIPV. Inoculation using FIPV serotype I enhanced the onset of FIP in cats passively immunized with FIPV serotype I-specific antibodies but not in those passively immunized with antibodies to FIPV serotype II. These data suggest that re-infection with the same serotype induces ADE in cats infected with FIPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
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81
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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82
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Genetic diversity and correlation with feline infectious peritonitis of feline coronavirus type I and II: a 5-year study in Taiwan. Vet Microbiol 2008; 136:233-9. [PMID: 19117699 PMCID: PMC7117496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The outcomes of feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection vary greatly from asymptomatic or mild enteric infection to fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). On the basis of in vitro neutralization tests, FCoVs can be divided into two serotypes. To explore the correlation between different types of FCoV and FIP, clinical specimens collected from 363 naturally infected cats during 2003–2007 were analyzed. Amplification of a portion of the S gene from the FCoV was performed and a total of 222 cases were differentiated. Among them, 197 (88.7%) cats were type I-positive, 13 (5.9%) were type II-positive, and 12 (5.4%) were positive for both types. Irrespective of the predominance of type I FCoV infection in Taiwan, type II FCoV demonstrated a significantly higher correlation with FIP (p < 0.01). Analysis of partial S gene sequences of the local type I and II FCoVs strains revealed that type I viruses were more genetically divergent (6.2–11.7%) than type II viruses (0.6–3.2%) within the 5-year study period. The higher genetic diversity of type I FCoVs might be due to the larger infected cat population and to the long period of viral persistence in asymptomatic cats in comparison to type II viruses.
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83
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Pratelli A. Comparison of serologic techniques for the detection of antibodies against feline coronaviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:45-50. [PMID: 18182507 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The seroprevalence of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies was studied in cats in southern Italy. One hundred twenty sera collected from cats belonging to catteries or community shelters and to households were tested for FCoV type I and II antibodies. The virus neutralization (VN) was performed and compared with indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ninety-six sera tested positive for FCoV antibodies by VN and ELISA. Interestingly, ELISA revealed 2 more positive sera than did the VN test and 3 more positive sera than did the IFAT. All results were confirmed by Western blotting. ELISA proved to be more sensitive and detected a seroprevalence of about 82%. Considering the cross-reactivity of FCoV type I and type II, ELISA was able to detect antibodies against both serotypes, allowing the use of the assay as a reference test for sera screening. The high prevalence of antibodies observed indicates that FCoVs are common in southern Italian cat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, S.p. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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84
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Hornok S, Edelhofer R, Joachim A, Farkas R, Berta K, Répási A, Lakatos B. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection of cats in Hungary. Acta Vet Hung 2008; 56:81-8. [PMID: 18401958 DOI: 10.1556/avet.56.2008.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood samples were collected from 330 cats in Hungary in order to evaluate their seroconversion to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 47.6%, the prevalence being 22.4% among urban, 50% among suburban and 61.3% among rural animals. Significantly more cats had high IFAT titres (1:640 to 1:5120) in the countryside. Female cats were more frequently infected with T. gondii than males (53.3% vs. 39.3%), and seropositivity increased with the age of animals. The prevalence (0.6%) and titre (1:40) of antibodies to N. caninum was low. Sixty-two cats were also screened for seroconversion to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus. Higher titres to T. gondii were more frequently detected among FIP-positive cats, but this difference was non-significant due to the small number of cats with concurrent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Hornok
- 1 Szent István University Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science H-1078 Budapest István u. 2 Hungary
| | - Renate Edelhofer
- 2 University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology and Zoology Vienna Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- 2 University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology and Zoology Vienna Austria
| | - Róbert Farkas
- 1 Szent István University Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science H-1078 Budapest István u. 2 Hungary
| | | | - Attila Répási
- 4 Szent István University Clinic for Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science Üllő Hungary
| | - Béla Lakatos
- 5 Clinic and Laboratory for Feline Medicine Budapest Hungary
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85
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Tekes G, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Stallkamp I, Thiel V, Thiel HJ. Genome organization and reverse genetic analysis of a type I feline coronavirus. J Virol 2008; 82:1851-9. [PMID: 18077720 PMCID: PMC2258703 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02339-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we report the complete sequence and genome organization of the serotype I feline coronavirus (FCoV) strain Black. Furthermore, a reverse genetic system was established for this FCoV strain by cloning a full-length cDNA copy into vaccinia virus. This clone served as basis for the generation of recombinant FCoV (recFCoV) that was shown to bear the same features in vitro as the parental FCoV. Using this system, accessory 3abc genes in the FCoV genome were replaced by green fluorescent protein (recFCoV-GFP) and Renilla luciferase genes (recFCoV-RL). In addition, we showed that feline CD14(+) blood monocytes and dendritic cells can be easily detected after infection with recFCoV-GFP. Thus, our established reverse genetic system provides a suitable tool to study the molecular biology of serotype I FCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Tekes
- Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Research Department, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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86
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Abstract
This paper reports the first genomic RNA sequence of a field strain feline coronavirus (FCoV). Viral RNA was isolated at post mortem from the jejunum and liver of a cat with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). A consensus sequence of the jejunum-derived genomic RNA (FCoV C1Je) was determined from overlapping cDNA fragments produced by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification. RT-PCR products were sequenced by a reiterative sequencing strategy and the genomic RNA termini were determined using a rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR strategy. The FCoV C1Je genome was found to be 29,255 nucleotides in length, excluding the poly(A) tail. Comparison of the FCoV C1Je genomic RNA sequence with that of the laboratory strain FCoV FIP virus (FIPV) 79-1146 showed that both viruses have a similar genome organisation and predictions made for the open reading frames and cis-acting elements of the FIPV 79-1146 genome hold true for FCoV C1Je. In addition, the sequence of the 3'-proximal third of the liver derived genomic RNA (FCoV C1Li), which encompasses the structural and accessory protein genes of the virus, was also determined. Comparisons of the enteric (jejunum) and non-enteric (liver) derived viral RNA sequences revealed 100% nucleotide identity, a finding that questions the well accepted 'internal mutation theory' of FIPV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Dye
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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87
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Shiba N, Maeda K, Kato H, Mochizuki M, Iwata H. Differentiation of feline coronavirus type I and II infections by virus neutralization test. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:348-52. [PMID: 17543480 PMCID: PMC7117252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is divided into two types I and II, based on their growth in vitro and antigenicity. In this study, virus neutralization (VN) test was applied for type differentiation of FCoV infections. Sera of cats which were clinically and serologically diagnosed as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) possessed significantly higher VN titers to type I FCoV, and sera from cats experimentally infected with FIPV type II had high VN titers to type II but not type I viruses. A total of 79 cat sera collected in the years between 2004 and 2005 were examined to evaluate seroprevalence by the VN test, showing the following results: (1) 50 cats (63.3%) were sero-positive to FCoV; (2) of the 50 FCoV positive cat serum samples, 49 (98%) showed significantly higher titers to type I virus and only one (2%) for type II virus. These results indicate that the VN test described here can be used for serological differentiation of FCoV infections of cats, and that FCoV type I is a dominant type in recent years of Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Shiba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 83 933 5887; fax: +81 83 933 5887.
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Masami Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, 1-12-4 Kudankita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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