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Wong SW, Swanson RM, Bergquam EP. Expression of the gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor-1 in rhesus macaque tissues. J Med Primatol 1997; 26:59-62. [PMID: 9271190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1997.tb00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA fragment specific for the rhesus macaque gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) receptor (Glvr-1) was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and oligonucleotide primers specific for human Glvr-1 and a cDNA library derived from rhesus macaque brain. Sequence analysis of the fragment revealed the polypeptide domain necessary for infection by GaLV. This fragment was utilized to elucidate expression levels of Glvr-1 RNA in rhesus macaque tissues. By Northern blot analysis, Glvr-1 RNA is most abundantly expressed in the thymus and bone marrow, with detectable levels also in the brain and testes of juvenile male macaques. In the developing 70-days gestation fetus, Glvr-1 expression was observed predominately in the liver and spleen. Although additional studies are required, these studies support the notion that cell types involved in hematopoiesis express Glvr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Wong
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton 97006, USA
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52
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Schneiderman RD, Farrell KB, Wilson CA, Eiden MV. The Japanese feral mouse Pit1 and Pit2 homologs lack an acidic residue at position 550 but still function as gibbon ape leukemia virus receptors: implications for virus binding motif. J Virol 1996; 70:6982-6. [PMID: 8794342 PMCID: PMC190748 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.10.6982-6986.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine cells are typically resistant to gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV). MMMol, a Japanese feral mouse cell line, is an exception in that these cells are susceptible to infection by GALV. We show here that MMMol cells are further distinguished by their unusual receptor properties. MMMol cells infected by GALV are resistant to subsequent infection not only by GALV but also by amphotropic murine leukemia virus. This suggests that GALV can enter MMMol via not only the GALV receptor (MolPit1) but also the amphotropic murine leukemia virus receptor (MolPit2). Therefore, MolPit2 was cloned, sequenced, and compared with the previously reported sequence of MolPit1. Earlier studies have shown that a stretch of nine residues (position 550 to 558) in the fourth extracellular domain of Pit1 is crucial for GALV entry and that an acidic residue at position 550 is indispensable. However, MolPit1 has isoleucine at this position and MolPit2 has glutamine at the corresponding position (position 522), thus breaking this consensus. To determine what effect these specific changes in the fourth extracellular domain of MolPit1 and MolPit2 have on GALV receptor function, chimeric receptors were made by substituting the fourth extracellular domain of either MolPit1 or MolPit2 for the same region of Pit2, a nonfunctional receptor for GALV. These chimeras were then tested in MDTF, a cell line that lacks functional GALV receptors and is resistant to GALV. Results show that MDTF expressing these chimeras became susceptible to GALV, whereas cells expressing wild-type Pit2 remained resistant. Further, the MolPit1 chimera was identical to Pit1 in efficiency, but the MolPit2 chimera proved substantially less efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Schneiderman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4068, USA
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53
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Battini JL, Rodrigues P, Müller R, Danos O, Heard JM. Receptor-binding properties of a purified fragment of the 4070A amphotropic murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 1996; 70:4387-93. [PMID: 8676462 PMCID: PMC190372 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.7.4387-4393.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A 208-amino-acid amino-terminal fragment of the 4070A amphotropic murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein contains all of the determinants required to recognize cell surface amphotropic receptors. This fragment was fused with a streptavidin-binding tag, expressed in Sf9 insect cells by using a baculovirus vector, and purified to homogeneity. The (125)I-labeled purified fragment (AS208) specifically bound various cell lines susceptible to amphotropic murine leukemia virus infection. The number of AS208-binding sites was in the range of 7 X 10(4) to 17 X 10(4) per cell. Quantitative analysis of binding revealed that AS208-binding sites are heterogeneous with regard to ligand binding affinity or that cooperativity exists between receptors. Competition experiments showed that the concentration of AS208 required to inhibit virus entry was lower than that required to inhibit the binding of virus particles at the cell surface. Taken together, these data suggested that amphotropic envelope-binding sites present at the cell surface do not act independently and do not participate equally in virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Battini
- Laboratoire Rétrovirus et Transfert Genetique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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54
