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Waheed MT, Thönes N, Müller M, Hassan SW, Gottschamel J, Lössl E, Kaul HP, Lössl AG. Plastid expression of a double-pentameric vaccine candidate containing human papillomavirus-16 L1 antigen fused with LTB as adjuvant: transplastomic plants show pleiotropic phenotypes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:651-60. [PMID: 21447051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer in women worldwide, which is currently prevented by vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs). However, these vaccines have certain limitations in their availability to developing countries, largely due to elevated costs. Concerning the highest burden of disease in resource-poor countries, development of an improved mucosal and cost-effective vaccine is a necessity. As an alternative to VLPs, capsomeres have been shown to be highly immunogenic and can be used as vaccine candidate. Furthermore, coupling of an adjuvant like Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B (LTB) to an antigen can increase its immunogenicity and reduce the costs related to separate co-administration of adjuvants. Our study demonstrates the expression of two pentameric proteins: the modified HPV-16 L1 (L1_2xCysM) and LTB as a fusion protein in tobacco chloroplasts. Homoplasmy of the transplastomic plants was confirmed by Southern blotting. Western blot analysis showed that the LTB-L1 fusion protein was properly expressed in the plastids and the recombinant protein was estimated to accumulate up to 2% of total soluble protein. Proper folding and display of conformational epitopes for both LTB and L1 in the fusion protein was confirmed by GM1-ganglioside binding assay and antigen capture ELISA, respectively. However, all transplastomic lines showed chlorosis, male sterility and growth retardation, which persisted in the ensuing four generations studied. Nevertheless, plants reached maturity and produced seeds by pollination with wild-type plants. Taken together, these results pave the way for the possible development of a low-cost adjuvant-coupled vaccine with potentially improved immunogenicity against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Waheed
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology (DAPP), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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Middelberg APJ, Rivera-Hernandez T, Wibowo N, Lua LHL, Fan Y, Magor G, Chang C, Chuan YP, Good MF, Batzloff MR. A microbial platform for rapid and low-cost virus-like particle and capsomere vaccines. Vaccine 2011; 29:7154-62. [PMID: 21651936 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies on a platform technology able to deliver low-cost viral capsomeres and virus-like particles are described. The technology involves expression of the VP1 structural protein from murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) in Escherichia coli, followed by purification using scaleable units and optional cell-free VLP assembly. Two insertion sites on the surface of MuPyV VP1 are exploited for the presentation of the M2e antigen from influenza and the J8 peptide from Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Results from testing on mice following subcutaneous administration demonstrate that VLPs are self adjuvating, that adding adjuvant to VLPs provides no significant benefit in terms of antibody titre, and that adjuvanted capsomeres induce an antibody titre comparable to VLPs but superior to unadjuvanted capsomere formulations. Antibodies raised against GAS J8 peptide following immunization with chimeric J8-VP1 VLPs are bactericidal against a GAS reference strain. E. coli is easily and widely cultivated, and well understood, and delivers unparalleled volumetric productivity in industrial bioreactors. Indeed, recent results demonstrate that MuPyV VP1 can be produced in bioreactors at multi-gram-per-litre levels. The platform technology described here therefore has the potential to deliver safe and efficacious vaccine, quickly and cost effectively, at distributed manufacturing sites including those in less developed countries. Additionally, the unique advantages of VLPs including their stability on freeze drying, and the potential for intradermal and intranasal administration, suggest this technology may be suited to numerous diseases where adequate response requires large-scale and low-cost vaccine manufacture, in a way that is rapidly adaptable to temporal or geographical variation in pathogen molecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P J Middelberg
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Waheed MT, Thönes N, Müller M, Hassan SW, Razavi NM, Lössl E, Kaul HP, Lössl AG. Transplastomic expression of a modified human papillomavirus L1 protein leading to the assembly of capsomeres in tobacco: a step towards cost-effective second-generation vaccines. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:271-82. [PMID: 20563641 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Certain types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) are causatively associated with cervical carcinoma, the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Due to limitations in the availability of currently used virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines against HPV to women of developing countries, where most cases of cervical cancer occur, the development of a cost-effective second-generation vaccine is a necessity. Capsomeres have recently been demonstrated to be highly immunogenic and to have a number of advantages as a potential cost-effective alternative to VLP-based HPV vaccines. We have expressed a mutated HPV-16 L1 (L1_2xCysM) gene that retained the ability to assemble L1 protein to capsomeres in tobacco chloroplasts. The recombinant protein yielded up to 1.5% of total soluble protein. The assembly of capsomeres was examined and verified by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation and sucrose sedimentation analysis. An antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the formation of capsomeres by using a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody which recognized the conformational epitopes. Transplastomic tobacco plants exhibited normal growth and morphology, but all such lines showed male sterility in the T₀, T₁ and T₂ generations. Taken together, these results indicate the possibility of producing a low-cost capsomere-based vaccine by plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tahir Waheed
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology (DAPP), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
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Corbett HJ, Fernando GJP, Chen X, Frazer IH, Kendall MAF. Skin vaccination against cervical cancer associated human papillomavirus with a novel micro-projection array in a mouse model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13460. [PMID: 20976136 PMCID: PMC2956639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better delivery systems are needed for routinely used vaccines, to improve vaccine uptake. Many vaccines contain alum or alum based adjuvants. Here we investigate a novel dry-coated densely-packed micro-projection array skin patch (Nanopatch™) as an alternate delivery system to intramuscular injection for delivering an alum adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Gardasil®) commonly used as a prophylactic vaccine against cervical cancer. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Micro-projection arrays dry-coated with vaccine material (Gardasil®) delivered to C57BL/6 mouse ear skin released vaccine within 5 minutes. To assess vaccine immunogenicity, doses of corresponding to HPV-16 component of the vaccine between 0.43 ± 0.084 ng and 300 ± 120 ng (mean ± SD) were administered to mice at day 0 and day 14. A dose of 55 ± 6.0 ng delivered intracutaneously by micro-projection array was sufficient to produce a maximal virus neutralizing serum antibody response at day 28 post vaccination. Neutralizing antibody titres were sustained out to 16 weeks post vaccination, and, for comparable doses of vaccine, somewhat higher titres were observed with intracutaneous patch delivery than with intramuscular delivery with the needle and syringe at this time point. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Use of dry micro-projection arrays (Nanopatch™) has the potential to overcome the need for a vaccine cold chain for common vaccines currently delivered by needle and syringe, and to reduce risk of needle-stick injury and vaccine avoidance due to the fear of the needle especially among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J. Corbett
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Germain J. P. Fernando
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A. F. Kendall
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Jagu S, Kwak K, Garcea RL, Roden RBS. Vaccination with multimeric L2 fusion protein and L1 VLP or capsomeres to broaden protection against HPV infection. Vaccine 2010; 28:4478-86. [PMID: 20434552 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with L1 as pentavalent capsomeres or virus-like particles (VLPs) generates high and long-lived titers of neutralizing antibodies and protection primarily against the human papillomavirus (HPV) type from which the vaccine was derived. Conversely, vaccination with L2 minor capsid protein derived from multiple HPV types induces lower titer, but more broadly neutralizing and protective antibody responses. We combined the advantages of each protective antigen by immunization with titrated doses of multi-type L2 with either L1 capsomeres or VLP. We observed no significant interference between the L1 and L2 antibody response upon co-administration of L1 vaccines with multi-type L2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Jagu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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56
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Nieto K, Kern A, Leuchs B, Gissmann L, Müller M, Kleinschmidt JA. Combined prophylactic and therapeutic intranasal vaccination against human papillomavirus type-16 using different adeno-associated virus serotype vectors. Antivir Ther 2010; 14:1125-37. [PMID: 20032542 DOI: 10.3851/imp1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer among woman worldwide and is considered to be caused by infection with high-risk papilloma viruses. Genetic immunization using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors has shown great promise for vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. METHODS rAAV5, -8 and -9 vectors expressing an HPV16 L1/E7 fusion gene were generated and applied intranasally for combined prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination of mice. RESULTS The rAAV5 and the rAAV9 vectors showed efficient induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses, whereas