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Wang ZQ, Wang L, Cui J. Proteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis proteins in intestinal epithelial cells after culture with their larvae by shotgun LC-MS/MS approach. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2375-83. [PMID: 22348823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been known for many years that Trichinella spiralis initiates infection by invading intestinal epithelium, the mechanisms by which the parasite invades the intestinal epithelium are unknown. The purpose of this study was to screen the invasion-related proteins among the increased proteins of intestinal epithelial cells after culture with T. spiralis and to study their molecular functions. The proteins of HCT-8 cells which cultured with T. spiralis infective larvae were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Results showed that compared with proteins of normal HCT-8 cells, four additional protein bands (115, 61, 35 and 24 kDa) of HCT-8 cells cultured with the infective larvae were recognized by sera of the mice infected with T. spiralis, which may be the invasion-related proteins released by the infective larvae. Three bands (61, 35 and 24 kDa) were studied employing shotgun LC-MS/MS. Total 64 proteins of T. spiralis were identified from T. spiralis protein database by using SEQUEST searches, of which 43 (67.2%) proteins were distributed in a range of 10-70 kDa, and 26 proteins (40.6%) were in the range of pI 5-6. Fifty-four proteins were annotated according to Gene Ontology Annotation in terms of molecular function, biological process, and cellular localization. Out of 54 annotated proteins, 43 proteins (79.6%) had binding activity and 23 proteins (42.6%) had catalytic activity (e.g. hydrolase, transferase, etc.), which might be related to the invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by T. spiralis. The protein profile provides a valuable basis for further studies of the invasion-related proteins of T. spiralis.
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Ren HJ, Cui J, Wang ZQ, Liu RD. Normal mouse intestinal epithelial cells as a model for the in vitro invasion of Trichinella spiralis infective larvae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27010. [PMID: 22066026 PMCID: PMC3205022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for many years that Trichinella spiralis initiates infection by penetrating the columnar epithelium of the small intestine; however, the mechanisms used by the parasite in the establishment of its intramulticellular niche in the intestine are unknown. Although the previous observations indicated that invasion also occurs in vitro when the infective larvae are inoculated onto cultures of intestinal epithelial cells (e.g., human colonic carcinoma cell line Caco-2, HCT-8), a normal readily manipulated in vitro model has not been established because of difficulties in the culture of primary intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In this study, we described a normal intestinal epithelial model in which T. spiralis infective larvae were shown to invade the monolayers of normal mouse IECs in vitro. The IECs derived from intestinal crypts of fetal mouse small intestine had the ability to proliferate continuously and express specific cytokeratins as well as intestinal functional cell markers. Furthermore, they were susceptible to invasion by T. spiralis. When inoculated onto the IEC monolayer, infective larvae penetrated cells and migrated through them, leaving trails of damaged cells heavily loaded with T. spiralis larval excretory-secretory (ES) antigens which were recognized by rabbit immune sera on immunofluorescence test. The normal intestinal epithelial model of invasion mimicking the natural environment in vivo will help us to further investigate the process as well as the mechanisms by which T. spiralis establishes its intestinal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jun Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, P. R. China
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Wang SW, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Protein change of intestinal epithelial cells induced in vitro by Trichinella spiralis infective larvae. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:593-9. [PMID: 20922411 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to observe the protein changes of intestinal epithelial cells induced in vitro by Trichinella spiralis infective larvae and their excretory-secretory (ES) or surface antigens and identity the proteins related with invasion. HCT-8 cells were incubated for 2 h in the culture medium contained ES or surface antigens of infective larvae, and observed by Immunofluorescent test (IFT). The infective larvae were inoculated into culture of HCT-8 cells to incubate for 18 h, and the lysates of HCT-8 cells were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. IFA showed that normal HCT-8 cells had positively reactions with sera of the infected mice and mice immunized with ES or surface antigens. However, after incubating with ES or surface antigens, HCT-8 cells had stronger positively reaction with the above sera. On Western blot, after cultured with infective larvae, additional seven protein bands (66, 61, 57, 45, 34, 21, and 17 kDa) of HCT-8 cells were recognized by sera of the infected or immunized mice, but three protein bands (48, 43, and 23 kDa) of HCT-8 cells were not recognized by the above sera, compared with normal HCT-8 cells. Our results showed that after cultured with infective larvae the protein components of HCT-8 cell changed, suggesting that additional seven proteins recognized by sera of the infected or immunized mice may be related with invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by infective larvae, these proteins might mediate or facilitate entry into the cells, while the three proteins not recognized by the above sera may be the specific mediators released from the cells which permit invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wei Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