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Eiden MV, Farrell KB, Wilson CA. Substitution of a single amino acid residue is sufficient to allow the human amphotropic murine leukemia virus receptor to also function as a gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor. J Virol 1996; 70:1080-5. [PMID: 8551566 PMCID: PMC189914 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.2.1080-1085.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the unique properties of a receptor for amphotropic murine leukemia viruses (A-MuLVs) expressed on Chinese hamster E36 cells (C.A. Wilson, K.B. Farrell, and M.V. Eiden, J. Virol. 68:7697-7703, 1994). This receptor, HaPiT2 (formerly designated EAR), in contrast to the human form of the A-MuLV receptor (PiT2), functions as a receptor not only for A-MuLVs but also for gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the HaPiT2 and PiT2 proteins suggested that differences in the amino acid composition of the extracellular region(s) of the hamster and human proteins account for their functional differences. We substituted extracellular regions of HaPiT2 for those of PiT2 to map the region of the HaPiT2 protein required for GALV receptor function. Only those PiT2-HaPiT2 chimeric receptors containing the fourth and fifth extracellular regions of HaPiT2 functioned as GALV receptors. We have now determined that the substitution of a single amino acid residue, glutamic acid, for the lysine residue at position 522 in the fourth extracellular region of the PiT2 protein is sufficient to render PiT2 functional as a GALV receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Eiden
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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55
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Malhotra S, Scott AG, Zavorotinskaya T, Albritton LM. Analysis of the murine ecotropic leukemia virus receptor reveals a common biochemical determinant on diverse cell surface receptors that is essential to retrovirus entry. J Virol 1996; 70:321-6. [PMID: 8523543 PMCID: PMC189820 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.1.321-326.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two residues, tyrosine 235 and glutamic acid 237, of the ecotropic murine leukemia virus receptor (ATRC1) have been shown to be essential for receptor-mediated virus envelope binding and entry. We performed genetic analyses to examine the biochemical contribution of these residues in a productive virus-receptor interaction. Altered ATRC1 receptors bearing either a phenylalanine, a tryptophan, a histidine, or a methionine at position 235 mediated ecotropic virus entry comparable to that mediated by ATRC1. In contrast, altered ATRC1 receptors bearing alanine, threonine, serine, or proline at position 235 exhibited a 300- to 10,000-fold decrease in receptor capability. Furthermore, substitution of tyrosine or phenylalanine into the corresponding position (242) of the homologous human protein that lacks ecotropic virus receptor capability resulted in acquisition of ecotropic virus receptor function comparable to that of ATRC1. Substitution of a tryptophan or a histidine at that position of the human protein, however, resulted in a much-reduced receptor capability, suggesting a preference for a benzene ring in the hydrophobic side chain. A similar analysis of proteins substituted at position 237 revealed that aspartic acid, but not arginine or lysine, can functionally substitute for glutamic acid 237 in ATRC1 or at the corresponding position in the human protein. These results suggest a requirement for an acidic and a nearby hydrophobic amino acid for efficient ecotropic virus entry. Similar motifs have been identified in the virus binding sites of other retrovirus receptors, suggesting that the initial step of retrovirus entry may be governed by a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA
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56
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Weiss
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, England
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57
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Zingler K, Bélanger CA, Peters R, Agard E, Young JA. Identification and characterization of the viral interaction determinant of the subgroup A avian leukosis virus receptor. J Virol 1995; 69:4261-6. [PMID: 7769686 PMCID: PMC189164 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.7.4261-4266.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular receptor for subgroup A avian leukosis viruses (ALV-A) has a small, 83-amino-acid extracellular domain containing a motif that is related in sequence to the ligand binding repeats of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Extensive mutagenesis of the ALV-A receptor has identified two acidic amino acids (Asp-46 and Glu-47) and an adjacent aromatic amino acid (Trp-48) in the carboxy-terminal portion of this low-density lipoprotein receptor-related motif that are crucial for efficient viral entry. In addition, a 19-amino-acid peptide derived from this region efficiently and specifically blocked subgroup A viral infection when oxidized to form a disulfide bond previously predicted to form in the native receptor (C. Bélanger, K. Zingler, and J. A. T. Young, J. Virol. 69:1019-1024, 1995). Thus, the charged and aromatic amino acid determinants that are required for viral infection appear to lie on a small loop region of the ALV-A receptor. Previously, a single aromatic and one or more charged residues on the CD4 receptor for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses, and the MCAT receptor for ecotropic murine leukemia viruses, were shown to be important for viral entry. These results suggest that different retroviruses may recognize related determinants on structurally divergent cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zingler
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco 94141-9100, USA