rAAV8 failed to immunize mice by the intranasal route. The L1-specific immune response evoked by expression of the L1/E7 fusion gene, however, was lower than that evoked by expression of the L1 antigen alone. This deficiency could be compensated by application of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin or monophsphoryl lipid as adjuvant upon vaccination with rAAV5-L1/E7. Coimmunization of rAAV9-L1/E7 with rAAV5-L1 or boosting of rAAV9-L1/E7 with rAAV5-L1 strongly increased L1-specific neutralizing antibody titres to levels above those achieved by vaccination with vectors expressing L1 alone. Both vectors elicited a vibrant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against L1 or E7. Nasal immunization with rAAV5 or rAAV9 was superior to vaccination with HPV16-L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) or HPV16-L1/E7 CVLPs with respect to humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccination with the rAAV vectors led to a significant protection of animals against a challenge with different HPV tumour cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that rAAV5 and rAAV9 vectors are promising candidates for a non-invasive nasal vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Nieto
- Infection and Cancer Research Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Senger T, Schädlich L, Textor S, Klein C, Michael KM, Buck CB, Gissmann L. Virus-like particles and capsomeres are potent vaccines against cutaneous alpha HPVs. Vaccine 2009; 28:1583-93. [PMID: 20003923 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential as prophylactic vaccines of L1-based particles from cutaneous genus alpha human papillomavirus (HPV) types has not been assessed so far. However, there is a high medical need for such vaccines since HPV-induced skin warts represent a major burden for children and for immunocompromised adults, such as organ transplant recipients. In this study, we have examined the immunogenicity of capsomeres and virus-like particles (VLPs) from HPV types 2, 27, and 57, the most frequent causative agents of skin warts. Immunization of mice induced immune responses resembling those observed upon vaccination with HPV 16 L1-based antigens. The antibody responses were cross-reactive but type-restricted in their neutralizing capacities. Application of adjuvant led to an enhanced potential to neutralize the respective immunogen type but did not improve cross-neutralization. Vaccination with capsomeres and VLPs from all four analyzed HPV types induced robust IFNgamma-associated T-cell activation. Immunization with mixed VLPs from HPV types 2, 27, and 57 triggered an antibody response similar to that after single-type immunization and capable of efficiently neutralizing all three types. Our results imply that vaccination with combinations of VLPs from cutaneous HPV types constitutes a promising strategy to prevent HPV-induced skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Senger
- Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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58
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Didierlaurent AM, Morel S, Lockman L, Giannini SL, Bisteau M, Carlsen H, Kielland A, Vosters O, Vanderheyde N, Schiavetti F, Larocque D, Van Mechelen M, Garçon N. AS04, an Aluminum Salt- and TLR4 Agonist-Based Adjuvant System, Induces a Transient Localized Innate Immune Response Leading to Enhanced Adaptive Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6186-97. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Identification of B-cell epitopes on virus-like particles of cutaneous alpha-human papillomaviruses. J Virol 2009; 83:12692-701. [PMID: 19793806 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01582-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (PV) (HPV) types 2, 27, and 57 are closely related and, hence, represent a promising model system to study the correlation of phylogenetic relationship and immunological distinctiveness of PVs. These HPV types cause a large fraction of cutaneous warts occurring in immunocompromised patients. Therefore, they constitute a target for the development of virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines. However, the immunogenic structure of HPV type 2, 27, and 57 capsids has not been studied yet. Here we provide, for the first time, a characterization of the B-cell epitopes on VLPs of cutaneous alpha-HPVs using a panel of 94 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) generated upon immunization with capsids from HPV types 2, 27, and 57. The MAbs generated were characterized regarding their reactivities with glutathione S-transferase-L1 fusion proteins from 18 different PV types, the nature of their recognized epitopes, their isotypes, and their ability to neutralize HPV type 2, 27, 57, or 16. In total, 33 of the 94 MAbs (35%) showed type-specific reactivity. All type-specific MAbs recognize linear epitopes, most of which map to the hypervariable surface loop regions of the L1 amino acid sequence. Four of the generated MAbs neutralized pseudovirions of the inoculated HPV type efficiently. All four MAbs recognized epitopes within the BC loop, which is required and sufficient for their neutralizing activity. Our data highlight the immunological distinctiveness of individual HPV types, even in comparison to their closest relatives, and they provide a basis for the development of VLP-based vaccines against cutaneous alpha-HPVs.