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Douglas DB, Beiting DP, Loftus JP, Appleton JA, Bliss SK. Combinatorial effects of interleukin 10 and interleukin 4 determine the progression of hepatic inflammation following murine enteric parasitic infection. Hepatology 2010; 51:2162-71. [PMID: 20513001 PMCID: PMC2918232 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mice lacking the immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) develop necrotizing hepatitis after infection with Trichinella spiralis, and inflammation is dependent on the migration of intestinally activated CD4(+) T cells into the liver. Hepatic production of IL-4 is elevated in these mice, and we hypothesized that it plays a role in the development of hepatic pathology. Wild-type (WT), IL-10 knockout (KO), IL-4 KO, and IL-10/IL-4 KO mice were orally infected, and disease progression was followed by histological examination, alanine aminotransferase assays, and flow cytometric analysis of hepatocellular content. Both IL-10 KO and IL-10/IL-4 KO mice experienced hepatocellular injury, but only IL-10 KO mice advanced to a necrotic phase. Hepatic CD4(+) T cells were the major source of IL-4, and IL-10 regulated the number of intestinally-derived CD4(+)IL-4(+) cells. Sequestration of activated neutrophils in the liver required IL-4, and neutrophil depletion prevented progression to overt necrosis. Adoptive transfer of intestinal WT CD4(+) T cells inhibited neutrophil accumulation and inflammation, but their regulatory effects did not require IL-10 signaling. CONCLUSION The absence of IL-10 led to hepatocyte injury during infection, but IL-4 was necessary for the development of neutrophil-dependent necrosis. These studies provide new insight into the combinatorial role of these cytokines and their targets in the generation and progression of hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana B. Douglas
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 14853-6401
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John P. Loftus
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 14853-6401
| | - Judith A. Appleton
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 14853-6401
| | - Susan K. Bliss
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 14853-6401
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Herbert DR, Yang JQ, Hogan SP, Groschwitz K, Khodoun M, Munitz A, Orekov T, Perkins C, Wang Q, Brombacher F, Urban JF, Rothenberg ME, Finkelman FD. Intestinal epithelial cell secretion of RELM-beta protects against gastrointestinal worm infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2947-57. [PMID: 19995957 PMCID: PMC2806463 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Th2 cells drive protective immunity against most parasitic helminths, but few mechanisms have been demonstrated that facilitate pathogen clearance. We show that IL-4 and IL-13 protect against intestinal lumen-dwelling worms primarily by inducing intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to differentiate into goblet cells that secrete resistin-like molecule (RELM) β. RELM-β is essential for normal spontaneous expulsion and IL-4–induced expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus, which both live in the intestinal lumen, but it does not contribute to immunity against Trichinella spiralis, which lives within IEC. RELM-β is nontoxic for H. polygyrus in vitro but directly inhibits the ability of worms to feed on host tissues during infection. This decreases H. polygyrus adenosine triphosphate content and fecundity. Importantly, RELM-β–driven immunity does not require T or B cells, alternative macrophage activation, or increased gut permeability. Thus, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for host protection at the mucosal interface that explains how stimulation of epithelial cells by IL-4 and IL-13 contributes to protection against parasitic helminthes that dwell in the intestinal lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- De'Broski R Herbert
- Research Service, Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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Luque A, Walker LR, Pedley JC, Pedley KC, Hillrichs K, Simpson HV, Simcock DC. Teladorsagia circumcincta: survival of adults in vitro is enhanced by the presence of a mammalian cell line. Exp Parasitol 2009; 124:247-51. [PMID: 19852958 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult Teladorsagia circumcincta survival and motility in vitro was examined in a range of different cell culture media, supplements and gas mixes. Under optimum conditions, worms survived for 14 days, exhibiting high motility for 9 days and egg production for 72 h. Optimum conditions involved co-culture of worms with a HeLa cell line in a supplemented cell medium (CEM) and an atmosphere containing 10% CO(2), 5% O(2) 85% N(2), 65% humidity at 37 degrees C. The incubation medium consisted of Minimum Essential Medium with 10% fetal calf serum, 1% non-essential amino acids, 1% glutamax and 1% penicillin-neomycin-streptomycin cocktail mix. Compared with optimum conditions, incubation in CEM alone, cell conditioned CEM, RPMI alone, Medium 199 alone, reduced CO(2) or O(2), or when cells were replaced with Escherichia coli, both survival and motility were reduced. Optimum conditions for adult T. circumcincta maintenance for culture, anthelmintic testing or generation of excretory/secretory products are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luque
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 5301, New Zealand
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Advances in the sequencing of the genome of the adenophorean nematode Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology 2008; 135:869-80. [PMID: 18598573 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The adenophorean nematodes are evolutionarily distant from other species in the phylum Nematoda. Interspecific comparisons of predicted proteins have supported such an ancient divergence. Accordingly, Trichinella spiralis represents a basal nematode representative for genome sequencing focused on gaining a deeper insight into the evolutionary biology of nematodes. In addition, molecular characteristics that are conserved across the phylum could be of great value for control strategies with broad application. In this review, we describe and summarize progress that has been made on the sequencing and analysis of the T. spiralis genome. The genome sequence was used in preliminary analyses for the investigation of specific questions relating to the biology of T. spiralis and, more generally, to parasitic nematodes. For instance, we evaluated an unusually large DNase II-like protein family, predicted proteins of prospective interest in the parasite-host muscle cell interaction, anthelmintic targets and prospective intestinal genes, the encoded proteins (potentially) linked to immunological control against other nematodes. The results are discussed in relation to characteristics that are broadly conserved among evolutionary distant nematodes. The results lead to expectations that this genome sequence will contribute to advances in research on T. spiralis and other parasitic nematodes.