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58
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Pedersen L, Johann SV, van Zeijl M, Pedersen FS, O'Hara B. Chimeras of receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus/feline leukemia virus B and amphotropic murine leukemia virus reveal different modes of receptor recognition by retrovirus. J Virol 1995; 69:2401-5. [PMID: 7884886 PMCID: PMC188913 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.4.2401-2405.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glvr1 encodes the human receptor for gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) and feline leukemia virus subgroup B (FeLV-B), while the related gene Glvr2 encodes the human receptor for amphotropic murine leukemia viruses (A-MLVs). The two proteins are 62% identical in their amino acid sequences and are predicted to have 10 transmembrane domains and five extracellular loops. A stretch of nine amino acids (region A) in the predicted fourth extracellular loop was previously shown to be critical for the function of Glvr1 as receptor for GALV and FeLV-B. Glvr1 and -2 show clusters of amino acid differences in several of their predicted extracellular loops, with the highest degree of divergence in region A. Chimeras were made between the two genes to further investigate the role of Glvr1 region A in defining receptor specificity for GALV and FeLV-B and to map which regions of Glvr2 control receptor specificity for A-MLVs. Region A from Glvr1 was sufficient to confer receptor specificity for GALV upon Glvr2, with the same chimera failing to act as a receptor for FeLV-B. However, introduction of additional N- or C-terminal Glvr1-encoding sequences in addition to Glvr1 region A-encoding sequences resulted in functional FeLV-B receptors. Therefore, FeLV-B is dependent on Glvr1 sequences outside region A for infectivity. The receptor specificity of Glvr2 for A-MLV could not be mapped to a single critical region; rather, N-terminal as well as C-terminal Glvr2-encoding sequences could confer specificity for A-MLV infection upon Glvr1. Surprisingly, though GALV/FeLV-B and A-MLV belong to different interference groups, some chimeras functioned as receptors for all three viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pedersen
- Lederle Laboratories, American Cyanamid Company, Pearl River, New York 10965
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59
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Wilson CA, Farrell KB, Eiden MV. Properties of a unique form of the murine amphotropic leukemia virus receptor expressed on hamster cells. J Virol 1994; 68:7697-703. [PMID: 7966559 PMCID: PMC237230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.12.7697-7703.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification and cloning of the receptors for amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) and gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) have both enabled the determination of the normal function of these virus receptors in cells and initiated experimental examination of how these receptors interact with their respective viruses. GaLV and A-MuLV have distinct host ranges and use different receptors to infect human cells. It was therefore surprising to find that the human GaLV and A-MuLV receptors were not only structurally similar but performed similar cellular functions (B. O'Hara, S. V. Johann, H. P. Klinger, D. G. Blair, H. Rubinson, K. J. Dunn, P. Sass, S. M. Vitek, and T. Robbins, Cell Growth Differ. 1:119-127, 1990; M. van Zeijl, S. V. Johann, E. Closs, J. Cunningham, R. Eddy, T. B. Shows, and B. O'Hara, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1168-1172, 1994; M. P. Kavanaugh, D. G. Miller, W. Zhang, W. Law, S. L. Kozak, D. Kabat, and A. D. Miller, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7071-7075, 1994; and Z. Olah, C. Lehel, W. B. Anderson, M. V. Eiden, and C. A. Wilson, J. Biol. Chem., in press). We have now determined that the murine retrovirus 10A1 can use both the human GaLV receptor and the human A-MuLV receptor to infect cells. Furthermore, we have cloned and functionally characterized a unique form of the amphotropic receptor homolog expressed in E36 hamster cells. This receptor (EAR) can serve as both a GaLV receptor and an A-MuLV receptor, and it therefore differs from the receptors expressed in human cells, which function exclusively as either GaLV or A-MuLV receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wilson
- Unit on Molecular Virology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4068
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60
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Miller DG, Miller AD. A family of retroviruses that utilize related phosphate transporters for cell entry. J Virol 1994; 68:8270-6. [PMID: 7966619 PMCID: PMC237294 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.12.8270-8276.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The amphotropic murine retrovirus receptor Ram-1 shows significant sequence similarity to the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) receptor Glvr-1, and both of these cell surface virus receptors normally function as sodium-dependent phosphate symporters. However, Ram-1 from humans or rats does not serve as a receptor for GALV, and Glvr-1 from humans does not serve as a receptor for amphotropic virus. Here we show that the murine retrovirus 10A1 can enter cells by using either Glvr-1 or Ram-1. Furthermore, we have constructed Ram-1/Glvr-1 hybrid receptors that allow entry of both GALV and amphotropic virus. While GALV and amphotropic virus are in separate interference groups when assayed on human cells, they do interfere with each other in cells expressing the hybrid receptor. These results indicate a close functional relationship between retroviruses that utilize members of this newly defined receptor family and provide a molecular explanation for nonreciprocal and cell type-specific interference observed for some retrovirus classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Miller