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Mougin C, Bourgault-Villada I, Coursaget P. [HPV immunization for the prevention of cervical cancer]. Presse Med 2009; 38:1750-68. [PMID: 19765945 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) infect epithelial cells of the skin and mucosae. Mucosal high-risk HPV types (mainly HPV 16 and 18) are involved in the development of cervical cancer, one of the most common cancers in young women. HPV infection is usually asymptomatic and clears spontaneously, but 10 - 15 % of high-risk HPV infections are persistent and increase the risk of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix. Two HPV vaccines have been licensed to provide protection against cervical cancer. OBJECTIVES To report the different aspects of HPV infection in order to improve the understanding of the particular problems of HPV vaccination and to review the most recent findings related to HPV vaccines, particularly regarding the protective efficacy of vaccines and the roles of adjuvants and immune response in protection. METHODS Articles were selected from the PubMed database (National Library of Medicine- National Institute of Health) with the following Keywords "HPV", "Prevention", "HPV vaccines", "Immune response", "Antibody". Abstracts of oral presentations from international meetings were also selected for the more recent findings. a critical analysis of the majority of papers published was undertaken and relevant information summarized. RESULTS Virus-like particle production by expressing the major protein of the HPV capsid was carried out in the early 90's, leading to the recent development of two HPV vaccines. These vaccines are now licensed in many countries and have been demonstrated to be highly immunogenic. In subjects that are non-infected at the time of vaccination, HPV vaccines are highly effective in preventing persistent HPV 16 - 18 infections (90 %) and precursors lesions of cervical cancer associated with these two HPV types (close to 100 %). Clinical trials have also confirmed that HPV vaccines are well tolerated by recipients. CONCLUSIONS The present paper is a detailed review published in French on HPV vaccines, their efficacy in the prevention of HPV infections and unresolved questions regarding the use of HPV vaccines. This report also includes biological and immunological information to improve the understanding of HPV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Mougin
- UFR des Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, EA 3181, IFR 133, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
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Bazan SB, de Alencar Muniz Chaves A, Aires KA, Cianciarullo AM, Garcea RL, Ho PL. Expression and characterization of HPV-16 L1 capsid protein in Pichia pastoris. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1609-17. [PMID: 19756360 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are responsible for the most common human sexually transmitted viral infections. Infection with high-risk HPVs, particularly HPV16, is associated with the development of cervical cancer. The papillomavirus L1 major capsid protein, the basis of the currently marketed vaccines, self-assembles into virus-like particles (VLPs). Here, we describe the expression, purification and characterization of recombinant HPV16 L1 produced by a methylotrophic yeast. A codon-optimized HPV16 L1 gene was cloned into a non-integrative expression vector under the regulation of a methanol-inducible promoter and used to transform competent Pichia pastoris cells. Purification of L1 protein from yeast extracts was performed using heparin-sepharose chromatography, followed by a disassembly/reassembly step. VLPs could be assembled from the purified L1 protein, as demonstrated by electron microscopy. The display of conformational epitopes on the VLPs surface was confirmed by hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition assays and by immuno-electron microscopy. This study has implications for the development of an alternative platform for the production of a papillomavirus vaccine that could be provided by public health programs, especially in resource-poor areas, where there is a great demand for low-cost vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Boschi Bazan
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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62
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Gissmann L. HPV Vaccines: Preclinical Development. Arch Med Res 2009; 40:466-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chimeric L1-L2 virus-like particles as potential broad-spectrum human papillomavirus vaccines. J Virol 2009; 83:10085-95. [PMID: 19640991 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01088-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino (N) terminus of the human papillomavirus (HPV) minor capsid protein L2 can induce low-titer, cross-neutralizing antibodies. The aim of this study was to improve immunogenicity of L2 peptides by surface display on highly ordered, self-assembled virus-like particles (VLP) of major capsid protein L1, and to more completely characterize neutralization epitopes of L2. Overlapping peptides comprising amino acids (aa) 2 to 22 (hereafter, chimera or peptide 2-22), 13 to 107, 18 to 31, 17 to 36, 35 to 75, 75 to 112, 115 to 154, 149 to 175, and 172 to 200 of HPV type 16 (HPV16) L2 were genetically engineered into the DE surface loop of bovine papillomavirus type 1 L1 VLP. Except for chimeras 35-75 and 13-107, recombinant fusion proteins assembled into VLP. Vaccination of rabbits with Freund's adjuvanted native VLP induced higher L2-specific antibody titers than vaccination with