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Hofvander P, Doan TTP, Hamberg M. A prokaryotic acyl-CoA reductase performing reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohol. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3538-43. [PMID: 22020216 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP to fatty alcohol occurs via a fatty aldehyde intermediate. In prokaryotes this reaction is thought to be performed by separate enzymes for each reduction step while in eukaryotes these reactions are performed by a single enzyme without the release of the intermediate fatty aldehyde. However, here we report that a purified fatty acyl reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, evolutionarily related to the fatty acyl reductases in eukaryotes, catalysed both reduction steps. Thus, there are at least two pathways existing among prokaryotes for the reduction of activated acyl substrates to fatty alcohol. The Marinobacter fatty acyl reductase studied has a wide substrate range in comparison to what can be found among enzymes so far studied in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
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52
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Biotechnological conversion of glycerol to 2-amino-1,3-propanediol (serinol) in recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:357-65. [PMID: 21706173 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbial conversion is an important technology for the refinement of renewable resources. Here, we describe the biotechnological conversion of glycerol to 2-amino-1,3-propanediol (serinol), a relevant intermediate in several chemical syntheses processes. Either the dihydroxyacetone phosphate aminotransferase/dihydrorhizobitoxine synthase (RtxA) of Bradyrhizobium elkanii USD94 or only the N-terminal domain (RtxA513) comprising the first reaction, respectively, was expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli. Serinol contents of up to 3.3 g/l were achieved in batch cultures. We could further clarify that glutamic acid is the preferred cosubstrate for the transamination of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to serinolphosphate, which is the essential step in serinol synthesis. An in vivo detoxification of serinol employing wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacyl-glycerol acyl transferase from Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 was not accomplished. This study paves the way for biotechnological production of serinol from glycerol derived from the biodiesel industry.
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53
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Manilla-Pérez E, Lange AB, Luftmann H, Robenek H, Steinbüchel A. Neutral lipid production in Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 and other marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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54
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Lange AB, Tenberge KB, Robenek H, Steinbüchel A. Cell surface analysis of the lipid-discharging obligate hydrocarbonoclastic species of the genus Alcanivorax. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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55
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Occurrence, production, and export of lipophilic compounds by hydrocarbonoclastic marine bacteria and their potential use to produce bulk chemicals from hydrocarbons. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1693-706. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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56
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Isolation and characterization of a mutant of the marine bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 defective in lipid biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2884-94. [PMID: 20305021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02832-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In many microorganisms, the key enzyme responsible for catalyzing the last step in triacylglycerol (TAG) and wax ester (WE) biosynthesis is an unspecific acyltransferase which is also referred to as wax ester synthase/acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA):diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT; AtfA). The importance and function of two AtfA homologues (AtfA1 and AtfA2) in the biosynthesis of TAGs and WEs in the hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 have been described recently. However, after the disruption of both the AtfA1 and AtfA2 genes, reduced but substantial accumulation of TAGs was still observed, indicating the existence of an alternative TAG biosynthesis pathway. In this study, transposon-induced mutagenesis was applied to an atfA1 atfA2 double mutant to screen for A. borkumensis mutants totally defective in biosynthesis of neutral lipids in order to identify additional enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these lipids. At the same time, we have searched for a totally TAG-negative mutant in order to study the function of TAGs in A. borkumensis. Thirteen fluorescence-negative mutants were identified on Nile red ONR7a agar plates and analyzed for their abilities to synthesize lipids. Among these, mutant 2 M(131) was no longer able to synthesize and accumulate TAGs if pyruvate was used as the sole carbon source. The transposon insertion was localized in a gene encoding a putative cytochrome c family protein (ABO_1185). Growth and TAG accumulation experiments showed that the disruption of this gene resulted in the absence of TAGs in 2 M(131) but that growth was not affected. In cells of A. borkumensis SK2 grown on pyruvate as the sole carbon source, TAGs represented about 11% of the dry weight of the cells, while in the mutant 2 M(131), TAGs were not detected by thin-layer and gas chromatography analyses. Starvation and lipid mobilization experiments revealed that the lipids play an important role in the survival of the cells. The function of neutral lipids in A. borkumensis SK2 is discussed.