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104
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61
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The cellular receptor for gibbon ape leukemia virus is a novel high affinity sodium-dependent phosphate transporter. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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62
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Kavanaugh MP, Miller DG, Zhang W, Law W, Kozak SL, Kabat D, Miller AD. Cell-surface receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic murine retrovirus are inducible sodium-dependent phosphate symporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:7071-5. [PMID: 8041748 PMCID: PMC44340 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus (Glvr-1) and murine amphotropic retrovirus (Ram-1) are distinct but related proteins having multiple membrane-spanning regions. Distant homology with a putative phosphate permease of Neurospora crassa suggested that these receptors might serve transport functions. By expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in mammalian cells, we have identified Glvr-1 and Ram-1 as sodium-dependent phosphate symporters. Two-electrode voltage-clamp analysis indicates net cation influx, suggesting that phosphate is transported with excess sodium ions. Phosphate uptake was reduced by > 50% in mouse fibroblasts expressing amphotropic envelope glycoprotein, which binds to Ram-1, indicating that Ram-1 is a major phosphate transporter in these cells. RNA analysis shows wide but distinct tissue distributions, with Glvr-1 expression being highest in bone marrow and Ram-1 in heart. Overexpression of Ram-1 severely repressed Glvr-1 synthesis in fibroblasts, suggesting that transporter expression may be controlled by net phosphate accumulation. Accordingly, depletion of extracellular phosphate increased Ram-1 and Glvr-1 expression 3- to 5-fold. These results suggest simple methods to modulate retroviral receptor expression, with possible applications to human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kavanaugh
- Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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63
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van Zeijl M, Johann SV, Closs E, Cunningham J, Eddy R, Shows TB, O'Hara B. A human amphotropic retrovirus receptor is a second member of the gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:1168-72. [PMID: 8302848 PMCID: PMC521475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.3.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrovirus infection is initiated by binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein to a cell-surface receptor. The envelope proteins of type C retroviruses of mammals demonstrate similarities in structural organization and protein sequence. These similarities suggest the possibility that retroviruses from different interference groups might use related proteins as receptors, despite the absence of any relationship between retrovirus receptors isolated to date. To investigate this possibility, we have identified a human cDNA clone encoding a protein closely related to the receptor for gibbon ape leukemia virus and have found that it functions as the receptor for the amphotropic group of murine retroviruses. Expression of this protein (GLVR-2) is likely to be a requirement for infection of human cells by amphotropic retroviral vectors for purposes of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Zeijl
- Molecular Biology Research Section, American Cyanamid Company, Pearl River, NY 10965
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64
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Tailor CS, Takeuchi Y, O'Hara B, Johann SV, Weiss RA, Collins MK. Mutation of amino acids within the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) receptor differentially affects feline leukemia virus subgroup B, simian sarcoma-associated virus, and GALV infections. J Virol 1993; 67:6737-41. [PMID: 8411376 PMCID: PMC238114 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.11.6737-6741.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The three type C retroviruses, gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV), simian sarcoma-associated virus (SSAV), and feline leukemia virus subgroup B (FeLV-B), infect human cells by interacting with the same cell surface receptor, GLVR1. Using LacZ retroviral pseudotypes and murine cells transfected with mutant GLVR1 expression vectors, we show that the same 9-amino-acid region of human GLVR1 is critical for infection by the three viruses. Rat cells were not susceptible to infection by LacZ (FeLV-B) pseudotypes because of a block at the receptor level. We found multiple amino acid differences from human GLVR1 in the 9-amino-acid critical region of rat GLVR1. Expression of a human-rat chimeric GLVR1 in murine cells demonstrated that rat GLVR1 could function as a receptor for GALV and SSAV but not for FeLV-B. Substitution of human GLVR1 amino acids in the critical region of rat GLVR1 identified three amino acids as responsible for resistance to FeLV-B infection; two of these affect SSAV infection, but none affects GALV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Tailor
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, England
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