corresponding sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured proteins. Immune sera to epitopes within residues 13 to 154 neutralized HPV16 in pseudovirion neutralization assays, whereas chimera 17-36 induced additional cross-neutralization to divergent high-risk HPV18, -31, -45, -52, and -58; low-risk HPV11; and beta-type HPV5 (titers of 50 to 10,000). Aluminum hydroxide-monophosphoryl lipid A (Alum-MPL)-adjuvanted VLP induced similar patterns of neutralization in both rabbits and mice, albeit with 100-fold-lower titers than Freund's adjuvant. Importantly, Alum-MPL-adjuvanted immunization with chimeric HPV16L1-HPV16L2 (peptide 17-36) VLP induced neutralization or cross-neutralization of HPV16, -18, -31, -45, -52, and -58; HPV6 and -11; and HPV5 (titers of 50 to 100,000). Immunization with HPV16 L1-HPV16 L2 (chimera 17-36) VLP in adjuvant applicable for human use induces broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against HPV types evolutionarily divergent to HPV16 and thus may protect against infection with mucosal high-risk, low-risk, and beta HPV types and associated disease.
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64
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Murata Y, Lightfoote PM, Rose RC, Walsh EE. Antigenic presentation of heterologous epitopes engineered into the outer surface-exposed helix 4 loop region of human papillomavirus L1 capsomeres. Virol J 2009; 6:81. [PMID: 19538743 PMCID: PMC2702290 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 capsid proteins can self-assemble into pentamers (capsomeres) that are immunogenic and can elicit neutralizing antibodies. Structural modelling of L1 inter-pentameric interactions predicts that helix 4 (h4) of each of the five L1 monomers project laterally and outwards from the pentamer. We sought to utilize HPV L1 capsomeres as a vaccine platform by engineering heterologous epitopes within L1 derivatives deleted for h4 domain. Results We used baculovirus – infected Trichoplusia ni cells and ultracentrifugation to synthesize and purify three 16L1 derivatives: one bearing a short deletion (amino acids 404–436) encompassing the h4 domain, and two others, each bearing a conserved neutralizing epitope of the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein (residues 255–278 and 423–436) that was substituted for the deleted L1 h4 domain residues. Each of the three capsomere derivatives was recognized by anti-L1 antibodies, while two bearing the RSV F-derived moieties were recognized by anti-RSV F antibodies. All three L1 derivatives formed ring-like structures that were similar in morphology and size to those described for native 16L1 capsomeres. When injected into mice, each of the capsomere derivatives was immunogenic with respect to L1 protein, and immunization with chimeric L1-RSV F pentamers resulted in RSV non-neutralizing antisera that recognized purified RSV F protein in immunoblots. Conclusion HPV L1 monomers bearing heterologous epitopes within the L1 h4 region can self-assemble into capsomeres that elicit antibody response against such non-HPV encoded epitopes. Thus, the L1 h4 region can function as a novel antigen display site within the L1 pentamer, which in turn may serve as a potential vaccine template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Murata
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Palmer KE, Jenson AB, Kouokam JC, Lasnik AB, Ghim SJ. Recombinant vaccines for the prevention of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 86:224-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Analysis of modified human papillomavirus type 16 L1 capsomeres: the ability to assemble into larger particles correlates with higher immunogenicity. J Virol 2009; 83:7690-705. [PMID: 19457985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02588-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
L1 capsomeres purified from Escherichia coli represent an economic alternative to the recently launched virus-like particle (VLP)-based prophylactic vaccines against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 (HPV-16 and HPV-18), which are causative agents of cervical cancer. It was recently reported that capsomeres are much less immunogenic than VLPs. Numerous modifications of the L1 protein leading to the formation of capsomeres but preventing capsid assembly have been described, such as the replacement of the cysteine residues that form capsid-stabilizing disulfide bonds or the deletion of helix 4. So far, the influence of these modifications on immunogenicity has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we describe the purification of eight different HPV-16 L1 proteins as capsomeres from Escherichia coli. We compared them for yield, structure, and immunogenicity in mice. All L1 proteins formed almost identical pentameric structures yet differed strongly in their immunogenicity, especially regarding the humoral immune responses. Immunization of TLR4(-/-) mice and DNA immunization by the same constructs confirmed that immunogenicity was independent of different degrees of contamination with copurifying immune-stimulatory molecules from E. coli. We hypothesize that immunogenicity correlates with the intrinsic ability of the capsomeres to assemble into larger particles, as only assembly-competent L1 proteins induced high antibody responses. One of the proteins (L1DeltaN10) proved to be the most immunogenic, inducing antibody titers equivalent to those generated in response to VLPs. However, preassembly prior to injection did not increase immunogenicity. Our data suggest that certain L1 constructs can be used to produce highly immunogenic capsomeres in bacteria as economic alternatives to VLP-based formulations.