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57
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Grossi V, Yakimov MM, Al Ali B, Tapilatu Y, Cuny P, Goutx M, La Cono V, Giuliano L, Tamburini C. Hydrostatic pressure affects membrane and storage lipid compositions of the piezotolerant hydrocarbon-degrading Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus strain #5. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:2020-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Alvarez HM, Steinbüchel A. Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Triacylglycerol Accumulation by Rhodococcus. BIOLOGY OF RHODOCOCCUS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12937-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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59
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Hoiczyk E, Ring MW, McHugh CA, Schwär G, Bode E, Krug D, Altmeyer MO, Lu JZ, Bode HB. Lipid body formation plays a central role in cell fate determination during developmental differentiation of Myxococcus xanthus. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:497-517. [PMID: 19788540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell differentiation is widespread during the development of multicellular organisms, but rarely observed in prokaryotes. One example of prokaryotic differentiation is the gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. In response to starvation, this gliding bacterium initiates a complex developmental programme that results in the formation of spore-filled fruiting bodies. How the cells metabolically support the necessary complex cellular differentiation from rod-shaped vegetative cells into spherical spores is unknown. Here, we present evidence that intracellular lipid bodies provide the necessary metabolic fuel for the development of spores. Formed at the onset of starvation, these lipid bodies gradually disappear until they are completely used up by the time the cells have become mature spores. Moreover, it appears that lipid body formation in M. xanthus is an important initial step indicating cell fate during differentiation. Upon starvation, two subpopulations of cells occur: cells that form lipid bodies invariably develop into spores, while cells that do not form lipid bodies end up becoming peripheral rods, which are cells that lack signs of morphological differentiation and stay in a vegetative-like state. These data indicate that lipid bodies not only fuel cellular differentiation but that their formation represents the first known morphological sign indicating cell fate during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert Hoiczyk
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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60
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Purification, characterization, and potential bacterial wax production role of an NADPH-dependent fatty aldehyde reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2758-64. [PMID: 19270127 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02578-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wax esters, ester-linked fatty acids and long-chain alcohols, are important energy storage compounds in select bacteria. The synthesis of wax esters from fatty acids is proposed to require the action of a four-enzyme pathway. An essential step in the pathway is the reduction of a fatty aldehyde to the corresponding fatty alcohol, although the enzyme responsible for catalyzing this reaction has yet to be identified in bacteria. We report here the purification and characterization of an enzyme from the wax ester-accumulating bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, which is a proposed fatty aldehyde reductase in this pathway. The enzyme, a 57-kDa monomer, was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with the maltose binding protein on the N terminus and was purified to near homogeneity by using amylose affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme was found to reduce a number of long-chain aldehydes to the corresponding alcohols coupled to the oxidation of NADPH. The highest specific activity was observed for the reduction of decanal (85 nmol decanal reduced/min/mg). Short-chain and aromatic aldehydes were not substrates. The enzyme showed no detectable catalysis of the reverse reaction, the oxidation of decanol by NADP(+). The mechanism of the enzyme was probed with several site-specific chemical probes. The possible uses of this enzyme in the production of wax esters are discussed.
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61
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Stöveken T, Kalscheuer R, Steinbüchel A. Both histidine residues of the conserved HHXXXDG motif are essential for wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase catalysis. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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62
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Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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63
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Stöveken T, Steinbüchel A. Bakterielle Acyltransferasen als Alternative für lipasekatalysierte Acylierungen zur Produktion von Oleochemikalien und Brennstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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64
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Stöveken T, Steinbüchel A. Bacterial Acyltransferases as an Alternative for Lipase-Catalyzed Acylation for the Production of Oleochemicals and Fuels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:3688-94. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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65
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Förster-Fromme K, Chattopadhyay A, Jendrossek D. Biochemical characterization of AtuD from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the first member of a new subgroup of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases with specificity for citronellyl-CoA. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:789-796. [PMID: 18310025 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/014530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The atuRABCDEFGH gene cluster is essential for acyclic terpene utilization (Atu) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The biochemical functions of most Atu proteins have not been experimentally verified; exceptions are AtuC/AtuF, which constitute the two subunits of geranyl-CoA carboxylase, the key enzyme of the Atu pathway. In this study we investigated the biochemical function of AtuD and of the PA1535 gene product, a protein related to AtuD in amino acid sequence. 2D gel electrophoresis showed that AtuD and the PA1535 protein were specifically expressed in cells grown on acyclic terpenes but were absent in isovalerate- or succinate-grown cells. Mutant analysis indicated that AtuD but not the product of PA1535 is essential for acyclic terpene utilization. AtuD and PA1535 gene product were expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Purified AtuD showed citronellyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity (V(max) 850 mU mg(-1)) and high affinity to citronellyl-CoA (K(m) 1.6 microM). AtuD was inactive with octanoyl-CoA, 5-methylhex-4-enoyl-CoA or isovaleryl-CoA. Purified PA1535 gene product revealed high citronellyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity (V(max) 2450 mU mg(-1)) but had significantly lower affinity than AtuD to citronellyl-CoA (K(m) 18 microM). Purified PA1535 protein additionally utilized octanoyl-CoA as substrate (V(max), 610 mU mg(-1); K(m) 130 microM). To our knowledge AtuD is the first acyl-CoA dehydrogenase with a documented substrate specificity for terpenoid molecule structure and is essential for a functional Atu pathway. Potential other terpenoid-CoA dehydrogenases were found in the genomes of Pseudomonas citronellolis, Marinobacter aquaeolei and Hahella chejuensis but were absent in non-acyclic terpene-utilizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Förster-Fromme
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ava Chattopadhyay
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dieter Jendrossek
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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