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YÉPEZ-MULIA L, HERNÁNDEZ-BELLO R, ARIZMENDI-PUGA N, FONSECA-LIÑÁN R, ORTEGA-PIERRES G. Contributions to the study of Trichinella spiralis TSL-1 antigens in host immunity. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:661-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bliss SK, Bliss SP, Beiting DP, Alcaraz A, Appleton JA. IL-10 Regulates Movement of Intestinally Derived CD4+T Cells to the Liver. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7974-83. [PMID: 17548634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diseases that affect the intestine may have hepatic manifestations, but the mechanisms involved in establishing hepatic disease secondarily remain poorly understood. We previously reported that IL-10 knockout (KO) mice developed severe necrotizing hepatitis following oral infection with Trichinella spiralis. In this study, we used this model of intestinal inflammation to further examine the role of IL-10 in regulating hepatic injury. Hepatic damage was induced by migrating newborn larvae. By delivering the parasite directly into the portal vein, we demonstrated that an ongoing intestinal immune response was necessary for the development of hepatitis. Intestinally derived CD4+ cells increased in the livers of IL-10 KO mice, and Ab-mediated blockade of MAdCAM-1 inhibited the accumulation of CD4+alpha(4)beta(7)+ cells in the liver. Moreover, adoptive transfer of intestinally primed CD4+ T cells from IL-10 KO mice caused hepatitis in infected immunodeficient animals. Conversely, transfer of wild-type donor cells reduced the severity of hepatic inflammation in IL-10 KO recipients, demonstrating regulatory activity. Our results revealed that IL-10 prevented migration of intestinal T cells to the liver and inhibited the development of hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Bliss
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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60
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Aboobaker AA, Blaxter ML. Functional genomics for parasitic nematodes and platyhelminths. Trends Parasitol 2004; 20:178-84. [PMID: 15099557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 VLSB No. 3140, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanisms responsible for the Th2-mediated immune response to enteric nematode parasites are of interest for several reasons. First, intestinal parasites continue to be a major worldwide health issue. Second, the low incidence of parasite infection in industrial nations is cited as a factor in the increased prevalence of proinflammatory-based pathologies. Third, a seemingly paradoxical protection against Th2-mediated allergic reactions is afforded by helminth infection. This review focuses on studies that use enteral parasitic infections as a tool to investigate the functional consequences of upregulation of Th2-mediated immunity and that manipulate host-parasite interactions in an effort to identify mechanisms that can be exploited as potential therapeutic targets. RECENT FINDINGS Enteric helminth infection improved indices of inflammatory bowel disease in humans and murine models and diminished the allergy-induced changes in pulmonary function. There are emerging or enlarged roles for interleukin-10, interleukin-18, interleukin-9, chemokines, activation of nuclear factor-kappabeta, and factors that alter host resistance in the development of host immunity, and for interleukin-13Ralpha2 receptor in downregulating Th2 responses. As part of the growing appreciation for the contribution of nonimmune cells to parasite-induced changes in intestinal function, studies show that Th2 cytokines exert Stat6-dependent effects that promote worm expulsion. SUMMARY Further insight into the nature of host-parasite interactions, identification of the pathways and critical mediators that contribute to host resistance, identification of the factors that modulate susceptibility to infection, and the impact of enteric parasites on intestinal function hold much promise for development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Bliss SK, Alcaraz A, Appleton JA. IL-10 prevents liver necrosis during murine infection with Trichinella spiralis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3142-7. [PMID: 12960341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Trichinella spiralis rarely leads to significant morbidity. In this study, we show that IL-10 knockout mice infected with this parasite develop extensive areas of coagulative necrosis in the liver, and newborn larvae are required for lesion formation. Histopathological examination revealed that the hepatic inflammatory infiltrate was mixed but dominated by eosinophils. Accordingly, infected IL-10 knockout mice displayed a marked eosinophilia. IL-10 was expressed during infection in mesenteric lymph node populations and liver tissue. Analysis of cytokine profiles revealed a codominant expression of type 1 and 2 mediators that was enhanced in the absence of IL-10. Additionally, CD11c(+) MHC class II(+) cells were increased in mesenteric lymph nodes of IL-10 knockout mice, suggesting a possible link between IL-10 and dendritic cell trafficking. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in mortality or parasite burdens between the strains of mice, indicating that IL-10 is necessary to control the host's inflammatory response but does not impact establishment of the parasite. Expression of IL-10 appears to be an adaptation used by the liver to protect itself from damage caused by migrating newborn larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Bliss
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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