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Stahl-Hennig C, Eisenblätter M, Jasny E, Rzehak T, Tenner-Racz K, Trumpfheller C, Salazar AM, Überla K, Nieto K, Kleinschmidt J, Schulte R, Gissmann L, Müller M, Sacher A, Racz P, Steinman RM, Uguccioni M, Ignatius R. Synthetic double-stranded RNAs are adjuvants for the induction of T helper 1 and humoral immune responses to human papillomavirus in rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000373. [PMID: 19360120 PMCID: PMC2660151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are being considered as adjuvants for the induction of antigen-specific immune responses, as in the design of vaccines. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytoidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), is recognized by TLR3 and other intracellular receptors. Poly ICLC is a poly I:C analogue, which has been stabilized against the serum nucleases that are present in the plasma of primates. Poly I:C12U, another analogue, is less toxic but also less stable in vivo than poly I:C, and TLR3 is essential for its recognition. To study the effects of these compounds on the induction of protein-specific immune responses in an animal model relevant to humans, rhesus macaques were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or human papillomavirus (HPV)16 capsomeres with or without dsRNA or a control adjuvant, the TLR9 ligand CpG-C. All dsRNA compounds served as adjuvants for KLH-specific cellular immune responses, with the highest proliferative responses being observed with 2 mg/animal poly ICLC (p = 0.002) or 6 mg/animal poly I:C12U (p = 0.001) when compared with immunization with KLH alone. Notably, poly ICLC—but not CpG-C given at the same dose—also helped to induce HPV16-specific Th1 immune responses while both adjuvants supported the induction of strong anti-HPV16 L1 antibody responses as determined by ELISA and neutralization assay. In contrast, control animals injected with HPV16 capsomeres alone did not develop substantial HPV16-specific immune responses. Injection of dsRNA led to increased numbers of cells producing the T cell–activating chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 as detected by in situ hybridization in draining lymph nodes 18 hours after injections, and to increased serum levels of CXCL10 (p = 0.01). This was paralleled by the reduced production of the homeostatic T cell–attracting chemokine CCL21. Thus, synthetic dsRNAs induce an innate chemokine response and act as adjuvants for virus-specific Th1 and humoral immune responses in nonhuman primates. Novel adjuvants that facilitate the induction of strong cellular immunity could be of help in the design of vaccine strategies to combat infections such as HIV or tuberculosis. Our immune cells possess archaic receptors recognizing structures of infectious pathogens, and the interaction of these receptors with their ligands results in an activation of the immune system. Here we exploited synthetic forms of one of these ligands, i.e., dsRNA, to define an adjuvant for the induction of cellular immune responses in primates. We injected model and viral proteins together with three different forms of dsRNA subcutaneously (s.c.) in rhesus macaques, and all compounds served as adjuvants for the induction of cellular immunity without the incidence of major side effects. These adjuvant effects depended on the adjuvant dose and coincided with profound alterations in the chemokine production in the draining lymph nodes. dsRNA also helped to induce cellular and humoral immune responses against capsomeres of low immunogenicity derived from the human papillomavirus 16, the causative agent in about 50% of all cases of cervical cancer worldwide. Therefore, formulations involving synthetic dsRNA are promising candidates for development of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Eisenblätter
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité–University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edith Jasny
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité–University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Rzehak
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Christine Trumpfheller
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Klaus Überla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Karen Nieto
- Infection and Cancer Research Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kleinschmidt
- Infection and Cancer Research Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reiner Schulte
- Laboratory of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- Infection and Cancer Research Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Müller
- Infection and Cancer Research Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Sacher
- Infection and Cancer Research Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Racz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralph M. Steinman
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité–University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Randhawa P, Viscidi R, Carter JJ, Galloway DA, Culp TD, Huang C, Ramaswami B, Christensen ND. Identification of species-specific and cross-reactive epitopes in human polyomavirus capsids using monoclonal antibodies. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:634-639. [PMID: 19218208 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human antibody response to polyomavirus capsid proteins is not well characterized. Recombinant BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) virus-like particles (VLP) were produced in a baculovirus system, and mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to these proteins were generated using standard methods. Nine of 12 BKV mAbs showed neutralizing activity. The non-neutralizing antibodies also bound BKV pseudocapsids in an ELISA binding assay. Most antibodies recognized conformational species-specific epitopes, but several exceptions were found: (i) BKV mAb BK-F11 cross-reacted with a linear buried epitope common to both JCV and SV40 pseudocapsids, (ii) two of six JCV antibodies (JC-6.7 and JC-7.9) and two of 13 SV40 antibodies (VP1-H2 and VP1-I2) recognized linear buried epitopes common to all three viruses and (iii) SV40 antibody VP1-E5 recognized a linear surface epitope on JCV pseudocapsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmjeet Randhawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Raphael Viscidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph J Carter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Denise A Galloway
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tim D Culp
- Department of Pathology, Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, USA
| | - Cathy Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bala Ramaswami
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Neil D Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, USA
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69
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MF59 Emulsion Is an Effective Delivery System for a Synthetic TLR4 Agonist (E6020). Pharm Res 2009; 26:1477-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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70
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Schädlich L, Senger T, Kirschning CJ, Müller M, Gissmann L. Refining HPV 16 L1 purification from E. coli: reducing endotoxin contaminations and their impact on immunogenicity. Vaccine 2009; 27:1511-22. [PMID: 19174177 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HPV 16 L1 capsomeres purified from Escherichia coli represent a promising and potentially cost-effective alternative to the recently licensed VLP-based vaccines for the prevention of cervical cancer. However, recombinant protein preparations from bacteria always bear the risk of contaminating endotoxins which are highly toxic in humans and therefore have to be eliminated from vaccine preparations. In this study, we measured the LPS concentration at various stages of the purification of HPV 16 L1 from E. coli and determined that it enhances the immunogenicity of HPV 16 VLPs and capsomeres. We confirmed the immunogenicity of the L1 capsomeres in TLR4(-/-) mice without the enhancing effect of the LPS and then elaborated a suitable protocol using Triton X-114 phase separation for the removal of LPS without any significant protein loss or influence on the structural integrity of the particles. The LPS-free capsomeres purified from E. coli induced neutralizing L1-specific antibodies. Our results demonstrate the excellent potential of capsomeres as an economically interesting alternative vaccine to prevent cervical cancer that could be made available in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysann Schädlich
- German Cancer Research Center, Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Yang F, Wang F, Guo Y, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Yin Y, Sun S. Enhanced capacity of antigen presentation of HBc-VLP-pulsed RAW264.7 cells revealed by proteomics analysis. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:4898-903. [PMID: 18842007 DOI: 10.1021/pr800547v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many recent studies have indicated that virus-like particles (VLPs) have many potential applications in the fields of vaccine development and gene therapy. However, we still know little about the subtle mechanisms involved in the presentation of VLPs by antigen presenting cells (APCs). To illustrate the mechanisms, we utilized two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem MS to compare and identify differentially expressed proteins between hepatitis B virus core antigen VLP (HBc-VLP)-pulsed and control RAW264.7 cells. Of the 25 spots identified as differentially expressed ( p < 0.05) between the two cell lines, 11 (corresponding to 11 unique proteins) were positively identified. Further analysis of two proteins, prohibitin and heat shock protein 70, confirmed that these proteins are expressed at higher levels in HBc-VLP-pulsed RAW264.7 cells compared with control cells. The proteins identified in this study will be useful in revealing the mechanisms that underlie VLP-APC interactions. Overall, this study also provides some useful suggestions for vaccine development and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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